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Chapter-4
fu;kstu
--------------------------------- ds vuqlkj] **lkekU;r% Hkfo’; esaD;k djuk gS]
mls igys ls r; djuk gh fu;kstu dgykrk gS A**
v- fofy;e ,p0 U;weSu
c- fcyh bZ0 xkst
l- tktZ vkj0 VSjh
n- gs;Ul rFkkeSlh
**fu;kstu izkFkfed:Ik esa p;u gS rFkkfu;kstu dh leL;k mlh le;
mRiUu gksrhgS tc fd oSdfYidfdz;kvksa ds fd;s tkus dk irk yxk gks
A** ;g dFkufuEu esa ls fdldkgS&
v- fcyh bZ0 xkst
c- tktZ vkj0 VSjh
l- gsujh Qs;ksy
n- dwUVt,oa vks *Mksusy
fuEu esals dkSu &lk fu;kstudk y{k.kugha gS&
v-fu;kstu dkfujUrj pkywjgus okyhizfdz;kgS
c- fu;kstu,d ckSf)d izfdz;k gS
l- fu;kstuizcU/kdk xkS.kdk;Z gS
n- fu;kstu izcU/kdkizkFkfed dk;Z gS A
----------------------- ds vuqlkj]**;kstuk ,d izdkj dktkygS
tks Hkfo’; dks idM+usds fy;sfcNk;k tkrkgS A**&
v-fMDlh
c- ,syu
l- Lizhxy
n- fFk;ksgseu
**fu;kstu ,d midze ds lQyrkiwoZd dk;kZs dh vk/kkjf”kyk gS
A** ;g dFku fdldk gS &
v-tktZ vkj0 VSjh
c-dwUVt ,oavks *Mksusy
l-fofy;e,p0 U;weSu
n-ihVj ,Q0Mªdj A
------------------------ esabl izdkj tk¡p&IkM+rkydh tkrh gS
fdlHkh dk;Z ;kstukuqlkj pyjgsgSa ;k ugha &
v-leUo;
c- fu;kstu
l- fu;U=.k
n- laxBu
---------------------- ds vuqlkj] ** fu;kstu dkvFkZ igys ls ghr; djukgS fd D;k
djukgS]dSls djukgS] dc djuk gSvkSj fdlus djukgSfu;kstu ge tgk¡ ls
ysdj gesatgka tkukgS] ds chpdh nwjh dks ikVrkgS A ;g mu ckrksadks
lEHko cukrkgS tks vU;Fkkughagksrha A**&
v- dwUVtrFkkvks *Mksusy
c- gsujh Qs;ksy
l- cwu vkSj dqUVt
n- mfoZd
------------------------- laxBu ds dk;ZmÌs”;ksadh miyfC/k
esa lgk;d gksrs gSa &
v- y{;
c- uhfr;k¡
l- izfdz;k
n- fu;e A
----------------------- vfUremÌs”;ksa dks fuokZfprdjrs gSa
ftUgsafdlh dk;Z }kjk izkIrfd;k tk ldrk gS&
v-fu;e
c- uhfr;k¡
l- y{;
n- izfdz;k
fuEufyf[kr esals fu;kstudk dkSu&lk ykHkugha gS
v-leUo;
c- ferO;f;rk
l-vfo”oluh; iwokZuqeku
n- y{;izkfIr
---------------------mPp izcU/k }kjk fu/kkZfjrdh tkrhgS&
v-uhfr
c- dk;Zfof/k
l- fu;e
n- mrjnkf;Ro
dk;Z iwfrZds lHkhlEHko fodYiksa dkrqyukRedv/;;u djds
Js’B fodYi dkpquko djuk --------------------- gS&
v-cksf)d izfdz;k
c- y{;iwfrZ
l- ;kstukvksadh dq”kyrk
n- p;ukRed izfdz;k
------------------- ,diFk&izn”kZd gS tks iwofu/kkZfjr mÌs”;ksa dks izk
djuk lqxecukrh gS &
v-uhfr
c-mÌs”;
l-dk;Zfof/k
n-mijksDr dksbZ ugha
gsujh Qs;ksy ds vuqlkj ,dvPNh ;kstuk esa----------------------
-xq.k gksus pkfg,a &
v-rhu
c-ik¡p
l-pkj
n-vkB
VSjh ds vuqlkj] ** ijLij lEcfU/krfdz;kvksa dh ogJ`a[kyk gS tks
lEiUu fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dh JfedvoLFkkvksa rFkkbudks djus
