1. Addressing the Land Claims
of Indigenous Peoples
Lawrence E. Susskind
Isabelle Anguelovski

2. Addressing the Land Claims of
Indigenous Peoples
Lawrence E. Susskind
Isabelle Anguelovski

3. Library of Congress Control Number 2008926096
© 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Program on Human Rights and Justice
Cover photo courtesy of Shizuka Hashimoto
Community members resist the flooding of an Adivasi village by a dam project in India.

4. Contents
Abstract 1
About the Authors 1
Introduction: What is indigeneity? 3
1. Indigeneity and the land: The vital link 12
2. Defining borders between
indigenous peoples and dominant cultures 18
3. Sustaining traditional ways of life 22
4. Using national and international strategies 27
5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34
6. Doing the ground work:
Preconditions for successful claims 47
7. First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future 52
The Case Studies 58
The Quichwa people of Sarayaku (Ecuador) 58
Isabelle Anguelovski
The Mapuche (Chile) 62
Alexis Schulman
The Amerindians (Guyana) 67
Summer Austin and Jonathan Kaufman
The Pima: A Gila River Indian
community (Arizona, United States) 70
Steven Lewis and Maria Reyes
The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot
(Maine, United States) 73
J. Eric Kent
The Native Hawaiians (United States) 78
Katherine Wallace
The Nisga’a (Canada) 83
Andrea Glen

5. The Tatars of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
(Ukraine) 87
Artur Demchuk
The Bedouins (Israel and Jordan) 91
Thalia Berman-Kishony
The Tsou (Taiwan) 93
Shunling Chen
The Adivasi (India) 98
Shizuka Hashimoto
The Richtersveld Community (South Africa) 102
Jessica Tucker-Mohl
The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea) 106
Autumn Graham
Notes 110

6. Abstract
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8. Introduction
What is indigeneity?
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11. Table 1!
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Group/Tribe Location
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country)
Number of
People
Area
Occupied
Claim Status of the Claim
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/-/#>!-.!@<9===!
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$*6-G342*;!/*$$4/-$%!/-!G#43!6-3/$->!-H*$!
/0*!3#/'$#>!$*,-'$6*,!F$*,*3/!-3!#3;!'3;*$!
/0*4$!>#3;I!J-))'34/4*,!7#3/!/-!)#&*!
#'/-3-)-',!43/*$3#>!;*64,4-3,!#3;!+*!
/$'>%!,*>.?G-H*$3*;!74/0!/0*!0-F*!-.!
4)F>*)*3/43G!/0*4$!-73!KL>#3!-.!M4.*NI!
"#$#%#&'!7#3/!/-!+*!;*6>#$*;!#3!
K43/#3G4+>*!2-3*N!O!#!F$-/*6/*;!#$*#!70460!
-'/,4;*$,9!*,F*64#>>%!F$4H#/*!6-)F#34*,9!!
)#%!3-/!*3/*$I!
Unresolved.!P3!Q#$609!<==R9!E0*!:6'#;-$4#3!
1//-$3*%!S*3*$#>!-..*$*;!#!.$4*3;>%!,*//>*)*3/!
/-!"#$#%#&'9!70460!7#,!$*.',*;I!E0*!G$-'F!4,!
7#4/43G!.-$!/0*!.43#>!$'>43G!-3!4/,!6#,*!+*.-$*!
/0*!P3/*$?1)*$46#3!J-'$/!.-$!T')#3!U4G0/,!
-3!F-,,4+>*!$*F#$#/4-3,!.$-)!/0*!:6'#;-$4#3!
"/#/*!#3;!#6&3-7>*;G)*3/!/0#/!/0*!,/#/*!0#,!
H4->#/*;!/0*!:6'#;-$4#3!J-3,/4/'/4-3I!
!
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/-!+*!3*#$>%!
A9===9===!
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<==<!6*3,',!
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R==9===!
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($*6-G342*;!
+%!JXV1YP89!
RIZ[!-.!/0*!
-$4G43#>!
/*$$4/-$%<
!
E0*!Q#F'60*!#$*!3-/!'34.4*;!43!/0*4$!
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,-H*$*4G3/%!#3;!$*6-G342*!/0*4$!*4,/*36*!
#,!)*)+*$,!-.!/0*!J04>*#3!,/#/*I!V*#$>%!
#>>9!0-7*H*$9!6>#4)!6-3/$->!-H*$!/0*4$!>#3;9!
$*,-'$6*,9!#3;!+-$;*$,I!E0*%!#$*!>--&43G!
.-$!6-3,/4/'/4-3#>!$*6-G34/4-3!#3;!.-$!/0*!
,/#/*!/-!$#/4.%!PMX!J-3H*3/4-3!ARDI!
UnresolvedI!M*%!P3;]G*3#!-.!ADDB!6$*#/*;!#!!
7#/*$!#3;!>#3;!.'3;^!$*6-G342*;!/0*!$4G0/,!-.!
/0*!43;4G*3-',!#3;!/0*4$!>*G#>!$4G0/!/-!+*!
6-3,'>/*;!#3;!6-3,4;*$*;!43!;*64,4-3,!
#..*6/43G!/0*4$!>4H*,^!#3;!*,/#+>4,0*;!#!
;*6*3/$#>42*;!F'+>46!#G*36%!/-!-H*$,**!/0*!
#FF>46#/4-3!-.!/0*!>#7I!T-7*H*$9!/0*!PMX!
J-3H*3/4-3!ARD!7#,!3*H*$!$#/4.4*;II!E0*!
Q#F'60*!7*$*!3-/!G$#3/*;!.'>>!6-3/$->!-H*$!
/0*4$!$*,-'$6*,!-$!F$-/*6/4-3!-.!/0*4$!>#3;,I!
E0*!M#G-,!#;)434,/$#/4-3!(<===?<==R8!/746*!
,'+)4//*;!#!$*,->'/4-3!.-$!6-3,/4/'/4-3#>!
$*6-G34/4-3!-.!43;4G*3-',!G$-'F,9!+'/!/0*!
"*3#/*!$*_*6/*;!4/!+-/0!/4)*,I!
!
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12. Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
"#$%&'(&)'*! +,-./!
"#$%&0)1!
2-3)')!
4415556 789!#&::&,'!
/$0.)%$*!
;:$<)::3!
0,'.%,::$(!=3!
"#$%&'(&)'*>!
?)'(!.&.:&'<!)'(!0,'.%,:!,@$%!./$!').-%):!
%$*,-%0$*!,'!./$!*,&:!)'(!&'!./$!*-=*,&:8!
Very partially resolved8!A,%$!./)'!/):B!,B!
"#$%&'(&)'!0,##-'&.&$*!/)@$!%$0$&@$(!.&.:$!
.,!*,#$!:)'(!*&'0$!7CDE8!F/$!G55E!
"#$%&'(&)'!"0.!<&@$*!#,%$!0,'.%,:!.,!
"#$%&'(&)'*!,@$%!:,0):!<,@$%'#$'.8!
H,I$@$%1!./$!A&'&*.$%!%$.)&'*!./$!J,I$%!.,!
%$K$0.!0,##-'&.3!%-:$*L!)JJ%,@$!0,'.%)0.*!
=$.I$$'!0,##-'&.&$*!)'(!,-.*&($%*L!,@$%%&($!
0,##-'&.3!:)'(!-*$!($0&*&,'*L!,@$%%&($!)!
0,##-'&.3M*!@$.,!,B!:)%<$N*0):$!#&'&'<!&B!)!
J%,K$0.!./$3!=$:&$@$!.,!=$!&'!./$!J-=:&0!
&'.$%$*.L!,%!.)O$!:)'(!I&./,-.!0,#J$'*).&,'8!
F/$!*.).$!%$#)&'*!./$!,I'$%!,B!./$!*-=*,&:!
%$*,-%0$*8!!
!
P&#)! Q,%./!
"#$%&0)1!
"%&R,')!
;S+">!
7714559 G71EC7!/)!T!
7471G55!/)!,'!
.I,!
%$*$%@).&,'*!
U).$%!%&</.*!0:)&#$(!)B.$%!./$!:,**!,B!./$!
2&:)!V&@$%!I).$%!&'!./$!7C./!0$'.-%38!F/$!
2&:)!V&@$%!W'(&)'!X,##-'&.3!;2VWX>!
I)'.*!*,:$!0,'.%,:!,@$%!I).$%!%$*,-%0$*!
)'(!)!<-)%)'.$$!,B!)!($J$'()=:$!*-JJ:3!,B!
I).$%8!!
Claim resolved.!F/$!G559!"%&R,')!U).$%!
+$..:$#$'.!"0.!;"+U">!*$..:$*!./$!%$*,-%0$!
0:)&#!=$.I$$'!./$!2&:)!V&@$%!W'(&)'!
X,##-'&.3!;2VWX>!)'(!./$!S'&.$(!+.).$*8!
F/$!2VWX!/)*!*,:$!%$*J,'*&=&:&.3!B,%!I).$%!
0,'@$3)'0$!)'(!J,**&=:$!*):$8!"U+"!
J%,/&=&.*!./$!2VWX!B%,#!*$$O&'<!)'!&'0%$)*$!
&'!./$&%!0-%%$'.!<%,-'(I).$%!%&</.*!)'(!
J%,.$0.*!./$!0-%%$'.!2VWX!<%,-'(I).$%!B%,#!
J-#J&'<!'$)%!%$*$%@).&,'!=,-'()%&$*8!Y&')::31!
./$!"+U"!<-)%)'.$$*!)!($J$'()=:$!*-JJ:3!,B!
I).$%!.,!./$!2VWX!:)'(*!;E461455!)0%$NB$$.!,B!
I).$%!J$%!3$)%>8!!!
! D

13. Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
"#$$#%#&'())*!
#+)!",+(-$.(/!
0(1/2!
3%,14.#5!
673!
89#4+,:!
;<==!>!;?==<!
867!@,+$'$:!
;==5===!
#.1,$A
!
B2,!/14-,$!C#+/!/(!%#4+/#4+!$(D,1,4E+/*!
#+)!F1(/,./4(+!G1(%!$/#/,!)(%4+#+.,H!
9($/!4%F(1/#+/!.(+GI4./!C4/2!/2,!7/#/,!(G!
9#4+,!4$!I4+J,)!/(!/2,!4+/,1F1,/#/4(+!(G!/2,!
C(1)!K%'+4.4F#I4/*L!4+!/2,!MN?=!9#4+!
7,//I,%,+/!3./H!B2,!/14-,$!#1E',!/2#/!/24$!
F1(D4$4(+!C#$!%,#+/!#$!#+!#))4/4(+!/(!
/2,41!$(D,1,4E+!$/#/'$!C24I,!/2,!$/#/,!
#1E',$!/2#/!%'+4.4F#I!$/#/'$!$'F,1.,),$!
/2,41!$(D,1,4E+!$/#/'$H!!!!
Claims unresolvedH!O+!P===5!/2,!67!
Q+D41(+%,+/#I!"1(/,./4(+!3E,+.*!.4/,)!/2,!
MN?=!$,//I,%,+/!4+!#C#1)4+E!/2,!$/#/,!/2,!
#'/2(14/*!/(!4$$',!C#/,1!&'#I4/*!F,1%4/$!(+!
/14-#I!I#+)$5!),$F4/,!#!1,.(%%,+)#/4(+!-*!/2,!
67!R,F#1/%,+/!(G!/2,!O+/,14(1!/(!'F2(I)!/14-#I!
%#+#E,%,+/!(G!/2($,!1,$('1.,$H!B2,!/14-,$!#1,!
.2#II,+E4+E!/2,!Q"3S$!),.4$4(+!4+!G,),1#I!
.('1/H!!!!
0#/4D,!
T#C#44#+$!
0(1/2!
3%,14.#5!
673!
8T#C#44:!!
P?;5===U P<5===!(G!/2,!
T#C#44#+!
T(%,!V#+)$!
#1,!
2(%,$/,#),)H!
0#/4D,!
T#C#44#+$!
#I$(!I4D,!
,I$,C2,1,!4+!
?
/2,!$/#/,H
!
!
@I#4%$!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$!)4GG,1H!
7,D,+/*!/21,,!F,1.,+/!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!
D(/,1$!$'FF(1/!$(%,!G(1%!(G!$(D,1,4E+!
E(D,1+%,+/5!-'/!.I#4%$!D#1*!#%(+E!
.(%F,+$#/4(+!G(1!I($/!I#+)W!I4%4/,)!
$(D,1,4E+/*W!+#/4(+>C4/24+>#>+#/4(+!
%(),I,)!#G/,1!0#/4D,!3%,14.#+!F(I4.4,$W!
(1!#!C2(II*>4+),F,+),+/!T#C#44!'+),1!
,X.I'$4D,!.(+/1(I!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$H!
Q#.2!%(D,%,+/!4+D(ID,$!#!I#+)!.I#4%5!
1#+E4+E!G1(%!/2,!P==5===!#.1,$!
.(%F14$4+E!/2,!T#C#44#+!T(%,!V#+)$!/(!
/2,!$/#/,Y$!,+/41,!ZHM!%4II4(+!#.1,$H!!!
Claims largely unresolvedH!O+!MNNA5!4+!"'-I4.!
3..,$$!72(1,I4+,!T#C#44!D$H!T#C#44!"I#++4+E!
@(%%4$$4(+5!/2,!T#C#44!7'F1,%,!@('1/!1'I,)!
/2#/!T#C#44#+$!1,/#4+!/2,!14E2/!/(!F1#./4.,!
/1#)4/4(+#I!E#/2,14+E!(+!'+),D,I(F,)!F14D#/,!
I#+)!#+)!,$/#-I4$2,)!/2#/!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$!
#+)!/2,!$/#/,!(+!/2,41!-,2#IG!.('I)!4+/,1D,+,!/(!
F1(/,./!/2,$,!14E2/$!#/!/2,!,XF,+$,!(G!F14D#/,!
4+/,1,$/$H!T(C,D,15!4+!['+,!P==A5!/2,!7,+#/,!
),G,#/,)!/2,!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!,(1E#+4]#/4(+5!
C24.2!C('I)!2#D,!G(1%#II*!1,.(E+4],)!#!
T#C#44#+!E(D,1+4+E!,+/4/*!#+)!(GG,1,)!
T#C#44#+$!/2,!$#%,!-,+,G4/$5!F1(/,./4(+$5!#+)!
#.J+(CI,)E%,+/!#$!0#/4D,!3%,14.#+$H!
^'1/2,15!/2,!@41.'4/!#+)!T#C#44#+!7'F1,%,!
@('1/$!)4$%4$$,)!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!.I#4%$!/(!
1,D,+',!E,+,1#/,)!G1(%!.,),)!I#+)$!4+!P==M5!
P==;5!P==<5!#+)!P==A5!$/#/4+E!/2#/!/2,!T#C#44!
I,E4$I#/'1,!%'$/!#))1,$$!.,),)!I#+)$H
!N!
!
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14. Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
"#$%&'&! "()*+!!
,-.)#/&0!
1&2&3&!
45)#*#$+!
1(67-8#&9!
:0:;;<; <=>0=;;!+&<<
! 16&#-!*(!%&#2!/(2*)(6!(?.)!&!*.))#*()@!
(//7A#.3!B$#2/.!*#-.!#--.-()#&6C!#2!*+.!
"&$$!D&66.@E!!
Claim resolvedE!F+.!Nisga’a Final Agreement!
G&$!$#%2.3!8@!1&2&3&0!5)#*#$+!1(67-8#&0!&23!
*+.!"#$%&'&!(2!,7%7$*!H0!<>>IE!J*!#$!8(*+!&!
6&23!$.**6.-.2*!&23!&!$.6KL%(?.)2-.2*!
&%)..-.2*E!!
1)#-.&2!F&*&)$! M7)(A.!&23!
,$#&0!
1)#-.&0!
NO8.P#$*&20!
Q(-&2#&0!
576%&)#&0!
&23!F7)P.@!
:;;0;;;L
=0;;;0;;;!
N23.*.)-#2.3!
8./&7$.!(K!
3#$A.)$#(2!
F+#$!%)(7A!G&2*$!(KK#/#&6!$*&*7$!(K!
&7*(/+*+(2(7$!A.(A6.R!(KK#/#&6!)./(%2#*#(2!
(K!*)&3#*#(2&6!6.&3.)$!&$!$7A).-.!
).A).$.2*&*#?.!&7*+()#*#.$R!.KK./*#?.!
).A).$.2*&*#(2!&*!&66!6.?.6$!(K!%(?.)2-.2*R!
&23!#-A)(?.3!$(/#(L./(2(-#/!/(23#*#(2$E!!
Claims unresolvedE!"(!)./(%2#*#(2!(K!F&*&)$!
&$!#23#%.2(7$!A.(A6.$!(K!1)#-.&E!"(!6.%&6!
).$*()&*#(2!(K!*+.!1)#-.&2!F&*&)$S!)#%+*$E!
5.3(7#2$! ,$#&!
4T#336.!
M&$*90!J$)&.6!
=;;0;;;!4#2!
*+.!".%.?!
3.$.)*9!
U&6K!(K!*+.!
A(A76&*#(2!#2!
$.?.2!A6&22.3!
*(G2$+#A$R!
.#%+*!2.G!
*(G2$!#2!*+.!
A)(/.$$!(K!
)./(%2#*#(20!
(7*!(K!HV!
72)./(%2#O.3!
*(G2$!
F+.!5.3(7#2$!#2!J$)&.6!/6&#-!*+.!)#%+*!*(!
).-&#2!#2!*+.!".%.?!W.$.)*!4#2!
72)./(%2#O.3!?#66&%.$9!G+#/+!*+.@!+&?.!
#2+&8#*.3!K()!3./&3.$0!&23!*(!A7)$7.!*+.#)!
*)&3#*#(2&6!G&@!(K!6#K.!#2!*+.!".%.?E!
Claim unresolvedE!X()/.3!7)8&2#O&*#(2!(K!
5.3(7#2$!#2!$.?.2!A6&22.3!*(G2$R!K&#67).!*(!
)./(%2#O.!*+.!?#66&%.$0!G+#/+!&).!/(2$#3.).3!
#66.%&6R!3.-(6#*#(2!(K!+(7$.$!&23!/)(A$!#2!
*+.$.!?#66&%.$R!Y+&)(2!K#?.L@.&)!A6&2!3.$#%2.3!
*(!.2/(7)&%.!5.3(7#2$!*(!-(?.!#2*(!*+.!
)./(%2#O.3!*(G2$!&23!2.G6@!)./(%2#O.3!*(G2$!
*+)(7%+!-&2@!#2/.2*#?.$E!!
5.3(7#2$! ,$#&!
4T#336.!
M&$*90!
Z()3&2!!
F+.!-&[()#*@!
(K!Z()3&2#&2!
5.3(7#2!
A(A76&*#(2!
G&$!(K!*)#8&6!
()#%#2E!
,//(72*$!(K!
B5.3(7#2C!
27-8.)$!#2!
Z()3&2!?&)@!
8@!3.K#2#*#(2E!!
<<=!*(G2$!
G+#/+!).$A./*!
*+.!*)#8&6!
$*)7/*7).!
F+.!Z()3&2#&2!5.3(7#2$!G&2*!*(!$7$*&#2!&!
*)&3#*#(2&6!G&@!(K!6#K.!&23!-&P.!3./#$#(2$!
&8(7*!*+.#)!K7*7).!#2!/(66&8()&*#(2!G#*+!*+.!
%(?.)2-.2*!(K!Z()3&2E!
Claims mostly resolvedE!(?.)2-.2*!+&$!
)./(%2#O.3!*+.!72#]7.!?&67.!(K!5.3(7#2$'!
/(2*)#87*#(2!*(!*+.!Z()3&2#&2!/76*7).R!
#2/.2*#?.$!(KK.).3!*(!5.3(7#2$!*(!A)(%).$$!
*(G&)3$!-(3.)2!6#K.R!8&$#/!$.)?#/.$!
4.37/&*#(20!+.&6*+0!&23!+(7$#2%9!A)(?#3.3R!
%(?.)2-.2*!&23!5.3(7#2$!/(66&8()&*.!(2!
3./#$#(2$!&KK./*#2%!*+.-R!$.&*$!).$.)?.3!#2!*+.!
^&)6#&-.2*!K()!5.3(7#2$E!
!
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15. Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
!"#$%! &#'()!
"('*(+!
,)-..! -),//!0(12
! 344567'85!#594:;$85<+(+65!*0'60!'#!
<5#'#75=!>?!@(+!A0'+5#5!BC(D$<'7?!
E$E%9(7'$+F!
Claims partially resolvedG!H7(7%#!$4!(%7$+$C?!
;<(+75=!>%7!6$+49'67#!<5C('+G!&=$E7'$+!$4!(!
<5#E567(>95!+(C5!4$<!'+=';5+$%#!E5$E95!
Iyuan-zhu-mingJ)!C5(+'+;!$<';'+(9!
'+0(>'7(+7#)!'+!705!1KKL!6$+#7'7%7'$+M!
5#7(>9'#0C5+7!$4!(!>$=?!$85<#55'+;!'+=';5+$%#!
'##%5#!'+!705!65+7<(9!;$85<+C5+7!'+!1KKNG!O+!
1KKK)!'+=';5+$%#!(67'8'#7#!#';+5=!705!Treaty of
New Partnership between the Indigenous
Peoples and the Government of Taiwan!*'70!
705+!PQQ!E<5#'=5+7'(9!6(+='=(75!H0%':>'(+!
A05+G1,!H585<(9!'75C#!'+!705!Treaty!>56(C5!
E(<7!$4!705!$44'6'(9!E$9'7'6(9!(;5+=(!(475<!A05+!
*(#!'+(%;%<(75=!'+!2...)!'+69%='+;!705!
E<$C$7'$+!$4!'+=';5+$%#!#594:;$85<+(+65G!
@$*585<)!'+!E<(67'65)!70'#!(%7$+$C?!'#!(EE9'5=!
*'70!='44'6%97?G!!
!
&='8(#'#! &#'()!O+='(! /LG,!C'99'$+1L
! -,R!
6$CC%+'7'5#1R
SEE$#'7'$+!7$!705!H(<=(<!H(<$8(<!Q<$D567!
BHHQF)!705!9(<;5!=(C!6$+#7<%67'$+!$+!*'70!
705!T(<C(=(!U'85<!'+!705!T(<C(=(!V(995?!
>56(%#5!$4!='#E9(65C5+7!6$+65<+#G!!!
Claims unresolvedG!O+!W(<60!2..L)!=5#E'75!
705!6$+65<+#!$4!705!XT!A$CC'##'$+!$+!
@%C(+!U';07#)!4%<705<!6$+#7<%67'$+!$4!705!=(C!
%E!7$!705!05';07!$4!1L,!C575<#!*(#!(99$*5=G!
"05!$<';'+(99?!E9(++5=!05';07!$4!705!=(C!*(#!
1,/!C575<#G!
!
T(C(!BI705!
U'6075<#859=!
A$CC%+'7?JF!
&4<'6()!
H$%70!
&4<'6(!
1.)...!B,)...!
4<$C!705!
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='(C$+=!C'+5<#!
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A$%<7!$4!H$%70!&4<'6(!=575<C'+5=!70(7!705!
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'7#!9(+=!(+=!C'+5<(9!<';07#G!!O+!S67$>5<)!2..-!
705!A$CC%+'7?!<5(605=!(!#57795C5+7!*'70!705!
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U1K.!C'99'$+!B(EE<$ZG![2N!C'99'$+F!
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7'795!7$!705!9(+=G!
1.! !

16. Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
#$%&&$'! ()*+%,+-!
.+/0+!1*2!
30,%*+!
"4-566!7080!
+%9!
+//:$;,'+<*=8!
>-666!$?!<@*!
#$%&&$'!
/*$/=*!
<@*'A*=B*A!"4
!
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$))0/,*9!
I=+,'A!?,=*9!,%!J0A<:+=,+%!I$0:<A!+&+,%A<!
KL.!K,==,<$%-!+%!J0A<:+=,+%!',%,%&!
)$'/+%8!A0//$:<*9!M8!<@*!.+/0+!1*2!
30,%*+!&$B*:%'*%<-!?$:!2,9*A/:*+9!
*%B,:$%'*%<+=!9+'+&*!90*!<$!<@*!(C!D*9,!
7,%*N!
Claims resolved only on paperN!O<+<0A!$?!
+0<$%$'8!&:+%<*9-!M0<!)$%?=,)<A!:*'+,%N!(%!
P0%*!">-!"QQR-!KL.!+%9!<@*!,%9,&*%$0A!
/=+,%<,??!=*+9*:A!:*+)@*9!+%!$0<S$?S)$0:<!
A*<<=*'*%<!2$:<@!+//:$;,'+<*=8!T566!',==,$%!
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*A<+M=,A@!+!<:0A<!?0%9!?$:!<@*!/*$/=*!$?!<@*!F=8!
E,B*:H!+%9!)$'/*%A+<*!<@*!)$''0%,<,*A!,%!<@*!
'$A<!@*+B,=8!+??*)<*9!+:*+A!$?!<@*!=$2*:!(C!
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A*)$%9!A*<<=*'*%<!9,9!%$<!/:*B*%<!',%*!2+A<*!
+%9!@*+B8!'*<+=A!?:$'!*%<*:,%&!<@*!:,B*:!
A8A<*'N!!
!
! ""

