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Splinting
1. INTRODUCTION
Splint and Orthosis
Mosby's Medical Dictionary (1994) defines
a splint as:
Splint is an orthopedic device for
immobilization, control, or support of any
part of the body.
Orthosis is a force system designed to
control, correct, or compensate for a bone
deformity,
Greek orthosis, meaning “straightening,”
2. CONTINUE
Third International Dictionary defines splint
as “a rigid or flexible material (as wood,
metal, plaster, fabric, or adhesive tape)
used to protect, immobilize, or restrict
motion in a part.
Brace refers to “an appliance that gives
support to movable parts (as a joint or a
fractured bone), to weak muscles (as in
paralysis), or to strained ligaments (as of
the lower back).”
4. CLASSIFICATION OF SPLINT
Descriptive Classification System
American Society of Hand Therapist
Descriptive Classification System
A descriptive classification:
Purpose of splint: immobilizing splint
External configuration: bar splint, spring splint
Mechanical characteristic: dynamic and static
Anatomic part: wrist, finger, thumb
How/why/where: CMC mobilization splint
5. ASHT
Wrist cock-up splint=wrist control splint=wrist
support splint
Inconsistent terminology of splint prevent easy
communication
Same splint or similar splint may use for different
purpose and different name(moberg).
Survey done by American hand therapist in 1986
Meeting in 1991 along with world wise hand
therapist.
Publication of ASHT in book format 1992
Function is more essential elements than style and
design of the splint therefore the focus of
classification was on function of splint and
anatomical part upon which they act
6. ASHT is a comprehensive method which
cater nearly all important aspect of splinting
nomenclature such as anatomical site,
movement and design
This system describes splint through six
predefined division that guide and
progressively refine splints technical name
from broad concept to individual splint
specification.
Articular/non-articular, location, direction,
purpose, type, and total number of joint.
7. First division divides into two groups
a) Those affects articular structure and
b) Those affect anatomic segments or structure
but do not affects joint motion.
Articular- three point pressure systems to
affect a joint or joints by immobilizing,
mobilizing, restricting, or transmitting torque,
and non-articular- two point pressure.
Eg. Humerus splint(non-A)
Elbow splint( A )
17. MATERIALS AND
TOOLS
Thermoplastic material
Thermoplastic: low temperature
thermoplastic and high temperature
thermoplastic
Low thermoplastic are those commonly
used to fabricate splint.
When it is heated become pliable and then
harden to its original rigidity after cooling.
18. low temperature thermoplastic: a low
temperature thermoplastic used for
fabrication of splints, braces and adaptive
equipment. Plastics which require no more
than 80°C (180°F) to become workable may
be termed low-temperature thermoplastics.
Adv- easy to handle, provide excellent
strength and rigidity, does not leave
fingerprint, edge trim and roll easily, elastic
memory,
Disadv- does not help in severe tightness
precisely.
19. Cool- 4- 6 minutes
1.6mm for 30 seconds at 70°C-75°C gives 1
minute working time
2.4mm for 1 minute at 70°C-75°C gives 2 to 3
minutes working time
3.2mm for 1 minute at 70°C-75°C gives 4 to 6
minutes working time
Chemical name: polyform: Minimum
resistance to stretch, Natural drape with
minimum handling. Ideal splinting material for
dynamic outrigger bases, lightweight paediaric
splints; thumb, finger, wrist and hand based
20. High temperature thermoplastic: High-temperature
(polypropylene) thermoplastics require higher
temperature (100°C) to mold, but they are ideal for
high stress activities.
Adv- slightly elastic when heated.
has high impact of strength.
Disadv- can not drape directly on pt
does not fit in contour area
Temperature- 93-107 degree
Note:
Selection: based on diagnosis, preference, and
availability, cost.
Note: one kind of thermoplastic is not the best choice
for every type or size of splint.
21. PROPERTY
Memory- ability to return its preheated shape
and size when its heated
Drapability or Conformability- degree to ease a
heated material conforms or able to mold well
and produce an intimate fit.
plasticity:- its materials resistance to stretch and
ability to return its original shape and size after
stretch.
Bonding- ability of a material to adhere self
Other like flexibility, durability, rigidilty.
Perforation- density range 1-42%.
Size- 1.6(1/16), 2.4(3/32), 3.2(1/8), 4.2(3/16) mm
22. TOOLS USED
scissor
heat gun
Hot bath( splint pan)
Hole punch
Plier
Hand drill
Others : paper, pencil or marker,
stockinette, towel and liquid hand soap.
24. BIOMECHANICAL
The fitting and fabrication of splint require
accurate application of external forces to
the upper extremity.
Increase area of force application
Mechanical advantage
Use of optimal rotational force
Control reaction effects of secondary joint
Shearing and friction force
26. DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
1. Most important consideration in the splint
design is that exact function expected for
specific patient.
integration of the principles of fit, mechanics,
construction.
1. General principles: based on individual's
characteristics
Consider individual patients factors, length of
time the splint will be used, simplicity and
cosmetic appearance, allowing optimal
function, ease of application and removal,
27. 2. Specific principles: pathological situation
which allow the therapist to create a splint
to ensure optimal functional benefits for
the patients.