ds lqfuf”;rijhdksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gS ** &
v-;kstuk
c-ctV
l-dk;Zfof/k
n-le;lkj.kh
----------------------------- dk;Zdze dh forh;rFkkvU; lk/ku
lEcU/kh t:jrksa dks y{;ksa ds lkFkck¡/krs gSa &
v-ctV
c-dk;Zfof/k
l-mÌs”;
n-uhfr;k¡
**vkxs ns[kukizcU/kdk lkj gSA** ;g dFkufdldkgS&
v- gSujh Qs;ksy
c- tksUl
l- dwUVt,oa vks *Mksusy
n- Vsyj
**lkekU; :Ikls Hkfo’;es D;kdjuk pkfg, bls igys ls r;djuk
fu;kstu gS] **;g ifjHkk’kk fdlus izLrqr dh &
v-U;weSu
c-,e0 bZ0 gysZ
l-gSujh Qs;ksy
n-ek”kZy
**D;k djukpkfg, bldkigys ls gh fu/kkZj.kdjukfu;kstu dgykrkgS A
blesafofHkUu oSdfYid mÌs”;ksa]uhfr;ksa]fof/k;ksa rFkkdk;Zdzeksa
esa ls p;u fd;k tkuk fufgr gksrk gS A** ;g fopkj fdlus fn;k &
v- gsujh Qs;ksy
c- fdEcky
l- ,e0 bZ0 gysZ
n- tksUl
**D;k djuk gS] bls dSls djuk gs] bls dcdjuk gS vkSj bls dSls djuk gS
dk iwoZfu/kkZj.k gh fu;kstu gS A**
v-dqUVt ,oavkS *Mksusy
c-fdEcky ,oafdEcky
l-,y0 ,p0 gSus
n-bZ0 ,Q0 czsp
**;kstuk foHkkx izcU/k dk dsUnz gS] ftldk eq[; dk;Z mulHkh
depkfj;ksa dh vko”;drk iwjhdjuk gS tks mRiknudh fofHkUu
fof/k;ksa esa yxs gSa A ** ;gdFku fdldk gS &
v-gSujh Qs;ksy
c-Vsyj
l-“khYMl
n-tksUl
fu;kstu esa “kkfeygS&-
v-D;k djuk gS
c-dcdjuk gS
l-fdlus djuk gS
n-mi;qZDrlHkh
**fu;kstu okLro esa p;u djuk gS rFkk fu;kstu leL;k mlh le;
mRiUugksrh gS tc fdoSdfYid dk;Z&fof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh
gqbZ gks A** ;g dFku fdldk gS &
v-fcyh bZ0 xkSt
c-Vsyj
l-“khYMl
n-ek”kZy
fuEu esa ls fu;kstu dh fo”ks’krk gS &
v-fu;kstu ,d ckSf)d izfdz;k gS
c-fu;kstu ,d p;ukRed izfdz;k gS
l-fu;kstu loZO;kidgS
n-mi;qZDr lHkh
fuEu esa ls fu;kstu dh fo”ks’krk ugha gS &
v-leUo; esa lgk;d
c-fu;kstu ,dlrrfdz;k gS
l-fu;kstu mÌs”;iw.kZ gksrs gSa
n-fu;kstu ,dp;ukRed izfdz;k gS
fu;kstu dk egRo fUkEu ls Li’V gksrk gS &
v-mÌs”; izkfIr es lgk;d
c-leUo;esa lgk;d
l-fu;U=.k dsfy, vko”;d
n-mi;ZqDr lHkh
fuEu esa ls fu;kstu ds egRo ls lEcfU/kr ugha gS &
v-leUo; esa lgk;d
c-mÌs”;izkfIr esa lgk;d
l-lapkyu O;;esa deh
n-le;o /ku dk viO;;
fuEuesa ls fu;kstudh lhek,agSa &
v- le; rFkk /kudk viO;;
c- HkkohifjfLFkfr;ksadh vfuf”prrk
l-Ik;kZIryksp dhdeh
n- mi;ZqDrlHkh
fuEuesa ls fu;kstudh lhekughagS &
v- loksZrefodYi ds pquko esa dfBukbZ
c- leUo;esa lgk;d
l-le; o /kudhcckZnh
n- i;kZIryksp dk vHkko
fu;kstu izfdz;k esa “kkfey gS &
v- mÌs”;dk fu/kkZj.k
c- fu;kstu ds vk/kkjksa dh Lfkkiuk
l- ;kstuk rS;kjdjuk
n- mi;qZDr lHkh

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Chapter 3 Business Studies Class 12 NCERT