17. Section 1
Indigeneity and the land: The vital link
! !
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%+(&$+!,/+*'+-1+'!,/0.)2/!,/+&0!&$,+0#7,&.$!8&,/!,/+!-#$%9!:),!,/+&0!-&1+-&/..%'!%+3+$%!.$!
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7)-,)0+'!,/#,!')00.)$%!,/+*4!!?/6'&7#-!:.)$%#0&+'!/+-3!%+(&$+!,/+!$#,)0+!.(!#$%!-&*&,'!.$!
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#-'.!30.1&%+!#!8#6!,.!7.$,0.-!,/+!0+'.)07+'!0+A)&0+%!,.!7.$,&$)+!,/+&0!8#6!.(!-&(+4! !
! @/+!'6*:.-&7!%&1&%+!#''.7&#,+%!8&,/!+#7/!3/6'&7#-!:.0%+0!',0+$2,/+$'!,/+!&%+$,&,6!.(!
&$%&2+$.)'!3+.3-+!:6!30.,+7,&$2!'#70+%!,0#%&,&.$'!#'!8+--!#'!-#$2)#2+!#$%!7)-,)0+4!!B$!#%%&,&.$9!,/+!
')01&1#-!.(!&$%&2+$.)'!7.**)$&,&+'!%+3+$%'!.$!,/+!0+7.2$&,&.$!.(!,/+&0!.8$!,0#%&,&.$'!#$%!$.0*'4!
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'6*:.-&7!#$%!30#7,&7#-!#'3+7,'!.(!,/+!0+-#,&.$'/&3!:+,8++$!&$%&2+$.)'!3+.3-+'!#$%!,/+&0!-#$%4!
!
Land and territory in indigenous cosmologies
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D#$6!#'3+7,'!.(!,/+&0!-&1+'!#$%!'.7&#-!0+-#,&.$'!#0+!+*:+%%+%!&$!,0#%&,&.$#-9!$#,)0#-!'+,,&$2'!#$%!
0+-6!.$!,/+&0!7#3#7&,6!,.!#77+''!,/+'+!0+'.)07+'4!E.0!&$%&2+$.)'!3+.3-+9!'+3#0#,&$2!#$%!&'.-#,&$2!
/)*#$!:+&$2'!(0.*!,/+&0!$#,)0#-!'+,,&$2'!.0!,/0+#,+$&$2!,/&'!'3+7&#-!0+-#,&.$'/&3!&'!,#$,#*.)$,!,.!
%+',0.6&$2!(#*&-6!)$&,6!#$%!7/#--+$2&$2!,/+!7.$,&$)&,6!.(!-&(+4!!@0#%&,&.$#-!0&,)#-'!#$%!$.,&.$'!.(!
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&$%&2+$.)'!3+.3-+!*.1+!8&,/&$!,/+!:.0%+0'!.(!,/+&0!-#$%!,.!/.$.0!%+&,&+'!#$%!+F30+''!,/#$G'!(.0!
3#',!/#01+','!.0!(.0!,/+!/+-3!,/+6!/#1+!0+7+&1+%!,.!*#&$,#&$!',0.$2!0+-#,&.$'!8&,/&$!,/+!
7.**)$&,64!!
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20.)3'H!I=J!,/+!K)+7/)#!#$%!<6*#0#!.(!,/+!<$%+#$!0+2&.$!.(!L.),/!<*+0&7#MNO!INJ!,/+!5&'2#;#!
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+&4,*%*"#%9#''E&#(./%48%#+3"%-+.%+.6%94-+.A%&,*%+'24%+&4,*%34.2*7,3*(./%+%8,*,7#%(.%,.(*$%9(*"%
.+*,7#%(.)4')(./%+''%*"#%5#45'#=%D47%*"(2%D(72*%F#45'#A%G#)#7$*"(./%(2%chacha-warmiH%0B$-+7+1A%
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-+23,'(.#%47%8#-(.(.#%34..4*+*(4.=%L+*,7+'%#'#-#.*2%2,3"%+2%2*4.#2A%-4,.*+(.2A%47%*7##2%+7#%
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*"#%L(2/+O+=%D47%#C+-5'#A%*"#%L(2/+O+%&#'(#)#%*"+*%TxeemsimA%+%5()4*+'%8(/,7#%847%*"#-A%8'+**#.#6%
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Control over specific resources tied to location
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%-44)()$'"3.558$-'6"%)B),./5)$'"5.%),".("()&'(-3'"8&)".4"'(#%-'-.$#,",#$%&"3+#,,)$*)&"'+)-("
-%)$'-'-)&9""
"
Control of land use and access
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-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)&"$))%"'."3.$'(.,"#33)&&"'."#$")M/#$&)".4"')((-'.(6",#(*)")$.8*+"'."/(.')3'"#$%"
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-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)&!"'+)"')(5"?')((-'.(6@"()4)(&"'."#$3)&'(#,"&/#3)"#$%"+#&"#"5.()"#,,F)50(#3-$*"
5)#$-$*"'+#$"?,#$%@9""
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38(()$',6".338/69"Territorio")$3.5/#&&)&"'+)"+-&'.(-3#,"(#$*)"-$"1+-3+"#"/)./,)"+#&"'(#%-'-.$#,,6"
,-B)%9""G+)"3.5/,)M"3.$$)3'-.$"0)'1))$"-%)$'-'6"#$%",.3#,-'6"3#$$.'"0)"0.8*+'".("&.,%O",#$%"-&"
$.'"#"3.55.%-'6"-5/,6-$*"1)#,'+".("/.&&)&&-.$9"C8P#$#"C#16)(")M/,#-$&"'+#'"?583+"5.()"'+#$"
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3.$&'(83'-.$".4"(#'-.$#,,6"3#,38,#')%"0,.3>&".4",#$%"'."0)"&.,%"4.(".-,")M'(#3'-.$"#$%"'+)")M')$&-.$"
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-$3,8%)"58,'-/,)"(-B)("0#&-$&"-$"1+-3+"58,'-/,)"&6&')5&".4"/(./)('6"3.$'(.,"3.)M-&'9""""
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" TY

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+-.%-/",2"21-%62C$-%"1%8+-'2-.4D%E#$%,2"/+3&%"#+"%@+,+(+'/&%7,+9"29$%&$"%93$+,%&1921:9/3"/,+3%+-.%
&(801329%01,.$,&%0$">$$-%"#$8%+-.%"#$%.182-+-"%9/3"/,$*%9,$+"2-6%">1%&$7+,+"$%A>1,3.&%1F%
8$+-2-6D4;G%%E>1%73+9$&%+,$%$&&$-"2+3%F1,%.+23(%+9"2C2"2$&%&/9#%+&%&/0&2&"$-9$%+6,29/3"/,$*%#/-"2-6*%
F2&#2-6*%F,/2"%6+"#$,2-6*%#+-.29,+F"&*%9+-1$%8+'2-6*%+-.%#1/&$%0/23.2-6H;;%"#$%A5-#+02"$.%I$-"$,&D%
+-.%"#$%Purinas,%>#29#%+,$%&#+,$.%F1,$&"%+,$+&4%J-1"#$,%72$9$%1F%"#$%"$,,2"1,(%2&%,$&",29"$.%"1%"#$%
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"$,,2"1,(4;P%E#$%@+,+(+'/&%C2$>%"#$%$9131629+3%+-.%&1921:$91-1829%287+9"&%0,1/6#"%+01/"%0(%
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7+"#%"1>+,.%"#$%8+2-"$-+-9$%1F%O'odham himdag. ;M%`+9'%1F%+99$&&%"1%3+-.%+-.%31&&%1F%6+82-6%
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2-%"#$%3+"$%">$-"(:F2,&"%9$-"/,(%7,1F1/-.3(%.2&"/,0$.%"#$%",+.2"21-+3%-+"2C$%>+(%1F%32F$%0+&$.%1-%
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himdag()2.!!"%&$0)1')+)%/58)5$%$*"-/+,),/4$)/-#",#/-3)3%"9/-3)5%"!2()8.-&/-3()9+%4+%$()+-0)
!%"&$5&/-3)5"**.-/&')8$+,&8()9+2)+,2")&8%$+&$-$06))
:"%)/-0/3$-".2)!$"!,$2()5"-&%",)"#$%)2!$5/4/5),+-02)+-0)&$%%/&"%/$2)$-+1,$2)&8$)4.,4/,,*$-&)
"4)&8%$$)1+2/5)3"+,2;)4/%2&()*+/-&+/-/-3)+)2!/%/&.+,)%$,+&/"-28/!)&")&8$)+%$+2)&8$')8+#$)"55.!/$0)4"%)
3$-$%+&/"-2<)2$5"-0()!%$#$-&/-3)0$#$,"!*$-&)!+&&$%-2)&8+&)$-0+-3$%)&8$/%)9+')"4),/4$)"%)!%$#$-&)
&8$*)4%"*)5+%%'/-3)".&)&%+0/&/"-+,)+5&/#/&/$2<)+-0)&8/%0()*+-+3/-3)%$2".%5$2)"-)&8$/%),+-0)+-0)
0$#$,"!/-3)$5"-"*/5)+5&/#/&/$2)5"-2/2&$-&)9/&8)&8$/%)5"2*","3')+-0)&8$/%)+!!%"+58)&")2$,4=
2.44/5/$-5'6))
)
) >?

23. Section 2
Defining borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures
!
"#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!)*)-,,/!0%1%2'#*!(3!-!#-1%(#4*1-1'!%#!56%06!-!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!*''8*!1(!
%7+(*'!-!*'1!(3!9-,)'*:!#(.7*:!-#$!%#*1%1)1%(#*!)+(#!16'7;!<#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'=*!0),1).'!6-*!1(!
(+'.-1'!5%16%#!16'!0(#1'>1!(3!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).';!?(!*).9%9':!-!#-1%9'!1.%@'!5%,,!1./!1(!'*1-@,%*6!
@()#$-.%'*!@'15''#!%1*',3!-#$!16'!$(7%#-#1!*(0%'1/;!!?6'%.!.',-1%(#*6%+!1(!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!%*!
(31'#!$'3%#'$!%#!1'.7*!(3!@(.$'.!0(#1.(,;!?6'!+.'*'#0'!(3!-!@(.$'.!%#$%0-1'*!16'!'>%*1'#0'!(3!
%#$%&'#()*!,-#$!-#$!1'..%1(./;!?6'!06-#0'*!(3!*).9%9-,!3(.!-#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!'#6-#0'$!%3!
16'/!0-#!-06%'9'!*(7'!$'&.''!(3!0(#1.(,!(9'.!56(!0-#!0.(**!16%*!@(.$'.!-#$!56-1!6-++'#*!5%16%#!
%1*!1'..%1(.%-,!@()#$-.%'*;!!
!!!!!A(##-#!-#$!B%,*(#!CDEEEF!%$'#1%3/!16.''!7-%#!1/+'*!(3!@()#$-.%'*!16-1!$'1'.7%#'!
.',-1%(#*!%#!(.!-7(#&!*(0%'1%'*;!!Social and symbolic!boundaries!$'3%#'!7'7@'.*6%+!%#!
0(,,'01%9%1%'*;!G'(+,'!7%&61!06((*'!1(!*6-+'!16%*!3(.7!(3!@()#$-./!%#!1'.7*!(3!$%33'.'#1!0(#1'>1*!
-#$!+.'**).'*;!Cultural boundaries!*'+-.-1'!$%33'.'#1!5(.,$*!(3!7'-#%#&!-7(#&!+'(+,'.
Geopolitical boundaries!$'3%#'!9%*%@,'!-#$!1-#&%@,'!-**'1*;HE!"#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'*!-.()#$!16'!5(.,$!
*''8!0(#1.(,!(9'.!-,,!16.''!1/+'*!(3!@()#$-.%'*:!$'3%#%#&!56(!0-#!-#$!0-##(1!0.(**!16'7;!
I()#$-.%'*!*'+-.-1%#&!J)*K!-#$!J16'7K!-.'!%7+(.1-#1!1(!-!0),1).'!3%&61%#&!3(.!*).9%9-,;!!!
!!!<#!%#1'.'*1%#&!'>-7+,'!3.(7!L0)-$(.!(3!*/7@(,%0!@(.$'.*!*6(5*!6(5!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!
-.'!*'+-.-1'$!3.(7!16'!$(7%#-#1!*(0%'1/;!"#!M-#)-./!DEEN:!%#$%&'#()*!-01%9%*1*!3.(7!OPQ<"L:!
OPQRLQ<"L:!-#$!PG"G!(00)+%'$!16'!S%#%*1./!(3!L#'.&/!-#$!S%#'*!1(!+.(1'*1!-&-%#*1!16'!
(+'#%#&!(3!16'!*'9'#16!.()#$!(3!(%,!0(#0'**%(#!@%$$%#&!-#$!.'0'#1!06-#&'*!%#!16'!T/$.(0-.@(#*!
U-5:!5.%11'#!1(!.'$)0'!*1-1'!0(#1.(,!(9'.!(%,!(+'.-1%(#*!%#!L0)-$(.;!R(,,(5%#&!-!VN46().!*1-#$(33:!
%#$%&'#()*!,'-$'.*!7'1!5%16!16'!7%#%*1'.;!P#'!(3!6%*!3%.*1!-00)*-1%(#*!-&-%#*1!16'!+.(1'*1(.*!5-*!
16-1!16'/!6-$!%,,'&-,,/!'#1'.'$!mi casa!C7/!6()*'F;!W-3-',:!-#!%#$%&'#()*!,'-$'.:!.'*+(#$'$!16-1!
J16%*!6()*'!@',(#&*!1(!-,,K!L0)-$(.%-#!0%1%2'#*!-#$!.'X'01'$!16'!%7+,%0-1%(#!16-1!-!&.()+!
6%*1(.%0-,,/!'>0,)$'$!3.(7!L0)-$(.%-#!*(0%'1/!6-$!#(!.%&61!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+!(.!#-1%(#-,!@',(#&%#&;NY!!!!
G).*)%#&!16'!16'7'!(3!6(7'!&.()#$!-#$!56(!@',(#&*!16'.':!W-3-',!'7+6-*%2'$!16-1:!
)#,%8'!-#!(33%0%-,!&(9'.#7'#1!@)%,$%#&:!16'!<7-2(#!$%$!#(1!@',(#&!1(!-,,;!?6'!.%9'.!0(#*1%1)1'$!La
selva es nuestra casa:!16'!"#$%-#*=!6(+'!-#$!*+-0'!(3!@',(#&%#&;!<#/!-01%(#!@/!()1*%$'.*!5%16%#!
16%*!1'..%1(./!.'Z)%.'$!#'&(1%-1%(#!5%16!%1*!%#$%&'#()*!(5#'.*;!?6%*!'>06-#&'!.'9'-,*!6(5!.-0'!-#$!
0,-**!$'3%#'!#(1%(#*!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+:!+.(+'.1/:!'>0,)*%(#:!-#$!3(.)7*!3(.!+-.1%0%+-1%(#;!!
!
D[! !

