A brochure on 'Introducing Cultural Studies' by Brian Longhurst.

1. Socialization refers to
acquiring society's norms,
values, and practices
through interactions with
family, peers, institutions,
and the broader
community.
Enculturation, on the
other hand, refers to the
process of learning and
internalizing the cultural
traditions, customs, and
practices of a particular
group.
Acculturation is the process
of cultural exchange that
occurs when people from
different cultures come into
prolonged contact with each
other, resulting in changes
to one or both cultures
through the adoption,
modification, or rejection of
cultural elements.
CULTURE
Culture as a way of life refers to the idea that culture is
not just a set of beliefs and practices, but rather a way of
life that shapes how individuals understand and interact
with the world around them. This can include everything
from the way people dress and communicate to the
values they hold and the rituals they engage in. Culture
as a way of life is deeply rooted in personal identity and
can play a significant role in shaping how individuals
understand themselves and others.
The term "culture" is used to
describe the diverse array of
shared practices, beliefs, and
values that are characteristic
of a particular group or
society. This can include
everything from language,
religion, and food to music,
art, and fashion. Culture is not
static but rather constantly
evolving and changing over
time, influenced by a wide
range of factors such as
historical events, economic
trends, and technological
innovations.
Culture with a capital C refers to the dominant or
mainstream culture of a society. This includes the
cultural practices, values, and beliefs that are widely
accepted and upheld by those in power, and that are
often reinforced through institutions such as the
media, education system, and government. Culture
with a big C can include everything from art and
literature to politics and economics
Culture as process and development defines
culture as a dynamic process that is
constantly evolving and developing through
time. It is shaped by a wide range of factors,
including historical events, technological
advancements, social interactions, and
individual creativity.
How do people
become part of
culture?
Postmodernism is a philosophical
and cultural movement that
emerged in the mid-20th century
as a response to modernism. It is
characterized by a skepticism
towards grand narratives and
universal truths, a rejection of the
idea of progress, and a focus on the
plurality of perspectives and
subjectivities. Postmodernism
often involves the deconstruction
and recombination of existing
cultural forms and conventions, as
well as a blurring of the boundaries
between high and low culture, art
and popular culture, and reality
and simulation. Postmodernism
has had a significant impact on
various fields such as art, literature,
architecture, philosophy, and
cultural studies.
The Frankfurt School is a
group of scholars
associated with the
Institute for Social
Research at the Goethe
University in Frankfurt,
Germany, who sought to
blend Marxist theory with
critical theory to analyze
and critique the dominant
cultural, political, and
economic structures of
their time, and to
envision possibilities for
social change.

2. Pedro Fernandes
Founder/CEO
Identity and place refer to the
ways in which a person's sense
of self and cultural identity are
shaped by their experiences,
connections, and interactions
with specific physical and
cultural environments.
Subordination refers to the
social, economic, or political
inequality and inferiority
experienced by certain
individuals or groups due to
their marginalized status and
lack of power or agency in
relation to dominant groups.
Discourse is the act of
academic engagement
through written or verbal
communications which
shapes the social and
cultural practices,
ideologies, and power
relations. Culture and
discourse are symbiotic.
Structuralism is a theoretical
approach in various fields of
study, including linguistics,
anthropology, and literature,
that emphasizes the importance
of underlying structures and
systems that shape and
organize cultural phenomena,
rather than the individual
components themselves.
Action-refined theory is a
theoretical framework that
focuses on the ways in which
individuals and groups navigate
and negotiate social structures,
norms, and institutions,
emphasizing the agency and
intentionality of human actors in
shaping and transforming their
social reality.
Socialism is a political and economic system that
advocates for the collective ownership and
control of the means of production and
distribution of resources, with the goal of
promoting greater social equality, democratic
decision-making, and the common good.
Communalism is a political and social ideology
that emphasizes the importance of communal
ownership, decision-making, and social cohesion
within a specific geographic or cultural
community, often advocating for the abolition of
hierarchical social structures and the creation of
a more egalitarian and participatory society.
Feminism is a social, political, and cultural
movement that seeks to achieve gender equality
and the recognition of women's rights and
perspectives, challenging and transforming
patriarchal structures and cultural norms that
perpetuate gender-based discrimination and
oppression.
Orientalism is a term used to describe the way in
which Western cultures have historically
constructed and portrayed the East as a
monolithic and exotic "other," perpetuating
stereotypes and assumptions about non-
Western cultures and peoples that have had
lasting impacts on social and political relations
between different regions of the world.
Power refers to the ability of
individuals or groups to
exert influence and control
over others, shaping their
actions, beliefs, and values,
often through the use of
force, coercion, or
manipulation of social and
cultural structures.
Hegemony refers to the
social, cultural, and political
dominance of a particular
group or ideology over
others, achieved through the
use of persuasion and
consent rather than force,
shaping the beliefs, values,
and behaviors of subordinate
groups in ways that reinforce
the existing power
structures.
Perception refers to the
process by which
individuals interpret and
make sense of the
information they receive
through their senses,
shaping their
understanding of the
world and influencing
their thoughts, emotions,
and behavior.
Tradition refers to the beliefs, customs, practices, and
values that are passed down from generation to
generation, shaping the way of life and cultural identity
of a particular group or community.
Traditional refers to something that has been inherited
or passed down from the past, often related to cultural
or societal practices, customs, or values, and is
considered an established or customary way of doing
things.
A ritual is a set of actions, words, or symbols that are
performed in a prescribed manner and have a symbolic
meaning or significance within a particular culture,
religion, or community.