1. Chapter 4 Review
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. The view that lower-class people form a separate culture within their own values and norms, which are
sometimes in conflict with convention society, is referred to as the ____________________.
2. ____________________ theory focuses on the conditions within the urban environment such as joblessness
and transience that affect delinquency rates.
3. ____________________ theory holds that delinquency is a function of the conflict between the goals people
have and the means they use to obtain them legally.
4. ____________________ theory combines elements of both strain and social disorganization.
5. When cultural norms and values are passed down from one generation to the next, it is referred to in the
textbook as ____________________.
6. ____________________ may actually occur as a response to escalating deviance rates; neighbors may band
together to fight a common problems.
7. Using one's wits to avoid violent confrontations and to feel safe is referred to in the textbook as
____________________.
8. ____________________ theory helps identify the micro-level or individual influence of strain.
9. According to Miller, clinging to lower-class ____________________ promotes illegal or violent behavior.
10. According to Cohen, ____________________ is a form of culture conflict experienced by lower-class youths
because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society.
11. According to Cohen, standards by which teachers and other representatives of state authority evaluate
students' behavior are called ____________________.
12. Differential Association theory was formulated by ____________________.
13. The theory that individuals commit crime because of an excess of definitions favorable to law violation over
definitions unfavorable to law violation is called ____________________.
14. The first principle of differential association theory is that criminal behavior is ____________________.
15. Sykes and Matza suggest that juveniles develop a distinct set of justifications for their deviant behavior. They
referred to these justifications as ____________________.
16. According to Matza, the process by which an individual moves from one behavioral extreme to another,
behaving sometimes in an unconventional manner and at other times with constraint is called
____________________.
17. According to Cloward and Ohlin, ____________________ gangs develop in communities unable to provide
either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.
18. Neutralization theory is a type of ____________________ theory.
19. According to Hirschi, the ____________________ ties a person to the institutions and processes of society.
20. ____________________ theory maintains that everyone has the potential to be become delinquent unless
constrained by their bonds to society.

2. True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 21. The theory of the culture of poverty is the view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own
values and norms, which are sometimes in conflict with conventional society.
____ 22. Social structure theories view delinquency as the result of a person's interaction with critical elements of
socialization.
____ 23. Social disorganization theory links delinquency to middle class measuring rods.
____ 24. Transitional neighborhoods are areas undergoing a shift in population and structure, usually from middle-
class residential to lower-class mixed use.
____ 25. Street efficacy occurs when residents become so demoralized by crime that all who can leave the
neighborhood.
____ 26. Social disorganization theory suggests that most people share similar values and goals, such as a good
education, a nice home, a great car, and stylish clothes.
____ 27. Merton argues that retreatists reject both the goals and the means of society.
____ 28. General strain theory helps identify the micro-level or individual influences of strain.
____ 29. Elijah Anderson identified focal concerns that comprise the unique value system that defines lower-class
culture.
____ 30. Status frustration is one of the focal concerns identified by Miller.
____ 31. Standards by which teachers and other representatives of state authority evaluate students' behavior are
referred to as middle-class measuring rods by Albert Cohen.
____ 32. According to Cloward and Ohlin, conflict gangs exist in stable lower-class areas in which close connections
among adolescent, young adult, and adult offenders create an environment for successful delinquent
enterprise.
____ 33. According to social process theories, delinquency is a function of social interaction.
____ 34. Social control theory posits that delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social
institutions.
____ 35. Differential association theory maintains that juveniles learn delinquent behavior from mass media such as
television.
Essay
36. How have theories relating social structure and delinquency changed over time?
37. Discuss the principles of social disorganization theory.
38. Diagram Merton's theory of anomie, and then explain each of the adaptations.
39. Explain what Miller meant by the term "focal concerns."
Chapter 4 Review

3. Answer Section
COMPLETION
1. ANS: culture of poverty
PTS: 1 REF: p. 117 OBJ: 4.2
2. ANS: Social disorganization
PTS: 1 REF: p. 119 OBJ: 4.3
3. ANS: Strain
PTS: 1 REF: p. 119 OBJ: 4.5
4. ANS: Culture deviance
PTS: 1 REF: p. 120 OBJ: 4.7
5. ANS: cultural transmission
PTS: 1 REF: p. 120 OBJ: 4.7
6. ANS: Collective efficacy
PTS: 1 REF: p. 124 OBJ: 4.4
7. ANS: street efficacy
PTS: 1 REF: p. 125 OBJ: 4.4
8. ANS: General strain
PTS: 1 REF: p. 129 OBJ: 4.6
9. ANS: focal concerns
PTS: 1 REF: p. 130 OBJ: 4.7
10. ANS: Status frustration
PTS: 1 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 4.7
11. ANS: middle-class measuring rods
PTS: 1 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 4.7
12. ANS: Edwin Sutherland
PTS: 1 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 4.9
13. ANS: differential association
PTS: 1 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 4.9
14. ANS: learned
PTS: 1 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 4.9
15. ANS: techniques of neutralization
PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: 4.9

4. 16. ANS: drift
PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: 4.9
17. ANS: Conflict
PTS: 1 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 4.9
18. ANS: social learning
PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: 4.9
19. ANS: social bond
PTS: 1 REF: p. 141 OBJ: 4.10
20. ANS: Social control
PTS: 1 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 4.10
TRUE/FALSE
21. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 117 OBJ: 4.2
22. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 118 | p. 135
OBJ: 4.2
23. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 119 | p. 131
OBJ: 4.3
24. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 120 OBJ: 4.3
25. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 125 OBJ: 4.4
26. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 119 | p. 127
OBJ: 4.3
27. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 127 OBJ: 4.5
28. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 129 OBJ: 4.6
29. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 130 | p. 133
OBJ: 4.7
30. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 130 | p. 131
OBJ: 4.7
31. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 131 OBJ: 4.7
32. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 133 OBJ: 4.7
33. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 134 OBJ: 4.8
34. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 4.10
35. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 136 OBJ: 4.10
ESSAY
36. ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 116-118 OBJ: 4.2
37. ANS:
Answer not provided.