24. Control of geographic borders
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*0-)$2-/$+.&&#'$".%&0'67$8#52(%#$)#0)'21".5$+0'/#'%$2'#$30'#$&2-).+*#$&"2-$%63+0*.5$2-/$5(*&('2*$
+0'/#'%9$&"#6$2'#$2$1'.32'6$,26$.-$,".5"$2$%&2&#$52-$2%%#'&$50-&'0*$04#'$5.&.:#-%$2-/$%(+;#5&%7$
<#0)'21".5$+0'/#'%$5'#2&#$&"#$4#'6$50-/.&.0-%$0=$#4#'6/26$*.=#$=0'$.-/.)#-0(%$&'.+#%7$>0"#-$
?@ABCD$10.-&%$0(&$&"2&$=0'$E'2+$4.**2)#%$.-$F%'2#*$.-$@ACA$G&"#$'#2*.&6$0=$&"#$+0'/#'$"2H/I$+#503#$2$
32;0'$=25&0'$(-/#'*6.-)$&"#$%05.2*$0')2-.:2&.0-$0=$HJI$4.**2)#%$2-/$H50(*/I$-0&$&"#'#=0'#$+#$
&'#2&#/$2%$2$&#310'2'69$0'$2+-0'32*9$1"#-03#-0-7KL@$M4#-$.=$E'2+$1#01*#$.-$F%'2#*$2'#$-0&$
50-%./#'#/$-2&.4#$&'.+#%9$&".%$#N231*#$.**(%&'2&#%$&"#$/.2*#5&.52*$'#*2&.0-%$+#&,##-$2$/03.-2-&$
5(*&('#$2-/$3.-0'.&6$101(*2&.0-%$&"'0()"$&#''.&0'.2*$+0'/#'%7$
$$$$$$$$$$F-$>".*#9$&"#$2+%#-5#$0=$#==#5&.4#$)#0)'21".5$+0'/#'$32-2)#3#-&$1'#4#-&%$&"#$O21(5"#$
1#01*#$='03$1'0&#5&.-)$&"#$#50%6%&#3%$.-$,".5"$&"#6$*.4#7$P0'$&"#$*2%&$QR$6#2'%9$#50-03.5$10*.5.#%$
.-$>".*#$"24#$1'.0'.&.:#/$1'.42&.:2&.0-$2-/$#N10'&2&.0-$&"'0()"$&"#$/#4#*013#-&$0=$*2')#S%52*#$
1'0;#5&%9$%#4#'2*$0=$&"#3$0-$O21(5"#$*2-/7$E%$2$'#%(*&9$%#4#'2*$".)",26%$5(&$&"'0()"$O21(5"#$
&#''.&0'67$F-$TRRR9$*2')#$&'##$1*2-&2&.0-%$#-50312%%.-)$@7C$3.**.0-$"#5&2'#%$0=$#(52*61&(%$2-/$1.-#$
,#'#$1*2-&#/$0-$#N1'01'.2&#/$O21(5"#$*2-/7LT$!"#%#$5033#'5.2*$#-&#'1'.%#%$/232)#/$,.*/*.=#9$
5'#2&#/$%0.*$#'0%.0-9$+*05U#/$*.)"&$-##/#/$&0$)'0,$O21(5"#V%$3#/.5.-2*$1*2-&%9$2-/$10**(&#/$
,2&#'$%(11*.#%7LQ$$
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$
Control of symbolic borders
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Struggle to control administrative and social borders
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&*6,'2",+'&'",5&+,5(%%(*#,'),(*'"!9"*"8,(',&%+),-(#2',2&9",7""*,&*,&''"-3','),3!)9):",&,
1%&!(4(1&'()*,)4,'2",%(-('+,)4,'!(7&%,+)9"!"(#*'./,,,;*,&*.,"9"*'8,'2",'!(7"+,)33)+"6,'2",!"<$"+',)4,'2",
1)-3&*("+8,52(12,'2"*,(*9):"6,=>??,&*6,4(%"6,&,1)-3%&(*',(*,@&(*",0$3"!()!,A)$!','),4)!1",
1)-3%(&*1"/,,
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&*6,'2"!"4)!",+$7C"1','),+'&'",%&5/,,B2",@&(*",'!(7"+,1)*'"*6,'2&','2(+,%&5,(+,*)',&33%(1&7%",'),
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#)9"!*-"*'+,)!,&#"*1("+,&*6,52"*,'2",'!(7"+,&1',&+,(4,'2".,5"!",-$*(1(3&%('("+/,,
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7)$*6&!("+/,,
, GI

