4.3_SHAAMS-Global-state-of-the-art-last-version

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SHAAMS GLOBAL REPORT
WP4
WP leader: FUNDITEC
November 2013 7th version

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Copyright (c) SHAAMS 2013
Unless otherwise indicated, material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, but
acknowledgement is requested.
CONTRIBUTORS
Principal Writers: Claudia Pani, Jordi Gasset,
Special thanks to: Isaac Matamoros, Raffaele Mancini, Aline Farajian, Maria Vicente, Javier
Sancho, Carlos Franco, Cristian Bardaji, Nicolas Rouhana, Krystel Khalil, Sharaf Obeidat,
Maria Perakaki, Nicola Barbato, Berta Perez, Fawaz Hamidi, Colin Ruel, Ahmed Hamza,
Ioannis Vourdoubas.

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Table of contents
1. Background, motivation and objectives of the report ............................................................5
2. Project concept and structure of the report..........................................................................7
3. The SHAAMS Stakeholders: Who are they?..........................................................................9
4. SHAAMS best practices transfer scheme............................................................................ 14
4.1 Other relevant European/International projects or initiatives .............................................................. 18
5. The SHAAMS POLICY ACCELARATOR................................................................................. 23
5.1 The European situation of the solar policies: EU’s Renewable Energy Directive. .......................... 23
5.2 The Mediterranean Solar Plan........................................................................................................................... 26
5.3 Existing relevant practices ................................................................................................................................. 29
5.4 Global needs analysis........................................................................................................................................... 38
5.5 Global conclusions................................................................................................................................................. 40
6. The SHAAMS ENTERPRISE RESEARCH ACCELERATOR ......................................................... 42
6.1 The European situation of the R&D and solar market. ............................................................................ 42
6.1.1 Focus on R&D: The EU'S HORIZON 2020 Programme .................................................................. 42
6.2 The SOLAR EUROPE INDUSTRY INITIATIVE (SEII) and the European photovoltaic Technology
platform..................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.3 The R&D for energy and the solar market in the ENPI CBC MED ........................................................ 43
6.4 The R&D and the market strategies ............................................................................................................... 44
7. The SHAAMS SOCIAL ACCELERATOR ................................................................................ 60
7.1 The European public awareness in solar sector.................................................................................................. 60
7.1.1 The public awareness in the ENPI CBC MED region....................................................................... 62
7.1.2 The Partnerships and initiatives in the solar sector ....................................................................... 63

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8. The common action plans................................................................................................ 72
8.1 A common action plan for the SHAAMS Policy accelerator..................................................................... 72
8.2 A common action plan for the SHAAMS Enterprise and Research accelerator.......................... 74
8.3 A common action plan for the SHAAMS social accelerator.................................................... 75
10. Annex 1: A first regional overview.................................................................................... 80

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1. Background, motivation and objectives of the
report
The Mediterranean is the only region on Earth where three continents meet.
It has a long history. Today it holds a rich mosaic of diverse peoples, languages,
religions, cultures and natural resources. Mediterranean countries account for 7%
of world population and they consume about 8% of the world’s primary energy
demand. Its geographic situation makes it an important transit corridor for global
energy markets.
What does the energy future have in store for the Mediterranean countries?
The aim of this document is to present a global report on the current state of the
art of the solar sector in the participant regions of the SHAAMS project (Strategic
Hubs for the Analysis and Acceleration of the Mediterranean Solar Sector) and to
set the basis for the future common action plans foreseen in the project.
The report has followed the collaborative approach adopted by the Consortium
as part of their internal organisation and has facilitated the exchange of data
between public administration bodies, research centres, universities, firms and civil
society agents in order to analyse the needs, expectations and requirements of all
the actors and to provide coherent solutions to all the agents’ needs.
This comprehensive approach is reflected in the structure of the project and the
report, both addressing three socioeconomic pillars (policy development,
entrepreneurial and research engagement and social awareness). As stated in the
project plan of action the domains dealt with are:
- SHAAMS Policy Accelerator: Policy support actions will be implemented in
order to identify innovative governance solutions, solar energy support strategies
and to generate a unified approach towards a long term policy perspective and
common area for solar energy development.
- SHAAMS Enterprise and Research Accelerator: The activities generated
in this operational field will be aimed at fostering market support structures and
new procedures for the development of a reliable market for solar energy in the
ENPI CBC Med region.

