3. Introduction
▶ An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or roughly
mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as nearly as possible in
contact with a particle of each of the other ingredients.
Or
▶ The process that tends to result in a randomization of dissimilar particles
within a system
▶ Ideal mix is the one in which the particle of one substance lies nearly adjacent
as possible to a particle of other material
3
5. ▶ Mixing is divided into two categories
1. Homogenous mixing
Solid- Solid
Liquid- Iiquid
Gas- Gas
2. Heterogenous Mixing
Solid- Liquid
Solid- Gas
Liquid gas
5
6. Objectives of Mixing
▶ To ensue uniformity of composition between mixed ingredients
▶ To enhance the Physical or chemical reactions
▶ To produce simple physical mixture: This may be simply the production of a blend of two or
more miscible liquids or two or more uniformly divided solids. In pharmaceutical practice the
degree of mixing must commonly be of high order as many such mixtures are dilutions of a
potent substances, and correct dosage must be ensured.
▶ To produce physical change: Here mixing may aim at producing a change that is physical as
clear from chemical, e.g. solution of a soluble substance. In such cases, a lower efficiency of
mixing with often be acceptable because mixing merely accelerates a process that could
occur by diffusion, without agitation.
▶ To produce dispersion: This includes dispersion of two immiscible liquids to form an
emulsion or dispersion of a solid in a liquid to give a suspension or paste. Usually good
mixing is required to ensure stability.
▶ To promote chemical Reaction: Mixing usually encourage (and control at the same time) a
chemical reaction. So ensuring uniform product, e.g. products where accurate adjustment to
pH is required and the degree of mixing will depend on the process.
6
10. Neutral Mixture
▶ The components of these mixture do not mix
spontaneously with each other but do not separate once
mixed.
▶ Eg. Paste or Ointments
10
11. Application of Mixing
▶ Mixing of powder in varying proportions prior to granulation and tableting
▶ Dry mixing of the material for direct compression in tablet
▶ Dry blending of powder in capsule and compound powder (insufflation).
▶ Blending of powders in cosmetics in the preparation of face powder, tooth powders.
▶ Dissolution of soluble solids in viscous liquid for dispensing in soft capsule and in
preparation of syrup.
▶ Mixing of two immiscible liquid for preparation of emulsion.
11
12. factors affecting mixing,
▶ Nature of surface
▶ Particle size
▶ Particle shape
▶ Particle charge
▶ Density of particle
▶ Proportion of material
12
14. Mechanism of Mixing
A. Solid Mixing
1. Convection Mixing
2. Shear Mixing
3. Diffusive Mixing
B. Liquid Mixing
1. Bulk Transport
2. Turbulant mixig
3. Laminar Mixing
c. Semisolid Mixing
1. Molecular Mixing
14
15. Convection Mixing
▶ Convective mixing is the mixing of solid particles in which groups of particles
are moved from one position to another.
▶ Convective mixing is the action of mixing two groups of solid particles so that
they are dispersed in each other.
▶ Movement of relatively large portion of a material being mixed from one
location to another in a system
▶ Does not result in efficient mixing
▶ It is made effective by means of paddle, blade or shuffling of system in three
dimensions
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16. Diffusive Mixing
▶ Diffusive mixing is caused by the random motion of particles. Generally, the attainable
rate of homogenization (mixing) is greatest with convective mixing and least with
diffusive mixing, whereas the degree of local homogenization attainable is greatest with
diffusive mixing and least with convective mixing.
▶ Diffusive mechanism occurs by random movement of particle within a powder bed and
causes them to change their relative position in relation to one another.
▶ When a powder bed is forced to move, it will dilate (The volume occupied by the bed
will increase). This occurs because the powder particles become less tightly packed and
there is an increase in the air spaces or voids between them. So there is the potential for
the powder particles to pass through the void spaces created under gravitational forces (in
tumbling mixer) or by forced movement (in fluidized bed). Mixing of individual particles
is referred to as diffusive mixing
16
17. Shear Mixing
▶ This type of mixing occurs when a layer of material flows over another
layer resulting in the layers moving at different speeds and therefore
mixing at the layer interface.
▶ Occurs when; The removal of mass by convective mixing creates an
unstable shear/slip plane which causes the powder bed to collapse
▶ The action of the mixer induces velocity gradients within the powder bed
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17
18. Bulk Transport
▶ The movement of relatively large portion of thematerial being
mixed from one location in thesystem to another.