  • 2. --------------------------------- ds vuqlkj] **lkekU;r% Hkfo’; esaD;k djuk gS] mls igys ls r; djuk gh fu;kstu dgykrk gS A** v- fofy;e ,p0 U;weSu c- fcyh bZ0 xkst l- tktZ vkj0 VSjh n- gs;Ul rFkkeSlh
  • 3. **fu;kstu izkFkfed:Ik esa p;u gS rFkkfu;kstu dh leL;k mlh le; mRiUu gksrhgS tc fd oSdfYidfdz;kvksa ds fd;s tkus dk irk yxk gks A** ;g dFkufuEu esa ls fdldkgS& v- fcyh bZ0 xkst c- tktZ vkj0 VSjh l- gsujh Qs;ksy n- dwUVt,oa vks *Mksusy
  • 4. fuEu esals dkSu &lk fu;kstudk y{k.kugha gS& v-fu;kstu dkfujUrj pkywjgus okyhizfdz;kgS c- fu;kstu,d ckSf)d izfdz;k gS l- fu;kstuizcU/kdk xkS.kdk;Z gS n- fu;kstu izcU/kdkizkFkfed dk;Z gS A
  • 5. ----------------------- ds vuqlkj]**;kstuk ,d izdkj dktkygS tks Hkfo’; dks idM+usds fy;sfcNk;k tkrkgS A**& v-fMDlh c- ,syu l- Lizhxy n- fFk;ksgseu
  • 6. **fu;kstu ,d midze ds lQyrkiwoZd dk;kZs dh vk/kkjf”kyk gS A** ;g dFku fdldk gS & v-tktZ vkj0 VSjh c-dwUVt ,oavks *Mksusy l-fofy;e,p0 U;weSu n-ihVj ,Q0Mªdj A
  • 7. ------------------------ esabl izdkj tk¡p&IkM+rkydh tkrh gS fdlHkh dk;Z ;kstukuqlkj pyjgsgSa ;k ugha & v-leUo; c- fu;kstu l- fu;U=.k n- laxBu
  • 8. ---------------------- ds vuqlkj] ** fu;kstu dkvFkZ igys ls ghr; djukgS fd D;k djukgS]dSls djukgS] dc djuk gSvkSj fdlus djukgSfu;kstu ge tgk¡ ls ysdj gesatgka tkukgS] ds chpdh nwjh dks ikVrkgS A ;g mu ckrksadks lEHko cukrkgS tks vU;Fkkughagksrha A**& v- dwUVtrFkkvks *Mksusy c- gsujh Qs;ksy l- cwu vkSj dqUVt n- mfoZd
  • 9. ------------------------- laxBu ds dk;ZmÌs”;ksadh miyfC/k esa lgk;d gksrs gSa & v- y{; c- uhfr;k¡ l- izfdz;k n- fu;e A
  • 10. ----------------------- vfUremÌs”;ksa dks fuokZfprdjrs gSa ftUgsafdlh dk;Z }kjk izkIrfd;k tk ldrk gS& v-fu;e c- uhfr;k¡ l- y{; n- izfdz;k
  • 11. fuEufyf[kr esals fu;kstudk dkSu&lk ykHkugha gS v-leUo; c- ferO;f;rk l-vfo”oluh; iwokZuqeku n- y{;izkfIr
  • 12. ---------------------mPp izcU/k }kjk fu/kkZfjrdh tkrhgS& v-uhfr c- dk;Zfof/k l- fu;e n- mrjnkf;Ro
  • 13. dk;Z iwfrZds lHkhlEHko fodYiksa dkrqyukRedv/;;u djds Js’B fodYi dkpquko djuk --------------------- gS& v-cksf)d izfdz;k c- y{;iwfrZ l- ;kstukvksadh dq”kyrk n- p;ukRed izfdz;k
  • 14. ------------------- ,diFk&izn”kZd gS tks iwofu/kkZfjr mÌs”;ksa dks izk djuk lqxecukrh gS & v-uhfr c-mÌs”; l-dk;Zfof/k n-mijksDr dksbZ ugha
  • 15. gsujh Qs;ksy ds vuqlkj ,dvPNh ;kstuk esa---------------------- -xq.k gksus pkfg,a & v-rhu c-ik¡p l-pkj n-vkB
  • 16. VSjh ds vuqlkj] ** ijLij lEcfU/krfdz;kvksa dh ogJ`a[kyk gS tks lEiUu fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dh JfedvoLFkkvksa rFkkbudks djus ds lqfuf”;rijhdksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gS ** & v-;kstuk c-ctV l-dk;Zfof/k n-le;lkj.kh