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- SHAAMS Social Accelerator: The activities conceived in the section will
address societal agents and intend to promote a cultural and behavioural change
towards solar energy (an, by extent renewable energies) among society.
The rationale behind this methodology is to conduct a common and shared effort
between the partners of the SHAAMS project to integrate the different areas in
which solar energy will have an impact, and that can, in their own way, influence
the development of the sector. In a more technical way and as a general condition,
common templates and questionnaires have been used in order to help both project
researchers and technicians to compare and analyse the data and the results of the
research.
The regions involved in the project and from which information has been gathered
are:
Spain (Catalonia)
Italy (Campania – Lazio)
France (Provence Alps – Côte D’Azur)
Greece (Kriti)
Lebanon (Mount Lebanon; North Lebanon)
Jordan (Irbid)
Egypt (Alexandria)

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2. Project concept and structure of the report
Since its initial steps, the SHAAMS project approach has intended to generate a
global vision of the solar sector in the MED and ENPI CBC MED area.
This has been done by conducting local research, workshops, building direct
relations with the relevant stakeholders and generating an exchange of ideas
between the agents active in the different pillars of the project.
Even if significant differences have been identified, the SHAAMS project is trying to
focus on shared issues and topics that can be empowered through the definition of
a common action plan.
This report aims to present a complete analysis of the state of the art in the whole
region split according the subsequent sectors and covering past, present and future
scenes:
 1 SHAAMS POLICY ACCELERATOR
 2 SHAAMS ENTERPRISE RESEARCH ACCELERATOR
 3 SHAAMS SOCIAL ACCELERATOR
More specifically, the report’s objectives are:
To present an analysis of the policies, social and economic effects of solar
energy in the involved regions
To support the development of a common understanding of the added value
of using renewable energies
To smooth common capacity building processes integrating all relevant
stakeholders
To facilitate an improved and common understanding of the balance
between costs and benefits of solar energies for the region
When gathering information for the report all the stakeholders involved sharing
their views and incorporate these views in the analysis and thus facilitates a high
level of acceptance of the results.

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The SHAAMS project activities seek to raise public awareness on energy efficiency
solutions and to encourage an informed debate on the potentialities and
opportunities of the sector by enabling regular participatory activities and actions.
More specifically this report includes:
An analysis of the solar policies of the regions involved
An analysis of the social sector of the region involved
An analysis of the R+D+i, market and training initiatives about solar sector
of the regions involved
A Best practices selection
A Best practices transfer schemes
A stakeholder consultation
A business scenario, a policy scenario and a social scenario
A transversal action plan for each sector.

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3. The SHAAMS Stakeholders: Who are they?
When gathering information on the sector it is important to identify those agents
and specific groups (communities of interest), that have a particular influence in the
sector.
Although it is clear that it will be impossible to reach everyone, a focused strategy
needs to be developed so as to encompass the major number of agents as possible.
This can be done by distinguishing each agent’s level of knowledge, their transfer
capacities and the “multipliers” (i.e. key persons, organisations and mechanisms)
related to each target group.
On this basis, a crucial stage of the present report consisted in the identification of
the SHAAMS stakeholders1
.
The stakeholder analysis was imperative in order to create an effective and efficient
scheme that involves all the actors in the project.
This stakeholder analysis was undertaken at the beginning of the project, more
specifically during WP 3 “Conceptual framework”, for each of the 3 lines of the
project and provided an identification of the key stakeholders, indicating who is
important and influential, how and when stakeholders should be involved in the
project in order to plan the “scope”, foster a systematic dialogue between the
stakeholder “communities” and implement strategic actions for the definition of
future actions.
Those were the key steps followed during this process:
Step1. Identification of the SHAAMS Stakeholders
Step2. Prioritisation of the SHAAMS Stakeholders
Step3. Understanding of the SHAAMS Key Stakeholders
1
“Any individual, group of people, institution or firm that may have a significant interest in the success
or failure of a project (either as implementers, facilitators, beneficiaries or adversaries) are defined as
‘stakeholders’. A basic premise behind stakeholder analysis is that different groups have different
concerns, capacities and interests, and that these need to be explicitly understood and recognized in the
process of problem identification, objective setting and strategy selection”. (Project Cycle Management
Guidelines. European Commission Volume 1, 2004).

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For the development of the process each partner provided information on the topics
listed below:
1. Summary of the project general scope considering participation opportunities.
2. Identification of those groups who might have a significant interest in the
SHAAMS project.
3. Analyse the respective roles, interests, influence and capacity to participate of
these agents (strengths and weaknesses)
4. Assessment of the influence, importance and impact level of the stakeholders.
5. Definition of the extent of cooperation or conflict in the relationships between
different stakeholders.
Following this process the SHAAMS project consortium was able to categorise the
interest groups into two different typologies:
1. Primary stakeholders
2. Secondary stakeholders
(a) Primary stakeholders: people, groups and institutions affected, positively or negatively, by the
SHAAMS project in a direct way.
(b) Secondary stakeholders: people, groups and institutions that are important intermediaries for the
SHAAMS project delivery process (not directly affected by the project but that have an interest in it) and
of course the final beneficiaries (those who benefit from the project in the long term at societal level or
sector at large).