5. PTS: 1 REF: p. 120-125 OBJ: 4.3
38. ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 126-128 OBJ: 4.5
39. ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 130-131 OBJ: 4.7
40. ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 136-140 OBJ: 4.9

6. Chapter 5 Review
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. ____________________ theory posits that society creates deviance through a system of social control
agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing youths and encouraging them
to accept this negative personal identity.
2. ____________________ theory holds that people communicate via symbols that stand for or represent
something else.
3. A(n) ____________________ is something, such as a possession, rank or activity, by which one's social or
economic prestige is measured.
4. ____________________ is the act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal
illness or an incurable condition.
5. ____________________'s concept of primary and secondary deviance has become a standard view of the
labeling process.
6. ____________________ deviance refers to norm violations that have very little influence on the actor and can
be quickly forgotten and/or overlooked.
7. ____________________ deviance refers to deviant acts that define the actor and create a new identity.
8. ____________________'s fourfold model of labeling is one of the most well-known social reaction concepts.
9. ____________________ deviants are kids who engage in delinquency and also get caught and labeled.
10. ____________________ deviants are kids who continually break rules but are able to avoid labeling.
11. The reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label is referred to as a(n)
____________________.
12. The process of social typing that transforms an offender's identity from a doer of evil to an evil person is
referred to as the ____________________.
13. A public procedure (such as being scolded by a judge) that can transform youthful offenders by thrusting
them outside the social mainstream is called a(n) ____________________.
14. The process of removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid
the stigma attached to these facilities is referred to ____________________.
15. ____________________ theory asserts that society is in a state of constant internal conflict, and focuses on
the role of social and governmental institutions as mechanisms for social control.
16. The process of creating a worldwide economy through transnational markets and political and legal systems is
referred to as ____________________.
17. Using humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and rebuild social harmony is referred to as
____________________.
18. The concept of reintegrative shaming was introduced by ____________________.
19. ____________________ refers to techniques used to allow offenders to understand and recognize their
wrongdoing and shame themselves.
20. A(n) ____________________ is a peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims, and other community
members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all.

7. True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 21. Social reaction theory is also commonly called critical theory.
____ 22. The definitions of crime and delinquency are purely subjective.
____ 23. Secondary deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control
agents who apply a negative label.
____ 24. Pure deviants are those kids who continually break rules but are able to avoid labeling.
____ 25. Howard Becker refers to people who create rules as moral entrepreneurs.
____ 26. The reassessment of a person's past to fit a generalized label is referred to as a retrospective reading.
____ 27. Frank Tannenbaum introduced the concept of the dramatization of evil.
____ 28. To drive home the point that the youthful suspect is an outcast who should be shunned by society, the justice
system relies on a degradation ceremony.
____ 29. Experts question whether the negative social reactions and stigma actually produce delinquency.
____ 30. According to social conflict theory, those who hold power in contemporary society get to set the rules,
controlling the law, and deciding who is deviant, delinquent, and/or criminal.
____ 31. Conflict theorists suggest that the justice system is effective in limiting delinquency.
____ 32. William Julius Wilson has suggested that the effects of globalization can be positive for minority youth.
____ 33. Restorative justice would reject concepts such as "punishment," "deterrence," and "incarceration."
____ 34. The concept of restorative justice has its roots in symbolic interaction theory.
____ 35. One of the basic principles of restorative justice is that the first priority of justice processes is to remove
offenders from the community.

8. Chapter 5 Review
Answer Section
COMPLETION
1. ANS: Labeling
PTS: 1 REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.1
2. ANS: Symbolic interaction
PTS: 1 REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.1
3. ANS: status symbol
PTS: 1 REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.1
4. ANS: Euthanasia
PTS: 1 REF: p. 157 OBJ: 5.2
5. ANS: Edwin Lemert
PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 OBJ: 5.3
6. ANS: Primary
PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 OBJ: 5.3
7. ANS: Secondary
PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 OBJ: 5.3
8. ANS: Becker
PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 OBJ: 5.4
9. ANS: Pure
PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 OBJ: 5.4
10. ANS: Secret
PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 OBJ: 5.4
11. ANS: retrospective reading
PTS: 1 REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.6
12. ANS: dramatization of evil
PTS: 1 REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.6
13. ANS: degradation ceremony
PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.6
14. ANS: deinstitutionalization
PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.6
15. ANS: Social conflict

9. PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.8
16. ANS: globalization
PTS: 1 REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.8
17. ANS: restorative justice
PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.9
18. ANS: John Braithwaite
PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 OBJ: 5.9
19. ANS: Reintegrative shaming
PTS: 1 REF: p. 169 OBJ: 5.9
20. ANS: sentencing circle
PTS: 1 REF: p. 172 OBJ: 5.9
TRUE/FALSE
21. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.1
22. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.2
23. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 158 OBJ: 5.3
24. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 159 OBJ: 5.3
25. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 157 OBJ: 5.2
26. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.6
27. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.6
28. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.6
29. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.7
30. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.8
31. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.8
32. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.8
33. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.9
34. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.9
35. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 172 OBJ: 5.9