This document discusses forensic pedodontics and child abuse. It notes that child abuse affects an average of 7,200 children per year in India. It defines forensic odontology and discusses the significance of examining dental evidence at crime scenes, such as identifying bite marks and using dental records to identify remains. Newer forensic techniques discussed include DNA fingerprinting, xeroradiography, and UV photography. The role of dentists is also outlined, such as examining and documenting injuries in living abuse victims and aiding in identification and age estimation of deceased children. It stresses the importance of forensic dentistry in establishing justice.

1. HAPPY MORNING !

2. 52.3 % - 2011

3. 466 – 2003
1884 - 2013

4. CHILD ABUSE !

5. In an average 7200/ Year
(Journal of Family medicine & Primary Care 2014 Oct-Dec 3 (4) : 430-
435)

6. Forensic Pedodontics
Presented by S.S.Harish I year-M.D.S.,
Department of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry

7. What comes to your mind ?
 A topic that is often self-learned
 A topic that is omitted in UG
 Gustaffson’s index & Age estimation
 Lip prints (Cheiloscopy)
 Bite marks

8. But What is its significance
?

9. What else can we do with this
knowledge?

10. Before all that, few basic
words.,
 Offender/Prepetrator
 Victim
 Crime/Act
 Evidence

11. What do we do ?
 Identifying the deceased based on
remains
 Collection of evidences against the
offender
 Proper handling and examination of
dental evidence

12. To define what it is,
 Forensic odontology is a branch of
odontology,which deals with the proper
handling & examination of dental
evidence and with the proper evaluation
a presentation of dental findings in the
interest of justice (Pederson, 1969)

13. You are entering a crime scene
 Forensic officials would’ve sealed the area
 Started with collection of Biological
evidences
 But, bite marks are the first thing to
disappear from the scene.

14. Significance of bite marks
 It can be human/animal
 Tooth presure/ tongue pressure / tooth
scrape
 Multifactorial
 Inherent skin factor
 Age
 Sex
 Time
 Vascularity

15. WHAT TO LOOK FOR ?
(Key features of a human bite)

16. What to do after you find it ?
 Decribe it (Demographic,location,shape,colour ,type of injury )
 Collection from vicitim : check for contamination
 Record it (Photo, Salivary swabbing,Impression,Tissue sample)
 Collection from suspect :
 Make sure you have a court order/legal consent
 (make a copy of it as part of the record)

17. Teeth doesn’t bite alone !
Lip prints (cheiloscopy)
 Look for lip prints in the crime scene or on the victim’s body
iodine, cyanoacrylate, silver nitrate and ninhydrin

19. If the body is intact
 Facial identification
 Birth marks
 Recent dental records
(under ortho treatment, fixed appliances, pulpectomy/RCT & Crown, etc.,)
 Local documents (License, Id card etc.,)

20. Rule of Thumb
 The victim is possibly dead or close to death
 Body/bodies can be whole or dispersed
 The offender runs from the crime scene mid-way
 Offender tries to hide the crime scene
○ Burns
○ Slaughters
○ Burries
○ Dumps
○ Uses other means

21. What if the body is not intact ?
What if there are no signs of
previous dental treatment ?

22. Handy for Age estimation

24. Most common

25. To identify an individual
 P.S. -Dental anomalies
eg., supernumerary makes it more simple

26. When a body is burnt.,
 670 and 810 degrees C (Max attained by non-crematory incineration)
 The complete incineration of a human body took about 2-3 hours
- (The degree of destruction of human bodies inrelation to the duration of the fire*Michael Bohnert ,
Thomas Rost, Stefan Pollak Institute of Forensic Medicine,University of Freiburg,Albertstrasse 9,D-
79104 Freiburg,Germany Received 12 December 1997; accepted 14 April 1998)
 Bones were charred, teeth were spared
- The Analysis of Burned Human Remains (Second Edition)
2015, Pages 61-81Chapter 3 - Burned Human Teeth
Author links open overlay panelChristopher W.SchmidtPh.D.

27. The skeletal pattern and dental characteristics suggested the following profile:
Caucasian, male, aged 25–35 years at death, moderate adult periodontitis, nicotine
stains, lack of recent dental treatment and previous treatment to Canadian standards.
Using this information, a forensic artist produced a facial reproduction.