18
19. Turbulent mixing
▶ Turbulent mixing is the result of turbulent fluid flow (Characterized by random
fluctuation of the fluid velocity at any given point in the system)
▶ The churning flow characteristics of turbulence results in constantly changing
velocities, so the fluid has different instantaneous velocities at different locations at
the same instant in time
▶ Such temporal and spatial velocity differences produces randomization of fluid
particles that’s why turbulent mixing is highly effective mixing mechanism
▶ Turbulent flow can be conveniently visualized as a composite of eddies
19
20. Laminar Mixing
▶ Flow dominated by viscosity forces is called laminar flow and is characterized by
smooth and parallel line motion of the fluid
▶ pplicable for viscous liquid or laminar liquids
▶ When two dissimilar liquids are mixed through laminar flow, the shear that is
generated stretches the interface between them
▶ In this mechanism, layers fold back upon themselves. Thus the number of layers
increases. So, the mixing involves reduction of fluid layer thickness by producing
folding effect. The applied shear stresses between the interfaces of the 2 dissimilar
liquids to be mixed.
20
21. Molecular Mixing
▶ The mixing result from the diffusion of molecules caused by
thermal motion is referred to as molecular diffusion. This
mechanism occurs at molecular level.
▶ This type of mixing occurs whenever there is a concentration
gradient (According to Fick’s law).
21
22. IMPELLER
▶ Impellers are mixing devices that provide a definite flow pattern in liquid during
mixing, moving at various speeds.
▶ Liquids are mixed usually by impellers, which produce shear forces for inducing
the necessary flow pattern in the mixing container.
CLASSIFICATION
▶ Impeller exists in different forms. 1. Propeller 2. Turbine 3. Paddles
PROPELLER MIXER
CONSTRUCTION
▶ Consist of angle blades attached at the end of the shaft, rotated by means of motor.
▶ Any number of blades may be used but three blades design is most common.
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25. ▶ Propeller is quiet small as compare to size of the vessel (Ratio of diameter between
propeller and container is 1:20) but its operational speed (usually 8000rpm) compensate
for the size and produce efficient mixing in case of low viscosity fluids 33
WORKING
▶ The material to be mixed is taken in a vessel and the propeller bearing shaft is inserted.
▶ The angle blades of the propeller cause circulation of the liquid in both axial and radial
direction ensuring good bulk transport but low shearing force.
▶ The propeller may be installed in a number of ways.
▶ The centrally mounted vertical propeller is however not considered good as it produces
vertex.
▶ Specially used for liquid liquid mixing
25
26. ADVANTAGES
▶ Used when high mixing capacity is required.
▶ Effective for liquids which have maximum viscosity of 2.0 pascals.sec or slurries
up to 10% solids of fine mesh size.
▶ Effective gas-liquid dispersion is possible at laboratory scale. Example
▶ Multivitamin elixirs, Disinfectant solutions are prepared using propellers 35
DISADVANTAGES OF PROPELLERS
▶ Propellers are not normally effective with liquids of viscosity greater than 5 pascal-
second, such as glycerin castor oil, etc
▶ The centrally mounted vertical propeller produces vertex.
26
27. VORTEX
▶ Vertex is a powerful circular moving mass of water or wind that can draw object into
its hollow which may result in air entrapped and bubbles formation.
▶ If a low viscosity liquid is stirred in an un-baffled tank by an axially mounted agitator,
tangential flow follows a circular path around the shaft & a swirling flow pattern is
developed.
▶ HOW IS IT FORMED?
▶ In an un-baffled tank, a vortex is produced due to the centrifugal force on the rotating
liquid. This creates a swirling motion in the liquid & the surface tends to go upward
near the vessel rim & downward near the shaft. So a V-shaped surface is formed which
is the vortex.
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28. REASONS
▶ If the shaft is placed symmetrically in the tank.
▶ If the blades of the turbines are arranged perpendicular to the central shaft.
▶ At high impeller speeds
▶ Unbaffled tank
PREVENTION OF VORTEX FORMATION
1) Impeller should be in any one of the following positions that can avoid symmetry such
as; off central, inclined , side entering, etc.,
▶ and should be deep in the liquid
28
29. 2) Baffled containers should be used. In such case impeller can be mounted
vertically at the center
29
30. 3) PULL PUSH PROPELLER
▶ Two or more propeller of opposite angles or pitch are mounted on the same shaft
so that the rotary effects are in opposite direction, cancel each other effect (so will
not produce circulatory flow and no vertex will be there).
▶ The bottom impeller is placed about one impeller diameter above the bottom of
the tank. It creates zone of high turbulence
30
31. TURBINE MIXER
CONSTRUCTION
▶ A turbine consists of a circular disc impeller to which a number of short vertical blades
are attached. Blades may be straight or curved.
