The US tariffs and its impact on slab trade

2. The US tariffs and its impact on slab trade
Donald Trump has now signed an order to impose import tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% aluminium
arguing that the US has been suffering from "unfair trade" and the move would help the US metal
industry. The tariffs will be effective in 15 days. However, Canada and Mexico have been exempted
temporarily, whilst the US is renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
terms. There is also a possibility that other close allies may be exempted in the future. The decision
is expected to draw retaliation from the EU and other trading partners and can be extended to other
commodities.
Indeed the protectionist measures would help the US steel industry to a certain extent by increasing
capacity utilisation of various steelmakers. Some companies would be able to restart their furnaces
which would result in an increase in crude steel production and certainly create more jobs. However,
the damages of these punitive tariffs would be significantly higher and can affect various end-use
sectors such as construction and automotive industries in particular.
The US exports of total steel to Canada and Mexico accounts for around 88% of its total steel
exports, though its imports from the two countries are just 26%. Canada had around 850k tonnes
steel deficit with the US in 2017, so certainly it is in favour of the US to keep Canada exempted from
these tariffs. Mexico, total steel surplus with the US declined from 1.2 million tonnes in 2015 to
around 700k tonnes in 2017.
One of the key segments of the steel industry which is to be directly affected by these measures is
the plants which depend on the imported slab. These include companies which import slab from
their parents’ companies outside the US, those who buy slab under long-term agreements as well
merchant slab buyers. The US imported around 4.5 million tonnes of slab in 2017, out of which
merchant slab accounted for over 30% of the total slab imports. Its exports were just over 5k in
2017.
California Steel Industries (CSI), is a key player in the merchant slab market, and sources one million
tonnes per year from the merchant market, mainly from Brazil, Japan, Russia and Mexico. Other key
players in the merchant slab market are JSW, which is likely to source a significant amount from
2019 onwards on the back of recovery in the plate market; AK Steel, which is going to increase its

3. production and hence, will need more slab; and NLMK USA will also continue to buy a small amount
of slab from the merchant market.
AM/NS Calvert is a 50/50 joint venture between ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
Corp. (NSSMC), which was acquired from ThyssenKrupp in 2014. The plant can produce 5.3 Mt of
flat-rolled carbon steel products annually. For the slab supply, Calvert has a six-year purchase
agreement of up to 2 Mt of slab annually from TK CSA (now Ternium), an integrated steel mill
complex located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using a market-based price formula. We expect that the
new tariffs will also impact the AM/NS imports from Brazil.
NLMK USA will also going to be affected as it source slab from its parent's companies in Russia. Its
three plants in the US produce flat steel using slab shipped from NLMK Lipetsk, in addition to slab
produced by NLMK USA itself. They produce HRC, CRC and galvanised steel.
It is highly likely that slab prices will jump on the back of tariffs as well as an increase in raw
materials costs. Most of the costs will be passed on to end-use sectors which will, in particular, be
impacting automotive, construction and energy sectors.
Commodity Inside is highly experienced in assessing the semi-finished market dynamics and has
conducted various studies on the topic. Below is our methodology for assessing the semi-finished
steel market. We also maintain production capacity database of over 2k steelmakers by 20 different
products.

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