28. What if you were given this
case?
 The body depicted in the images is that of a sixteen-year-old
female. She was found encased in a waterbed frame after
being reported missing for over a year.
 A victim of homicide, she became mummified in the dry, cool
conditions under the bed.
 The bed, used frequently, was removed when a lodger left the
apartment and the body was discovered.
 Despite the condition of the soft tissues the teeth remain
in perfect condition.

29. Antemortem v Postmortem
 A positive identification, this case
illustrates a non-restorative case.
 Note the mesiodens

30. Newer methods ?
 Xeroradiography
 Transillumination
 Video tape analysis
 Superimposition technique
 Scanning microscopy
 DNA fingerprinting

31. Xeroradiography
 More precise detailing
when compared to
conventional X-rays
 Uses Selenium instead
of Bromide
 1080p version of regular
X-rays
 Efficient to co-relate AM
vs PM

32. Transillumination
 To enhance low light images produced
by an intra-dental injection of chemically
luminescent liquids eg., Luminol

33. Videotape analysis
 Pre-recorded evidence : CCTV, Camera recordings
 First Videograph of the crime scene : Certain clues maybe
missed at first sight which can be later recalled while
re-watching the crime scene
(Color discrimination , enhancement)

34. Superimposition
 Bitemark images on the victim is
superimposed with that obtained from
the suspect
Scanning microscopy
 To analyse the 3-D characters of a
bitemark

35. DNA Fingerprinting
 Alec Jeffreys provided the first
molecular genetic tools to
genetically differentiate between
humans, which initiated the
replacement of protein-based
methods in forensic testing
 99.99% DNA of any 2 random
individuals are same.
 So we find the differences &
similarities in the 0.1%
 Short tandem repeats (STRs /
satellites)

36.  Collection of sample
 PCR
 Identification of STR (4-6bp)
 Splicing (restriction endonucleases)
 Gel electrophoresis
 DNA FP obtained (Unique sequence)
 Compare / Cross check the
odds/similarities
 Interpretation
How is it done ?

37. Under research
 Pereira’s PopAffiliator Software17 autosomal STR
profile to 1 of the 3 major population groups, Eurasian, East Asian and sub-
Saharan African, with an accuracy of 86%. , Improved version 5 major sub-
continental populations (Africa, Europe, East Asia, Native America and
Oceania) using 128 markers
 Externally visible Characteristics (EVCs)
 Estimation of the chronological age of a
sample donor using DNA.
- Age Estimation with DNA: From Forensic DNA Fingerprinting to Forensic
(Epi)Genomics: A Mini-Review by Parson Journal of Gerontology2018, Vol.64, No.
4,June 2018

38. UV photography
 Use of UV light source and
Camera to capture the crime
scene & evidences
 Restored teeth are detected
without radiation
 As a tool for age
estimation(UV reflection
decreases with age.)
-Possible applications of reflected UV
photography in forensic odontology: Food for
thought
by DaniloDe Angelis Legal Medicine Volume
42, February 2020, 101641

39. Role of a Pedodontist/general dentist
?
If the child is ALIVE
 Observe & examine
 Record the evidences
 Donot judge , be objective
 Treat dental injuries & document it
 Maintain the professional therapeutic
relationship with the family
 Hold & transfer the child to proper care
systems if the child’s life is supposedly in
danger

40. Role of a Pedodontist in
forensics
 Incase of a deceased child
 Make use of the dental records in identification
 Age estimation using dentition & eruption seq
 Gather supporting evidences to declare the
criminal
 Work hand in hand with Forensic medicine
crew to establish justice

41. Why not ?
A DNA database for the entire nation ?
 Reduces a lot of time in short-listing the suspects
 Justice might be given before the suspect dies

42. Just a thought
Incase of doubt Images Brief history
& contact details
Scrutiny App database App
(Board)
Yes Confirm & Secure
No End Counseling
IMMEDIATE INFO ANALYSING

43. Conclusion
 5% of offenders are Necrophiliacs – The
Quint
 94% of offenders - known to the victim
Every 4th victim is a minor - India Today

44. Must Reads
Virendra vs State of UP
Section 302 IPC
Section 375 IPC
Section 376 IPC
Section 376 IPC subsection C, subsection
D
POCSO Act, 2012
Juvenile Justice Act, 20115 (CPC)

45. 2 children are sexually abused
every hour in India
(Journal of Family medicine & Primary Care 2014 Oct-Dec 3 (4) : 430-
435)