urinary tract microbiome

1. Urinary Tract Microbiome
By
Dr / Eman A.Abd-Alrahman
Lecturer of Microbiology and Immunology

2. The human microbiota
 The human microbiota is the total number of microbes found in and on
the human body.
 the human microbiota vary from individual to another one due to
physiologic differences, diet, age and geographic habitat.
 Normal colonization is dependent on many factors including a genetic
contribution and the final signature microbiome is unique to the
individual as finger printing.

3. The normal flora organisms are often commensals.
Commensals are organisms that derive benefit from another host but do not
damage that host.
The members of the normal flora vary in both number and kind from one site to
another.
The human microbiome

4. The human microbiome
The internal organs usually are sterile. Areas such as the central nervous
system, blood, lower bronchi and alveoli, liver, spleen, kidneys, and bladder
are free of all but the occasional transient organism.

5. Types of Normal microbiota
 1) Resident microbiota they are relatively fixed microorganisms, regularly
found in a given area (e.g. skin )at a given age.
 2) transient microbiota non fixed microorganisms derived from the
environment, They may remain for hours, days or weeks, They are
potentiality pathogens can be removed by hand wash or use of disinfectant
e.g. alcohol 70%.

6. The human microbiota (Normal flora)
 It is estimated that the adult human contains 1013 cells
whereas the number of microbes in the human microbiome is
approximately 1014 , that is, there are 10 times more microbial
cells than human cells. The largest and most complex
microbial population resides in the colon.

7. Microbiota vs. Microbiome
 The human microbiota includes all bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other
single-celled organisms located on the skin, on mucosal surfaces, and
within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.
 The human microbiome” refers to the collective genomes of the
microorganisms in the human, meaning the collection of all their
genetic material (DNA and RNA)

8. 1) The nonpathogenic resident bacteria occupy attachment sites on the skin
and mucosa that can interfere with colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The
ability of members of the normal flora to limit the growth of pathogens is called
colonization resistance.
If the normal flora is suppressed, pathogens may grow and cause disease.
example, antibiotics can reduce the normal colonic flora that allows
difficile, which is resistant to the antibiotics, to overgrow and
cause pseudomembranous colitis.
Significance of the normal flora play a role both in the
maintenance of health and in the causation of disease in
three significant ways

9. Significance of the normal flora play a role both in the
maintenance of health and in the causation of disease in three
significant ways
2) They may serve a nutritional function. The intestinal bacteria produce several B
vitamins and vitamin K. Poorly nourished people who are treated with oral
antibiotics can have vitamin deficiencies as a result of the reduction in the normal
flora.

10. Significance of the normal flora play a role both in the
maintenance of health and in the causation of disease in three
significant ways
(3) They can cause disease, especially in immunocompromised and debilitated
individuals. Although these organisms are nonpathogens in their usual anatomic
location, they can be pathogens in other parts of the body.
(4) play an important role in several body functions and diseases, such as weight
control (obesity), inflammatory bowel disease, the immune response in general,
and resistance to infectious disease.

11. Normal flora of the genitourinary tract
 vaginal flora of adult women consists primarily of Lactobacillus species low.
Lactobacilli are responsible for producing the acid that keeps the pH of the adult
woman’s vagina Before puberty and after menopause, when estrogen levels are low,
lactobacilli are rare and the vaginal pH is high.
 Lactobacilli appear to prevent the growth of potential pathogens, since their
suppression by antibiotics can lead to overgrowth by C. albicans. Overgrowth of this
yeast can result in Candida vaginitis.

12. Medically Important Members of the Normal Flora

13. Normal flora of the genitourinary tract
 The vagina is located close to the anus and can be colonized by
members of the fecal flora. For example, women who are prone to
recurrent urinary tract infections harbor organisms such as E. coli and
Enterobacter in the introitus.
 About 15% to 20% of women of childbearing age carry group B
streptococci in the vagina. This organism is an important cause of sepsis
and meningitis in the newborn and is acquired during passage through
the birth canal. The vagina is colonized by S. aureus in approximately 5%
of women, which predisposes them to toxic shock syndrome.