▶ The blades are surrounded by perforated inner and outer diffusing rings
▶ The diameter of the turbine ranges from 30-50% of the diameter of the vessel
WORKING
▶ Used in similar manner as that of impeller, however it is rotated at somewhat small
speed than impeller (50- 200 rpm).
▶ Flat blade turbines produce radial and tangential flow but as the speed increases radial
flow dominates. Pitched blade turbine produces axial flow
▶ Near the impeller zone of rapid currents, high turbulence and intense shear is observed
▶ Shear produced by turbines can be further enhanced using a diffuser ring (stationary
perforated ring which surrounds the turbine).
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32. ▶ Diffuser ring increase the shear forces and liquid passes through the perforations
reducing rotational swirling and vortexing.
ADVANTAGES
▶ Turbines give greater shearing forces than propellers though the pumping rate is
less. Therefore suitable for emulsification.
▶ Effective for high viscous solutions with a wide range of viscosities up to 7.0
Pascal-Second.
▶ In low viscous materials of large volumes turbine create a strong currents which
spread throughout the tank destroying stagnant pockets.
▶ They can handle slurries with 60% solids.
▶ Turbines are suitable for liquids of large volume and high viscosity, if the tank is
baffled.
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34. PADDLE MIXERS
▶ Paddles are agitator consisting of usually flat blades attached to a vertical shaft and
normally operated at low speed (100-rpm).
▶ The blades have a larger surface area In relation to the tank in which they rotate, so they
can be used effectively.
▶ Primarily paddle mixer produce tangential flow and somewhat radial flow but no axial
action unless blades are pitched.
▶ Paddles for more viscous fluids have a number of blades which are shaped in such a
way to fit closely to the surface of vessel (Avoiding dead spots and deposited solids)
▶ At very low speeds it gives mild agitation in un-baffled tank but as for high speeds
baffles are necessary to avoid swirling and vortexing.
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35. TYPES OF PADDLE MIXERS
1. Simple paddle mixer
2. Planetary motion mixer: (Small paddle rotating on its own axis but travel also in a
circular Path round the mixing vessel. It is used for more viscos fluids)
3. Gate mixer: (It is a simple paddle, but is very large in diameter)
4. Stationary paddle mixer: (It is used for mixing of solid with viscos liquid. Sigma plate
mixer is its improved form)
USES OF PADDLES
Paddles are used in the manufacture of;
Antacid suspensions
Agar and pectin related purgatives
Antidiarrheal mixtures such as bismuth-kaolin. 48 35
36. Advantages of paddles
Vortex formation is not possible with paddle impellers because of low speed mixing.
Disadvantages of paddles
Mixing of the suspension is poor therefore baffled tanks are required.
36
37. Double cone Blender
Principle
it is based on hthe principle of convection of solid particlein which material moves
from one place to another
Construction
37
38. ▶ Cone blenders are useful for mixing dry powder and granules.
▶ These are made out of stainless steel.
▶ All welding are done by Argon Arc Process. This is totally mirror
polished from inside & outside. Unit is mounted on Mild Steel /
Stainless Steel stand fitted with ball bearings.
▶ The driving arrangement consists of a motor through a reduction gear
box, S.S. baffles, are provided inside the blender. Safety railing along
with limit switch and platform (optional) are supplied generally for
bigger models
38
39. Advantages & Disadvantages
▶ Not expensive
▶ Easy to handle and perform
▶ Electricity required
▶ Material loss may happened
39
40. APPLICATIONS
▶ Dry powder to powder mixing for tablets and capsules
▶ formulations.
▶ Dry granules sub lots mixing to increase the batch size at
▶ bulk lubrication stage of tablet granules.
▶ Dry powder to wet mixing
40
42. Construction
▶ Loaded 50-60% of total volume through shell hatches.
▶ Desired speed or rpm is set Rotation of blender Mixing occurs as the material free
falls randomly inside the vessel Ordered mixing by mechanical means Collected
42
43. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
▶ V cone blender without baffle
Larg Capacity
Easy Handling
Minimum Maintanance
▶ V cone blender without baffle
wet and dry Mixing
high shearing force
serial dilution is not needed
Disdavantages
▶ V cone blender without baffle
High headspace for installation
Not suitable for fine particle sysytem
serial dilution required
▶ V cone blender with baffle
size reduction
cleaning problem
sealing problem
43
44. Uses
▶ Fragile granules can be blended
▶ Used in pharmaceutical cosmetics and chemical industry
▶ Dry powder blending
44
46. Construction and Operation
▶ U-shaped horizontal trough
▶ A specially designed Double Helical Ribbon Agitator rotating within.