27. Section 3
Sustaining traditional ways of life
!
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+&'!)'!7)1#'!(,%.!'#5$('$*!'#$!4$5-!$>)%'$*6$!./!)*0)1$*.&%!2$.2,$%!)*!%$4$5(,!8(-%9?@!!;!2&5$,-!
7(5=$'A+(%$0!$>6#(*1$!7)1#'!$>'5(6'!6.*%)0$5(+,$!4(,&$:!+&'!0)%'.5'!%.6)(,!5$,(').*%!)*!(*!
)*0)1$*.&%!6.77&*)'-9!B.72$')').*!/.5!4(,&(+,$!5$%.&56$%!(7.*1!6.72$')*1!6.52.5('$!)*'$5$%'%!
7)1#'!6(&%$!6.*/,)6'!8)'#)*!(*!(+.5)1)*(,!6.77&*)'-!(%!7$7+$5%!6#..%$!%)0$%!(*0!6#(,,$*1$!
$(6#!.'#$5!/.5!)*'$5*(,!,$(0$5%#)29!C(''$5*%!./!0$4$,.27$*'!(%%.6)('$0!8)'#!%.7$!=)*0%!./!
5$%.&56$!&%$!(*0!$>'5(6').*!25(6')6$%!(5$!)*6.72(')+,$!8)'#!'5(0)').*(,!8(-%!./!,)/$!(*0!6&,'&5(,!
25(6')6$%9!D)*(,,-:!7)15(').*!./!*(')4$!2$.2,$%!'.!6)')$%!.5!7)*)*1!6$*'$5%!(*0!'#$!)*'$5*(,!
6.,.*)E(').*!./!)*0)1$*.&%!,(*0%!+-!.&'%)0$5%AA$*6.&5(1$0!+-!6.52.5('$!)*'$5$%'%!.5!'#$!%'('$AA6(*!
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5$7(5=(+,$!(+),)'-!'.!(0(2'!'.!*$8!(*0!6#(*1)*1!6)56&7%'(*6$%!(*0!'.!7()*'()*!'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!
8(-!./!,)/$:!0$%2)'$!+$)*1!5$M&)5$0!'.!7.4$!/5.7!'#$)5!%6(''$5$0!#.7$%'$(0%!(*0!#(7,$'%!./!'#$)5!
6,(*!,(*0%9?N!"#$-!#(4$!(6M&)5$0!,(*0!$,%$8#$5$:!%.7$!./!)'!/(5!/5.7!'#$)5!.5)1)*(,!4),,(1$%:!+&'!
'#$-!#(4$!'5)$0!'.!6&,')4('$!)'!)*!'5(0)').*(,!8(-%9!O*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!&*%&%'()*(+,$!25(6')6$%!('!'#$!
P=!"$0)!7)*$:!7(*(1$0!+-!QRC!Q),,)'.*:!#(4$!7(0$!)'!)72.%%)+,$!/.5!'#$!L.*11.7!'.!6.*')*&$!
'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!8(-!./!,)/$:!$4$*!('!'#$)5!*$8!,.6(').*%9!O*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!(*0!%.6)(,,-!
&*%&%'()*(+,$!(6')4)')$%!25(6')6$0!.*!'#$!,(*0!8#$5$!)*0)1$*.&%!2$.2,$%!,)4$!<$.2(50)E$!'#$)5!
%&54)4(,!$4$*!7.5$!'#(*!'#$!,.%%!./!'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!,(*0!)'%$,/9!!!"#$-!7(-!+$!(+,$!'.!7.4$!'.!*$8!
,.6(').*%!(*0!=$$2!'#$)5!6&,'&5$!)*'(6':!+&'!.*,-!)/!%'('$!(*0!6.52.5('$!(6'.5%!25.'$6'!'#$7!/5.7!
$*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!0$%'5&6')4$:!&*%&%'()*(+,$!25(6')6$%9!
!
Control over subsurface resources
S.7$!./!'#$!*(')4$!2$.2,$%!)*!S.&'#!;/5)6(!8$5$!(+,$!'.!7()*'()*!6.*'5.,!.4$5!5$%.&56$%!&*0$5!'#$!
,(*0!'#$-!.66&2)$0!/.5!0$6(0$%9!!"#)%!#$,2$0!'#$7!1$*$5('$!(!%&%'()*(+,$!$6.*.7)6:!%.6)(,:!(*0!
HH! !

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75%$/)"+6()(!+$"+898:+)";+(.!+!,()2*$,.'!"(+&5+(.!+)<)%(.!$;+%!=$'!+$"+89>?@+")($#!+A.&$,)"+
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20+1.$(!+,!((*!%,+!)=!%+(&+;!#!*&<+)+;$)'&";+'$"!+$"+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+%!=$&"+$"+(.!+5)%+"&%(.1!,(+
<)%(+&5+(.!+/&-"(%03+D-%$"=+)<)%(.!$;@+(.!+$";$=!"&-,+<!&<*!+&5+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+!";-%!;+(.!+
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*!),(+(&+,&'!+!E(!"(@+(.!+/)<)/$(0+(&+=&#!%"+(.!',!*#!,3++
F"+899>@+)5(!%+,!#!%)*+0!)%,+&5+<&*$($/)*+(%)",$($&"+$"+6&-(.+75%$/)@+(.!+C!,($(-($&"+&5+G)";+
C$=.(,+7/(+<%&'&(!;+20+(.!+7BH+I75%$/)"+B)($&")*+H&"=%!,,J+=&#!%"'!"(+&55!%!;+)+*)";+%!5&%'+
,(%)(!=03+K)L$"=+);#)"()=!+&5+(.$,+"!1+*)1@+)+=%&-<+&5+B)')+<!&<*!+1.&+.);+.$,(&%$/)**0+
&//-<$!;+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+)%!)+5$*!;+)+*)";+/*)$'3+F"+M::N@+(.!+6-<%!'!+H&-%(+&5+7<<!)*,+&5+
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2!"!5$/$)*+&//-<)($&"+)";+-,!P+&5+$(,+*)";@+$"/*-;$"=+'$"!%)*,@+)";+(.)(+$(,+;$,<&,,!,,$&"+')"0+
0!)%,+!)%*$!%+1),+(.!+%!,-*(+&5+%)/$)**0+;$,/%$'$")(&%0+*!=$,*)($&"3Q:@+Q8+++
+++++F"+M::>@+(.!+H&-%(+)*,&+.!*;+(.)(+(.!+/&''-"$(0R,+.$,(&%$/+&1"!%,.$<+$"(!%!,(+$"/*-;!;+
/&''-")*+&1"!%,.$<+&5+'$"!%)*,+)";+;$)'&";,3QM+K.!+G)";+H*)$',+H&-%(+)1)%;!;+%!,(&%)($&"+&5+
(.!+%$=.(+$"+*)";+)";+'$"!%)*,@+1$(.+(.!+<&(!"($)*+5&%+);;$($&")*+!S-$()2*!+%!;%!,,@+$"/*-;$"=+5-";,+
5&%+!"#$%&"'!"()*+%!'!;$)($&"3+F"+T/(&2!%@+M::U@+(.!+6&-(.+75%$/)"+=&#!%"'!"(+,!((*!;+(.!+
C$/.(!%,#!*;+/*)$'+&-(+&5+/&-%(+5&%+C+89:+'$**$&"+I)<<%&E$')(!*0+VMW+'$**$&"J3QN+++
+++++K.!+/&-%(+%!,&*-($&"+$"+5)#&%+&5+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+/&''-"$(0+)";+(.!+%!,&*-($&"+&5+$(,+*)";+
/*)$',+,(%!"=(.!"+$(,+)2$*$(0+(&+')$"()$"+(%);$($&",+!,,!"($)*+(&+$(,+,-%#$#)*3+K.!+*)";+/*)$'+
!".)"/!;+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+<!&<*!R,+/&"(%&*+&#!%+(.!$%+")(-%)*+%!,&-%/!,+)";+%!,(&%!;+(.!$%+
*$#!*$.&&;,3+F"+M::Q@+(.!+/&''-"$(0+*)-"/.!;+)+/&''-"$(0+<%&X!/(@+(.!+H&''-"$(0+
H&",!%#)"/0@+1.$/.+,!(+),$;!+8U@:::+.!/()%!,+&5+-";!#!*&<!;+*)";+(&+2!+5%!!+5%&'+=%)Y$"=@+(&+
<%!,!%#!+-"$S-!+2$&*&=$/)*+%!,&-%/!,+)";+)((%)/(+(&-%$,(,+(&+(.!+)%!)3+K.!+/&''-"$(0+$,+)*,&+
/&",$;!%$"=+(&-%$,'+)%&-";+(.!+5&%'!%+'$"!+),+1!**+),+,&'!+5&%'+&5+')%$/-*(-%!3++
+++++H&'<*!(!*0+/&"(%&**!;+20+(.!+$";$=!"&-,+/&''-"$(0@+(.!,!+)/($#$($!,+1$**+=!"!%)(!+!"&-=.+
'&"!0+(&+,-<<&%(+)+,-,()$")2*!+*&/)*+!/&"&'03+K.!+,-,()$")2$*$(0+&5+(.!+B)')+<!&<*!R,+1)0+&5+
*$5!+1$**+;!<!";+&"+(.!$%+/)<)/$(0+(&+*!#!%)=!+(.!+5-";,+(.)(+)%!+"&1+(.!$%,@+)";+(&+%!;$%!/(+)";+
%!;$,(%$2-(!+'&"!0+(.%&-=.&-(+(.!+/&''-"$(0+$"+1)0,+(.)(+)%!+,&/$)**0+!S-$()2*!+)";+$"+.)%'&"0+
1$(.+(%);$($&")*+;!/$,$&"Z')L$"=+<%&/!,,!,3++
+
+ MN

