An introduction to the C++ programming language for game engine development.

2.  Modularity
 Namespace
 Error handling

3. Declaration‫و‬Definition‫باهم‬ ‫همراه‬
Declaration‫از‬ ‫جدا‬Definition
Declaration‫معادل‬Interface‫است‬
Definition‫معادل‬Implementation‫است‬

4. 1. // The square root function takes a double and returns a double
2. double sqrt(double);
3.
4. class Vector
5. {
6. public:
7. Vector(int s);
8. double& operator[](int i);
9. int size();
10.
11. private:
12. double* elem; // elem points to an array of sz doubles
13. int sz;
14. };

5. 1. double sqrt(double d) // Definition of sqrt()
2. {
3. // ... algorithm as found in math textbook ...
4. }
5.
6. Vector::Vector(int s) //Definition of the constructor
7. : elem(new double[s]), sz(s) // Initialize members
8. {
9. }
10.
11. double& Vector::operator[](int i)// Definition of subscripting
12. {
13. return elem[i];
14. }
15.
16. int Vector::size() // Definition of size()
17. {
18. return sz;
19. }

6. 1. class Vector
2. {
3. public:
4. Vector(int s);
5. double& operator[](int i);
6. int size();
7.
8. private:
9. double* elem;
10. int sz;
11. };
1. Vector::Vector(int s)
2. : elem(new double[s]), sz(s)
3. {
4. }
5.
6. double& Vector::operator[](int i)
7. {
8. return elem[i];
9. }
10.
11. int Vector::size()
12. {
13. return sz;
14. }
1. #include "Vector.h"
2. #include <cmath>
3. using namespace std;
4.
5. double sqrt_sum(Vector& v)
6. {
7. double sum = 0;
8. for (int i=0; i!=v.size(); ++i)
9. sum += sqrt(v[i]);
10. return sum;
11. }
Vector.h Vector.cpp User.cpp

8. 1. namespace My_code
2. {
3. class complex { /* ... */ };
4. complex sqrt(complex);
5. // ...
6. int main();
7. }
8.
9. int My_code::main()
10. {
11. complex z(1, 2);
12. complex z2 = sqrt(z);
13. std::cout << '{' << z2.real() << ',' << z2.imag() << "}n";
14. // ...
15. }
16.
17. int main()
18. {
19. return My_code::main();
20. }

9. 1. #include <exception>
2. using namespace std;
3.
3. double& Vector::operator[](int i)
4. {
5. if (i<0 || size()<=i)
6. throw out_of_range("Vector::operator[]");
7.
8. return elem[i];
9. }

10. 1. void f(Vector& v)
2. {
3. // ...
4. // Exceptions here are handled by the handler defined below
5. try
6. {
7. v[v.size()] = 7;// Try to access beyond the end of v
8. }
9. catch (out_of_range) // OOPS: out_or_range error
10. {
11. // ... handle range error ...
12. }
13. // ...
14. }

11. 1. Vector v(-27);
2.
3. Vector::Vector(int s)
4. {
5. if (s<0) throw length_error();
6. elem = new double[s];
7. sz = s;
8. }

12. 1. void test()
2. {
3. try {
4. Vector v(-27);
5. }
6. catch (std::length_error) {
7. // Handle negative size
8. }
9. catch (std::bad_alloc) {
10. // Handle memory exhaustion
11. }
12. }

13. ‫مقدمه‬
Type‫منطقی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ریاضی‬ ‫عملیاتهای‬ ‫و‬ ‫ثابتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫متغییرها‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬
‫ها‬ ‫حلقه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫شرط‬
‫گر‬ ‫اشاره‬ ‫و‬ ‫آرایه‬
User-Defined Types
Modularity‫خطاها‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫اراره‬ ‫و‬ ‫نام‬ ‫فضای‬ ‫و‬