▶ It provides a triple mixing action ensuring fast, efficient blending.
▶ A drive system comprised of a motor, gearbox, and couplings.
▶ They are generally powered by 10 HP to 15 HP motor for 1000 kg of product
mass to be blended.
▶ The specific power range from 3 to 12 kW/m3 depending on the products to be
blended.
▶ The area where the shaft exits the container is provided with a sealing
arrangement
▶ The charging of material is generally through nozzles or feed- hoppers
▶ The inlet cover also provides maintenance and cleaning access to the inside of
the blender 46
47. ▶ An external jacket can also be provided for heating or cooling of product
material
▶ The materials to be blended are loaded into the blender, typically filling it to
between 40 and 70 percent of the total volume of the container.
▶ Up to the level of the outer ribbon’s tip.
▶ It is designed to operate at a peripheral speed (also known as tip speed) of
approximately 100 metres / minute
▶ A spray pipe for adding liquids can be mounted above the ribbons.
▶ For materials that tend to form agglomerates, high speed choppers can be
provided for disintegration of the agglomerates.
▶ The motion of the ribbons near the vessel walls can in result in “pinch" points,
or regions of high shear and compression, which may damage materials and
cause attrition. In some case this can also lead to friction and heat generation
resulting in product degradation
47
48. Working
▶ The outer ribbons of the agitator move the material from the ends to the
center while the inner ribbons move the material from the center to ends.
Radial movement is achieved because of the rotational motion of the ribbons.
▶ The difference in the peripheral speeds of the outer and inner ribbons results
in axial movement of the material along the horizontal axis of the blender.
▶ As a result of the radial and the counter-current axial movement, homogenous
blending is achieved in short time.
▶ Blending is achieved within 15 to 20 minutes of start-up with a 90 to 95
percent or better homogeneity.
▶ The particle size and its bulk density have the strongest influence on the
mixing efficiency of the ribbon blender.
▶ Ingredients with similar particle size and bulk densities tend to mix faster as
compared to ingredients with variation in these attributes.
48
49. CONT.
▶ After blending, the material is discharged from a discharge valve located
at the bottom of the trough.
▶ The discharge valves can be slide-gate, butterfly, flush bottom, spherical ,
etc……
▶ The operation of the valves can be manual or pneumatically actuated.
▶ In a ribbon blender the material is discharged by rotation of the ribbon
agitator.
▶ It is difficult to achieve 100% discharge in the ribbon blender.
▶ Also, higher clearances between the external periphery of the outer ribbon
and the container can result in unmixed spots at the trough bottom and can
lead to discharge problems.
49
50. Advantages & Disadvantages
▶ Sticy material can steak to
blade
▶ electricity required
▶ Speed can be increase
▶ Easy to install
▶ less space required
50
51. Applications
▶ Ribbon blenders can be designed to operate in both batch and continuous
modes.
▶ Batch type blenders can be built up to capacities of 50 m3.
▶ The ribbon blender’s versatility for blending solids combined with it
ability to perform heating, cooling, coating, and other processes make it a
very popular blender.
51
52. Applications
The following are the applications of the Ribbon Blender:
1) Blending large volumes of dry solids.
2) Dry powder to wet phase mixing.
3) Mixing of bulk drugs, chemicals, and cosmetic powders.
4) Dry Blending of capsule formulations.
5) Lubrication of dry granules in large quantity.
6) Heating, cooling, and drying of materials.
7) Coating solid particles with small amounts of liquids to produce
formulations
52
53. Sigma blade mixer
▶ The sigma blade mixer is a commonly used mixer for high viscosity
materials.
▶ One of the most popular used for mixing and kneading of high viscosity
materials.
▶ It belongs to the family of double arm kneader mixers.
PRINCIPLE
▶ The mechanism of mixing is shearing.
▶ The inter meshing of sigma shaped blades creates high shear and kneading
actions.
▶ The mixing action is a combination of bulk movement, shearing,
stretching, folding, dividing, and recombining as the material is pulled and
squeezed against blades, saddle, and side walls. 53
54. CONSTRUCTION
▶ The design is mostly based on the curvature and concavity of the
kneading blades.
▶ It consists of double trough shaped stationary bowl.
▶ Two sigma shaped blades are fitted horizontally in each trough of the
bowl. These are connected to a fixed speed drive.