  • 17. ----------------------------- dk;Zdze dh forh;rFkkvU; lk/ku lEcU/kh t:jrksa dks y{;ksa ds lkFkck¡/krs gSa & v-ctV c-dk;Zfof/k l-mÌs”; n-uhfr;k¡
  • 18. **vkxs ns[kukizcU/kdk lkj gSA** ;g dFkufdldkgS& v- gSujh Qs;ksy c- tksUl l- dwUVt,oa vks *Mksusy n- Vsyj
  • 19. **lkekU; :Ikls Hkfo’;es D;kdjuk pkfg, bls igys ls r;djuk fu;kstu gS] **;g ifjHkk’kk fdlus izLrqr dh & v-U;weSu c-,e0 bZ0 gysZ l-gSujh Qs;ksy n-ek”kZy
  • 20. **D;k djukpkfg, bldkigys ls gh fu/kkZj.kdjukfu;kstu dgykrkgS A blesafofHkUu oSdfYid mÌs”;ksa]uhfr;ksa]fof/k;ksa rFkkdk;Zdzeksa esa ls p;u fd;k tkuk fufgr gksrk gS A** ;g fopkj fdlus fn;k & v- gsujh Qs;ksy c- fdEcky l- ,e0 bZ0 gysZ n- tksUl
  • 21. **D;k djuk gS] bls dSls djuk gs] bls dcdjuk gS vkSj bls dSls djuk gS dk iwoZfu/kkZj.k gh fu;kstu gS A** v-dqUVt ,oavkS *Mksusy c-fdEcky ,oafdEcky l-,y0 ,p0 gSus n-bZ0 ,Q0 czsp
  • 22. **;kstuk foHkkx izcU/k dk dsUnz gS] ftldk eq[; dk;Z mulHkh depkfj;ksa dh vko”;drk iwjhdjuk gS tks mRiknudh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa esa yxs gSa A ** ;gdFku fdldk gS & v-gSujh Qs;ksy c-Vsyj l-“khYMl n-tksUl
  • 23. fu;kstu esa “kkfeygS&- v-D;k djuk gS c-dcdjuk gS l-fdlus djuk gS n-mi;qZDrlHkh
  • 24. **fu;kstu okLro esa p;u djuk gS rFkk fu;kstu leL;k mlh le; mRiUugksrh gS tc fdoSdfYid dk;Z&fof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh gqbZ gks A** ;g dFku fdldk gS & v-fcyh bZ0 xkSt c-Vsyj l-“khYMl n-ek”kZy
  • 25. fuEu esa ls fu;kstu dh fo”ks’krk gS & v-fu;kstu ,d ckSf)d izfdz;k gS c-fu;kstu ,d p;ukRed izfdz;k gS l-fu;kstu loZO;kidgS n-mi;qZDr lHkh
  • 26. fuEu esa ls fu;kstu dh fo”ks’krk ugha gS & v-leUo; esa lgk;d c-fu;kstu ,dlrrfdz;k gS l-fu;kstu mÌs”;iw.kZ gksrs gSa n-fu;kstu ,dp;ukRed izfdz;k gS
  • 27. fu;kstu dk egRo fUkEu ls Li’V gksrk gS & v-mÌs”; izkfIr es lgk;d c-leUo;esa lgk;d l-fu;U=.k dsfy, vko”;d n-mi;ZqDr lHkh
  • 28. fuEu esa ls fu;kstu ds egRo ls lEcfU/kr ugha gS & v-leUo; esa lgk;d c-mÌs”;izkfIr esa lgk;d l-lapkyu O;;esa deh n-le;o /ku dk viO;;
  • 29. fuEuesa ls fu;kstudh lhek,agSa & v- le; rFkk /kudk viO;; c- HkkohifjfLFkfr;ksadh vfuf”prrk l-Ik;kZIryksp dhdeh n- mi;ZqDrlHkh
  • 30. fuEuesa ls fu;kstudh lhekughagS & v- loksZrefodYi ds pquko esa dfBukbZ c- leUo;esa lgk;d l-le; o /kudhcckZnh n- i;kZIryksp dk vHkko
  • 31. fu;kstu izfdz;k esa “kkfey gS & v- mÌs”;dk fu/kkZj.k c- fu;kstu ds vk/kkjksa dh Lfkkiuk l- ;kstuk rS;kjdjuk n- mi;qZDr lHkh