Based on specific personal, and medical
consideration, primary joint should be
identified, purpose of splint should be
reviewed like restriction, immobilization.
Self help device, area of loss or less
sensation, anatomical variation,
28. CONSTRUCTION
PRINCIPLES
It is related to selecting equipment, method to
the materials used will help to ensure the
durability, cosmesis, comfort, and usefulness,
splint corner should be rounded, edge
smoothed, joint surface should be stabilized,
strap and pad should be secured, well finished,
ventilation may be provided if it is necessary.
Construction splint divided into 5-phase;
1.transfer of pattern to material, 2. heating of
the materials, 3. cutting the materials, 4. joining
the separate part and 5. finishing
29. FOR IN SPLINTING
Biomechanical: using biomechanical of kinetics
and force acting on body.
Sensorimotor: in case of CNS damage to facilitate
or inhibit normal motor response.
Rehabilitative: focuses on abilities rather than
disabilities.
Its depends on the purpose.
1.To immobilize the joint (Biomechanical),
2. To assist in writing ability in patient with
muscle imbalance of Palmar prehension
(rehabilitative)
30. CONSIDERATION FOR CHILD AND
ADULTS
1/16 inch thickness good for children
Maintaining splint position is a common problem
For stability purpose need to include extra joint
Difficult to follow the principles of design and
construction
Stockinette should be during fabrication of splint
Colorful strap can be used
Child’s skin is more sensitive than adult
Child experience process of maturation and
neurological development
31.
32. INTRODUCTION: HAND AND WRIST
Series of complex, delicately balanced
joints
Function is integral to every act of daily
living
Most active portion of the upper extremity
35. Muscles /Tendons
Volar and dorsal wrist
Volar and dorsal hand
dorsal interossei
Palmar interossei
Nerves - 3
Median
Ulnar
Radial
Arteries - 2
36. CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Age
Handedness
What exacerbates
What improves
Duration
Chief complaint
Occupation
Previous injury
Previous surgery
37. EXAMINATIONS
Inspection
Palpation
Surgical scar
skin
Muscle power
Range of Motion
Neurologic Exam
D/T/R
Hand posture
Sensation
Vascular status
Wound
nerve
Cognition and perceptual abilities
38. FEATURES AND PURPOSE OF SPLINT
Resting hand splint: a resting hand splint is
a static splint that immobilize the fingers,
thumb, and wrist.
Indication:
Functional position
Inflammation
Burn
Crush injury
Features; F/A trough, pan, thumb trough,
and C bar.
- Support the hand, 2/3rd of F/A, thumb 40-45
palmar abduction, fingers position can vary
a/c to purpose of the splint.
39. PROPER FITTING
More than 1 inch in each side
Material that has enough strength and rigidity
Make sure splint supports hand
Position should be as per purpose, should not
be more than 5 degree ulnar deviation
Strap proximal to PIP and across the proximal
and distal F/A
Arches and contour should be maintained
C bar works as per indication
Thumb trough should be long enough
40. PRECAUTIONS
Pressure area
Prevent infection (clean and dry properly if
open wound exist)
In ICU therapist should follow up at least
once regarding fit
41. THUMB SPICA SPLINTS
Also called thumb immobilization splint
Purpose: immobilize, protect, rest.
Indication: scaphoid fracture, radial or uknar
collateral ligaments strain, median nerve injury,
quervain’s tenosynovitis.
Features:
Static, wrist can be included or can not, thumb
post, c bar and opponens bar, position of thumb
can vary from palmar abduction to radial
abduction
42. PROPER FIT AND PRECAUTION
Monitor joint position by measuring during and
after fabrication
Allows IP movement
Precaution:
Do not disturb IP joint flexion
It should be supportive not the constrictive
Make sure thumb position is around 45 degree
palmar abduction
43.
44. COSTING
Direct costing
Material cost(per inch, or per square inch)
Therapist time(in fitting, fabrication, and
explanation of the splint)
Strap materials
Padding materials
Fasteners
Stockinet
Revets
Cooling spray
Indirect costing:
Nondisposable supplies( scissors, time, rent,
electricity,
45. CHECKOU
T
General consideration
Is the splint on the patient correctly fit
Does the splint needlessly immobilize a joint
Does this splint actually accomplish the
function for which it was made
After 30 minutes, whether the patients get
redness and do this disappear within 15-20
mins
Is the splint cosmetically acceptable for the
patients
any pressure point
Are the edges, insides etc. padded or
46. CHECKOUT FOR PROPER
FIT
Pressure point and friction should checked
Check for comfort ability and safety
Longitudinal and transverse arch should be
maintained
Obliquity of MP should be maintained
Fingers should be in the appropriate position to
maintain function.
Thumb should be in the functional position
Wrist should be neutral or 15-30 degree extended
Splint should not restrict the motion of any
uninvolved joint
Fingers and thumb piece should be long enough to
give adequate support
47. PRECAUTI
ON
Splint is a foreign body use to apply to the
living tissue
Client must taught to monitor the status of
their splinted extremities
Presence of pain, reddened areas,
blisters, swelling, rashes, or the problem
associated with splint must be reported to
the therapist
Do not expose to the warm and hot water
or any hot materials