▶ The mixer is loaded from the top and unloaded by tilting the entire bowl
by means of a rack and pinion drive.
▶ It consist of saddle shaped container made of either Mild Steel or Stainless
Steel 304 or 316 with jacket of covering two side for heating or cooling
application & dust free cover to get Vacuum if desired or normal cover.
54
55. ▶ The mixing elements (Blades) are of Sigma type Steel casted and duly
finished two in number which contra rotate inward fitted at close or
specified clearance with the container to give thorough and uniform
mixing.
▶ There is a Gland pusher of Gun Metal Bush which ensure minimal
friction and extend the life of mixing elements (Blades) Shaft.
▶ The complete Mixer is Mounted on Steel Fabricated stand of suitable
strength to withstand the vibration and give noise free performance
▶ Specially used for liquid liquid mixing
55
57. WORKING
▶ Different powders are introduced from the top of the trough.
▶ The body is covered because considerable dust may be involved during dry
blending and granulating solution may evaporate during wet granulation.
▶ The kneading blades first squash the mass flat and then roll it on itself and squash
once again.
▶ It tears the mass apart, and shear it in between the moving blades and the
stationary surface walls.
▶ Through the fixed speed drive, the sigma blades are allowed to rotate.
▶ The blade move at different speeds.
▶ The effectiveness of mixing depends upon the kneader blade design, sometimes
they are made very rugged, and of different shapes.
▶ The edges of the blades may be more serrated to give higher shredding action.
57
58. Applications of the Sigma Mixer
▶ Adhesives, Biscuit dough, Butyl rubber, Bakery, Carbon pastes,
Ceramics, Chemicals, Chewing gum, Crayon and pencil lead. Explosives,
Fiberglass resin dough's, Food and confectionery products, Gaskets and
gland packing's, Grinding wheel preparations, Hot-Melts, Inks and
pigment products , Marzipan, Mastics, Metal powders,
preparations, Pencil erasers, Pharmaceuticals, Plastics,
Moulding
Sealing
compounds, Silicone rubber, Soaps and detergents, Solid propellants,
Sugar pastes, Viscous rubber solutions
58
59. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
▶ Sigma blade mixer creates a minimum dead space during mixing
▶ Ideal for mixing, kneading, of highly viscous mass, sticky & dough like
products
▶ Extruding
▶ These mixers and their variants (double arm kneader mixer extruders)
are capable of handling material with viscosities as high as 10 million
centipoises.
DISADVANTAGES
▶ Sigma blade mixer works at a fixed speed
▶ The power consumption in double arm kneader mixer is very high
compared to other types of mixers and can range from 45 to 75 kW/m3
of mix material. 59
60. Planetary Mixers
Planetary mixer Principle
▶ Mechanism of mixing is shear. Shear is applied between moving blade and
stationary wall. Mixing arm moves around its own axis and around the central axis
so that it reaches every spot of the vessel. The plates in the blades are sloped so
that powder makes an upward movement to achieve tumbling action also.
Construction
▶ Consists of vertical cylinder shell which can be removed.
▶ The blade is mounted from the top of the bowl.
▶ Mixing shaft is driven by planetary gear and it is normally built with variable
speed drive.
60
61. Uses :
▶ Break down agglomerates rapidly.
▶ Low speeds are used for dry blending and fast for wet granulation.
Advantages:
▶ Speed of rotation can be varied at will.
▶ More useful for wet granulation process.
Disadvantages:
▶ Mechanical heat is buildup within the powder mix.
▶ It requires high power.
▶ It has limited size and is useful for batch work only.
61
62. Silverson Emulsifier
Principle:
▶ It produces intense shearing forces and turbulence by use of high speed rotors.
▶ Circulation of material takes place through the head by the suction produced in the
inlet at the bottom of the head.
▶ Circulation of the material ensures rapid breakdown of the dispersed liquid into smaller
globules.
▶ It consists of long supporting columns and a central portion. Central portion consists of
a shaft which is connected to motor at one end and other to the head.
▶ Head carries turbine blades.
▶ Blades are surrounded by a mesh, which is further enclosed by a cover having
openings.
62
63. Uses
▶ Used for the preparation of emulsions and creams of fine particle size.
Advantages
▶ Silver son mixer is available in different sizes to handle the liquids ranging from a
few milli liters to several thousand liters.
▶ Can be used for batch operations as well as for continuous operations by
incorporating into a pipeline, through which the immiscible liquids flow.
Disadvantages
▶ Occasionally, there is a chance is clogging of pores of the mesh.
63