29. Control over surface resources
!"#$%&'%()&"*+$,)",-)+.$/"&0#"-$"1$#)+"*#/)+$"&$02)%#$-3&'4430$1%#+0$(-3&/)$3&$"56%"*+$)-)7)&0$"1$
+"6)#)%(&0844/3&$3-+"$/#)30)$/23--)&()+9$:&$02)$;&%0)'$<030)+.$&30*#3-$#)+"*#/)+$"&$=30%6)$
>7)#%/3&$-3&'$236)$5))&$'%6)#0)'$58$02)$1)')#3-$("6)#&7)&0$%&$+)6)#3-$/3+)+9$?2%+$23+$,#)6)&0)'$
02)+)$/"77*&%0%)+$1#"7$73&3(%&($')6)-",7)&0$%&$3$+*+03%&35-)$@389$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$:&$>#%A"&3.$:&'%3&$@30)#$#%(20+$236)$5)/"7)$02)$+*5B)/0$"1$)&'-)++$')530)9$?2#"*(2"*0$02)$
@)+0)#&$,3#0$"1$02)$;&%0)'$<030)+.$-3#()$5-"/C+$"1$*&D*3&0%1%)'$@30)#$#%(20+$#)73%&$*&+)00-)'9$?2)$
>#%A"&3$E30)#$<)00-)7)&0+$>/0$"1$FGGH$I>E<>J$#),#)+)&0+$"&)$3,,#"3/2$0230$23+$5))&$3//),0)'$
58$3--$,3#0%)+$%&6"-6)'$44$&30%6)$0#%5)+.$&"&4&30%6)$@30)#$*+)#+.$3&'$02)$+030)9$>E<>$#)/"(&%A)+$
02)$#%(20$"1$02)$K%6)#$:&'%3&$L"77*&%08$0"$236)$3//)++$0"$(""'$D*3-%08$@30)#$3&'$0"$73&3()$
@30)#$"&$02)%#$#)+)#630%"&9$$
?2)$@30)#$+)00-)7)&0$"11)#+$3$6%+%"&$"1$+)/*#%08$3&'$+035%-%08$1"#$1*0*#)$()&)#30%"&+$@2"$
@%--$5)$35-)$0"$73%&03%&$02)%#$0#3'%0%"&3-$@38$"1$-%1)$@%02"*0$13/%&($02)$23#'+2%,$"1$
')+)#0%1%/30%"&9MH$?2#"*(2$02)$>/0.$02)$NK:L$%+$&"@$%&$/"&0#"-$"1$3-7"+0$23-1$"1$02)$@30)#$%&$02)$
L"-"#3'"$K%6)#$')-%6)#)'$58$02)$L)&0#3-$>#%A"&3$O#"B)/0.$@30)#$,#)6%"*+-8$')-%6)#)'$1#"7$
>#%A"&3$0"$L3-%1"#&%39$?2#"*(2$02)$L)&0#3-$>#%A"&3$O#"B)/0$IL>OJ.$P9M$7%--%"&$3/#)41))0$"1$
L"-"#3'"$K%6)#$@30)#$,)#$8)3#$@%--$5)$5#"*(20$0"$02)$/"*&0%)+$"1$O%73.$O%&3-.$3&'$Q3#%/",39$?2%+$
%+$02)$+%&(-)$-3#()+0$+"*#/)$"1$#)&)@35-)$@30)#$%&$>#%A"&3$3&'$@%--$5)$)++)&0%3-$0"$+*,,"#0$02)$
,"++%5-)$#)5%#02$"1$0#3'%0%"&3-$3(#%/*-0*#3-$3/0%6%0%)+$58$02)$O%73$0#%5)$0230$236)$5))&$353&'"&)'$
"6)#$02)$,3+0$+)6)#3-$')/3')+$5)/3*+)$@30)#$@3+$&"0$363%-35-)9$$$
:&$?3%@3&.$/"77*&%08$)11"#0+$0"$#)6%03-%A)$02)$#%6)#$?3&38%C*$2)-,)'$5*%-'$+"/%3-$/3,%03-$
37"&($02)$&30%6)$?+"*$6%--3()#+9$?2)$#)(%"&$"1$<36%C%$%+$&"@$3$,#"7%&)&0$0"*#%+0$3#)3$1"#$
?3%@3&)+)$@2"$/"7)$0"$6%+%0$3$/"77*&%08453+)'$)/"0"*#%+7$,3#C$0230$()&)#30)+$#)6)&*)+$"1$
35"*0$RSMG.GGG$,)#$8)3#$1"#$3$/"77*&%08$"1$SGG$,)",-)9MM$:&$PTTM.$02)$<36%C%$L"77*&%08$
U)6)-",7)&0$L"*&/%-$I<LULJ$%&%0%30)'$3$1%+2$/"&+)#630%"&$7"6)7)&0$0230$-)'$0"$02)$U3&38%C*$
V/"-"(8$O3#C9$?2)$,3#C$)&35-)+$?+"*$/"77*&%0%)+$0"$73C)$02)%#$"@&$')/%+%"&+$35"*0$2"@$0"$
53-3&/)$)/"&"7%/$')6)-",7)&0$@%02$#)+"*#/)$,#"0)/0%"&9$?2)$,3#C$23+$3-+"$5#"*(20$5)00)#$
%&1#3+0#*/0*#)$3&'$()&)#30)'$%&/"7)$0"$+*,,"#0$+/2"-3#+2%,+$3&'$5%#02$+*5+%'%)+9$:0$%+$5)/"7%&($3&$
)&6%35-)$7"')-$1"#$"02)#$&)3#58$6%--3()+9$:0+$+*//)++$"@)+$7*/2$0"$02)$+"/%3-$6%#0*)+$"1$7*0*3-$
3++%+03&/)$3&'$02)$/-3&$+0#*/0*#)$"1$0#3'%0%"&3-$?+"*$/*-0*#)9$$
<*/2$)11"#0+$@)#)$-30)#$#)/"(&%A)'$58$02)$("6)#&7)&0$@2%/2.$1"#$02)$1%#+0$0%7).$(#3&0)'$
@30)#$#%(20+$0"$3$-"/3-%089$W02)#$?+"*$/"77*&%0%)+$2"+0$3&&*3-$1)+0%63-+$"#$236)$/#)30)'$3$?+"*$
1"*&'30%"&.$+*/2$3+$02)$?+"*$O)",-)$L*-0*#)$X$>#0+$!"*&'30%"&$)+035-%+2)'$%&$FGGP.$0"$2)-,$2"-'$
02)%#$,)",-)$0"()02)#9$?2)$?+"*$3#)$03C%&($1*--$3'63&03()$"1$02)%#$#%(20$0"$+)-14("6)#&3&/)$3&'$3#)$
FH$ $

30. !"#$%&'()"(*+*),%&()-.%#()#,/%)%"&,0(0%1.*)20.(!%)-()-.(#.*"+#3.*('.&.#,)./(42(.3")"+#%*5(,&/(
3+0)+#,0(1.*)%6,0(7#"8.3)*9(((
( :-.(3,*.*("1(;#%<"&,(,&/(:,%!,&(*+''.*)()-,)(/%#.3)02(3"&)#"00%&'(&,)+#,0(#.*"+#3.*=(
7,#)%3+0,#02(!,).#=("&()-.(0,&/(!%00(,00"!(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*()"(/.6.0"7(,3)%6%)%.*()-,)(*+77"#)(
)-.%#(4,*%3(&../*(,&/('.&.#,).(1+)+#.(.3"&"52>4+%0/%&'(7#"8.3)*(%&(-,#5"&2(!%)-()-.%#(
3"*5"0"'29((
(
Control over human resources
?,*)02=(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*(&../()"(3"&)#"0(-+5,&(#.*"+#3.*(%&()-.%#(3"55+&%)%.*(%&("#/.#()"(
7#.*.#6.()-.%#(0,&'+,'.=()#,/%)%"&*=(,&/(#%)+,0*9(@"/.0*("1(4%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(1"#(%&/%'.&"+*(
3"55+&%)%.*(-,6.(*-"!&('#.,)(*+33.**(%&(5,%&),%&%&'(%&).#'.&.#,)%"&,0(3"&&.3)%"&*(,&/(-.07%&'(
3-%0/#.&(,3A+%#.()-.(0,&'+,'.*=(*)"#%.*=(,&/(#%)+,0*(.**.&)%,0()"()-.(7#,3)%3.*()-,)(-,6.(4..&(
5,%&),%&./(1"#('.&.#,)%"&*(42()-.%#()#%4.*9(B&(C3+,/"#=(%&(DEEF=(+&/.#()-.(7#.**+#.("1(GHI;BC(
JG"&1./.#,)%"&("1(B&/%'.&"+*(I,)%"&,0%)%.*("1(C3+,/"#K=()-.('"6.#&5.&)(,77#"6./(4%0%&'+,0(
./+3,)%"&(1"#(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*9(:-.(,77#"6,0(#.3"'&%<./()-.(/%6.#*%)2("1(.)-&%3('#"+7*(%&()-.(
3"+&)#2=(.,3-(!%)-(%)*("!&(/%*)%&3)(0,&'+,'.(,&/(%/.&)%)29((
L%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(%*(,&(%&/%'.&%<./(%&*)%)+)%"&()-#"+'-(!-%3-(,4"#%'%&,0(7."70.*(3,&(
4.)).#(+&/.#*),&/(,&/(/.6.0"7()-.%#(%/.&)%)%.*9(;*(M+<,&&,(M,!2.#(7"%&)*("+)=(N%)(O%*P(,(7#"8.3)("1(
,&/(1"#()-.(1+)+#.Q("1(%/.&)%)2(3#.,)%"&=(3"55+&%)2(1"#5,)%"&=(,&/(*.01>/.).#5%&,)%"&9(:-+*=(
%&/%'.&"+*(./+3,)%"&(O#.7#.*.&)*P()-.(.5.#'.&3.("1(0"3,0(,0).#&,)%6.*()"(*),).(,&/(3"#7"#,).(
/%*3#%5%&,)%"&=(.R70"%),)%"&=(,&/(/%*,6"!,09STU(B)(1+&3)%"&*(%&(7,#,00.0()"()-.(1"#5,0(*),).(
./+3,)%"&(*2*).59((
(((((((((((H&.("1()-.(5"*)(*+33.**1+0(4%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(%&%)%,)%6.*(%*()-.(M-+,#(V,/%"(C/+3,)%"&(
M2*).5(JMCVLBMWK9((B)(+*.*(#,/%"()"(#.,3-(*)+/.&)*(/%*7.#*./()-#"+'-"+)()-.(M-+,#().##%)"#2(!-"(
5%'-)(4.()""(#.5").()"(,)).&/(N7-2*%3,0S(*3-""0*9(:"/,2=(#,/%"(./+3,)%"&(#.,3-.*(M-+,#(*)+/.&)*(
%&(FXE(0"3,)%"&*9(:-#..(-+&/#./(,&/(1%1)2>"&.(M-+,#().,3-.#*Y(,%/.*(,**%*)(*)+/.&)*(%&(M-+,#(
).##%)"#29(Z&"!0./'.("1(M7,&%*-(-,*(.&,40./(M-+,#*()"(3"&)#%4+).()"(C3+,/"#%,&(7"0%)%3,0(0%1.(,&/(
4+%0/(,(*)#"&'.#(%&/%'.&"+*(5"6.5.&)9(;3,/.5%3,002=(*)+/.&)*(,0*"(0.,#&(,4"+)(M-+,#(3"*5"0"'2=(
)#,/%)%"&*=(,&/()-.(0"3,0(.3"0"'29(
L%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(-,*(*)#.&')-.&./(M-+,#(3+0)+#,0(%/.&)%)2(,&/(.57"!.#./()-.5(,*(,(
'#"+79((MCVLBMW(%*("1).&(*..&(,*(,(5"/.0(1"#(4%3+0)+#,0(./+3,)%"&(%&(#.5").(%&/%'.&"+*(
3"55+&%)%.*(,#"+&/()-.(!"#0/9(B)(/.5"&*)#,).*(-"!(%57"#),&)(%&/%'.&"+*(3"&)#"0("6.#(./+3,)%"&(
3,&(4.(%&(-.07%&'(*)+/.&)*(+&/.#*),&/()-.%#("#%'%&*(,&/(/.1.&/()-.%#(#%'-)*("&()-.(&,)%"&,0(7"0%)%3,0(
*3.&.9T[((
( FT

31. ! "#$%$!&'($)!*+%$!#(%,-'($%!(../%,'+,$!,#$!(01-',+2*$!)-'!(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!-)!0+(2,+(2(24!
*-2,'-.!-5$'!1#6%(*+.!+23!*/.,/'+.!'$%-/'*$%7!8**$%%!,-!+!*.$+2!$25('-20$2,!+23!*+'$)/.!
0+2+4$0$2,!-)!)-'$%,%9!:+,$'9!0(2$'+.%9!1$,'-*#$0(*+.%9!+23!0(2(24!:(..!#$.1!,'+3(,(-2+.!1$-1.$%!
1'-,$*,!,#$('!:+6%!-)!.()$9!()!,#$6!*#--%$9!-'!+..-:!,#$0!,-!3$5$.-1!(2!:+6%!,#+,!+'$!
$25('-20$2,+..6!%/%,+(2+&.$9!%-*(+..6!$;/(,+&.$9!+23!$*-2-0(*+..6!5(+&.$!)-'!,#$!4'$+,$%,!2/0&$'!
-)!1$-1.$!(2!,#$('!*-00/2(,67!<-2,'-.!-5$'!,#$!$3/*+,(-2+.!%6%,$0!:(..!0+=$!(,!1-%%(&.$!)-'!
(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!,-!1$'1$,/+,$!.+24/+4$%!+23!,'+3(,(-2%!,#'-/4#!4$2$'+,(-2%7!!
"#$!;/$%,(-2!(%!2-,!:#$,#$'!(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!%#-/.3!0+(2,+(2!,#$('!,'+3(,(-2+.!:+6!-)!
.()$!-'!(2,$4'+,$!,#$0%$.5$%!(2,-!,#$!2+,(-2+.!$*-2-0(*!-'!2+,(-2+.!1-.(,(*+.!.()$7!!>,!(%!:#$,#$'!,#$6!
+'$!+..-:$3!,-!*#--%$!#-:!,#$6!:+2,!,-!$5-.5$9!3$)(2$!,#$('!'$.+,(-2%#(1!:(,#!,#$!3-0(2+2,!
*/.,/'$9!+23!*-2,'-.!,#$!3$5$.-10$2,!-)!'$%-/'*$%!-2!,#$('!,$''(,-'6!)-'!,#$('!-:2!&$2$)(,7!!
?@! !

32. Section 4
Using national and international strategies
!
"#!$%&'%!($!)**'%(!+$#(%$,!$-'%!#)(.%),!%'*$.%+'*!)#&!/)#)0'!(1'2%!('%%2($%2'*!2#!*.*()2#)3,'!4)5*6!
2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!)%'!.*2#0!*'-'%),!*(%)('02'*!($!%'*7$#&!($!7%'**.%'*!+%')('&!35!(1'!&$/2#)#(!
+.,(.%'8!91%$.01!2#+%')*'&!+)7)+2(5:3.2,&2#0!)#&!+$,,)3$%)(2$#!42(1!$(1'%!2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!
(1'5!1)-'!)&$7('&!)!42&'!%)#0'!$;!()+(2+*!($!7.%*.'!(1'2%!+,)2/*8!"#!*$/'!+)*'*6!(1'5!1)-'!3.2,(!
+$),2(2$#*!42(1!&$/'*(2+!7$,2(2+),!7)%(2'*!42,,2#0!($!&';'#&!(1'2%!2#('%'*(*8!"#!$(1'%*!(1'5!1)-'!
'#0)0'&!2#!&2%'+(!#'0$(2)(2$#*!42(1!(1'!*()('8!"#!)!;'4!'<(%'/'!2#*()#+'*6!(1'5!1)-'!(%2'&!($!.*'!
#)(2$#),!)#&!2#('%#)(2$#),!+$.%(*!($!7.%*.'!(1'2%!,)#&!+,)2/*8!!
! !
Mobilization through national and international coalitions
=#'!$;!(1'!/$*(!-2*23,'!()+(2+*!+1$*'#!35!2#&20'#$.*!0%$.7*!2#!-)%2$.*!7)%(*!$;!(1'!4$%,&!1)*!
3''#!($!3.2,&!+$),2(2$#*!42(1!#)(2$#),!>?=*!)#&!(%)#*#)(2$#),!>?=*8!!"(!4$.,&!3'!)!/2*()@'!($!
)**./'6!1$4'-'%6!(1)(!*.+1!),,2)#+'*!)%'!')*5!($!$%0)#2A'!)#&!*.*()2#8!!!
"#&20'#$.*!+$//.#2(2'*!)#&!'#-2%$#/'#(),!>?=*!*1)%'!)!+$#+'%#!)3$.(!(1'!*.*()2#)3,'!
.*'!$;!,)#&!)#&!#)(.%),!%'*$.%+'*6!3.(!(1'2%!2#('%'*(*!$;('#!%.#!2#!$%(1$0$#),!&2%'+(2$#*8!B++$%&2#0!
($!B,2!CDEEFG6!),,2)#+'*!3'(4''#!2#&20'#$.*!(%23'*!)#&!+'%()2#!>?=*!C2#!7)%(2+.,)%!'#-2%$#/'#(),!
>?=*G!)%'!#$(!#'+'**)%2,5!3)*'&!$#!*1)%'&!'#-2%$#/'#(),!-),.'*8!H$/'(2/'*!(1'5!3$(1!$77$*'!
&'-',$7/'#(6!3.(!;$%!&2;;'%'#(!%')*$#*8!!"#!12*!*(.&5!$;!2#&20'#$.*!(%23'*!2#!(1'!I#2('&!H()('*!)#&!
J)#)&)6!B,2!'<7,)2#*!(1)(!2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!)%'!7.%*.2#0!*$-'%'20#(56!412+1!+)#!*$/'(2/'*!
/)#2;'*(!2(*',;!)*!%'*2*()#+'!($!+'%()2#!&'-',$7/'#(!-'#(.%'*6!*.+1!)*!/2#2#08!!
B+(2-2*(!0%$.7*!*$/'(2/'*!;)2,!($!.#&'%*()#&!(1)(!(%23),!%'*2*()#+'!($!&'-',$7/'#(!&$'*!
#$(!/')#!(1)(!2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!42,,!*.77$%(!(1'!'#-2%$#/'#(),!%'0.,)($%5!$3K'+(2-'*!$;!
'#-2%$#/'#(),!)&-$+)('*8!B,2!+,)2/*!(1)(!(1'!7%2$%2(5!$;!#)(2-'!(%23'*!2*!($!;201(!;$%!#'4!
2#*(2(.(2$#),!)%%)#0'/'#(*!(1)(!;.%(1'%!(1'2%!0$),!$;!*',;:0$-'%#)#+'8!!
B,2!.#&'%,2#'*!(1'!'**'#(2),!+$#&2(2$#*!;$%!)!*.++'**;.,!),,2)#+'!3'(4''#!>?=*!)#&!
2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*L!),,$42#0!#)(2-'!($!7'$7,'!/)@'!(1'2%!$4#!&'+2*2$#*!)#&!'*()3,2*1!(1'2%!$4#!
7%2$%2(2'*M!%'(12#@2#0!(1'!,2#@)0'!3'(4''#!,)#&!+,)2/*!)#&!'#-2%$#/'#(),!+$#*'%-)(2$#M!
)77%'+2)(2#0!&2;;'%2#0!2#('%'*(*!3'(4''#!7)%(2'*!3';$%'!;$%/2#0!),,2)#+'*M!),,$42#0!2#&20'#$.*!
7'$7,'*!($!/)#)0'!(1'2%!$4#!';;$%(*M!)#&!'#+$.%)02#0!)!/$%'!&2%'+(!%',)(2$#*127!3'(4''#!
2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!)#&!7%2-)('!2#('%'*(*!$7'%)(2#0!$#!(1'2%!,)#&8NO!H'-'%),!'<)/7,'*!2,,.*(%)('!(1'!
! DP

33. !"#$!%&#'($')&#!*"+,!-+(#,&#(!".!/'"*0+(1*2'1'"#+(&".(345+(,&2'(*%%&+!*"&))6(7''"(&7)'(#*(
70!).8((
9"(9".!&:(&%#!2!+#+(;0'+#!*"!"/(#,'()'/!#!1&%6(*<(&(1&=*$(.&1(+-*"+*$'.(76(#,'(>*$).(
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