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Here below it can be found a representation of the stakeholders’ typologies
identified by the project partners:
Following this analysis stakeholder’s database with more than 350 contacts was
built and used to share surveys, newsletters and project results as events in
general.
The 14,5% of the Policy Makers belongs to a Minister or Regional authority with a
direct competence in Solar Sector.
The 5,5% of the Private Enterprises sector is in representation of a Cluster or
Business association or Business platform.
The 22% of Civil Society is represented by ONG and No for profit organisations.
According to the reports on the state-of-the-art, we included the average typology
of stakeholders to whom the solar power sector growth strategies are addressed
within the partner regions of SHAAMS project.

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5%
21%
10%61%
3%
Non-profit organizations
Local enterprises
Associations and
professional bodies
Citizens
Others
Non-governmental organisations mean 5% in the above graphic. Nevertheless,
when analysing the gathered data separately, we find out that the mentioned 5%
belongs to the Lebanon region only. In the rest of the regions, the corresponding
strategies are neither addressed to non-governmental organisations nor represent
them.
In addition, local companies can be found as well (although being at a fair
distance). Again, when considering absolute data it can be observed that the
mentioned gap is present in all the strategies, with the exception of the Egyptian
one.
For the latter, it can be stated that local companies are conditioning the energy
strategy, as most surveys state that energy strategies are mainly addressed to
local companies.
Last but not least, the average result 10% obtained by the associations and
professionals of the sector is a result mainly related to the Alexandria region and
minority related to the Lebanon.
Apparently, the strategies in EU Member States are not addressed to that target
population.
In any case, the absolute data obtained from the reports on the state-of-the-art
that partner regions developed may be found as an annex to the present report.

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Despite certain regions have denounced the difficulty in obtaining data for their
reports, we can state the following general conclusions as facts constantly repeated
along all the reports:
First. - A general awareness among citizens must be achieved in order to improve
the prospect of the solar sector as well as to accelerate its growth.
Second. - The lack of funding and the current economic crisis are burdens to the
solar sector growth. The economic incentives are always supported by the
acceleration of the solar sector.
Third. - The possibility to simplify and ease bureaucratic procedures should be
assessed. Indeed, that would notably contribute to the solar sector growth.

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4. SHAAMS best practices transfer scheme.
The SHAAMS project consortium has bore in mind the following objectives when
defining the best practice transfer scheme:
To promote exchange of regional experiences, knowledge and existing good
practices in the promotion of solar energy solutions. It is important when
identifying best practices to identify their impact in the three levels of
activity of the project (political, economic and social).
To provide a set of measures and solutions that shall support the
development and implementation of solar energy solutions in the participant
regions.
To consolidate an extensive ENPI CBC Med network of policy, research and
social agents committed and interested in the development and
implementation of solar sector solutions.
To facilitate reaching solid political and institution commitments in the
participant regions, to transfer a minimum of practices and solutions and to
ensure the involvement of all the regions in their implementation.
To ensure an effective dissemination of the transfer initiatives to other
regions that might not be involved in the project.
Transferring best practices is a complex management process, which
requires the involvement of a significant number of agents and that requires
the external support of expert facilitators and agents.
Any best practices scheme can be subdivided into different stages, namely the
identification of the practices, their actual transfer and implementation in a different
context and, finally, the sustained consolidated and improvement within the
recipient region.

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Identifying best practices
Identification
Among the elements to be analysed during the identification of best
practices by the project consortium and the external agents are:
Current Programmes for the support of solar energy
Current and previous project on solar energy
Existing data bases
External methodologies for systematic exchange on best practice
Regional initiatives and operational structures
Social and economic initiatives
Analysis
All the data gathered in this process needs to be distilled into valuable
characteristics in order to set the most appropriate outcomes for the transfer
process. Each practice needs to be analysed bearing in mind the regional
particularities of the recipient country.
Moreover, an assessment of the regional motivations and determining factors for
the transfer process will be conducted.

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Consultation
Consultative events, coordinated by the project facilitators, will be conducted with
external agents and stakeholders in order to identify the most indicative
characteristics and standards of the best practices and to designate targets for the
transfer scheme.
Indicators definition
Using both the indicators identified during the project reports and in the
consultative actions the consortium will set up key transfer indicators. These will be
divided into two typologies:
Result analysis: including the relevance of the practices, their effectiveness and
appropriateness, their sustainability, etc.
Relevant conditions and success factors: Regional framework for implementation,
design, goals, objectives, results and performance indicators.
Transfer support activities
Encouraging a favourable environment
Several activities need to be conducted in support of the transfer scheme. In this
sense the project partners, supported by the project facilitators will conduct the
following actions in order to establish a more receptive environment in the regions
for the transfer of best practices.
The actions here developed will be, among other:
Support in de development of informative briefs on solar energy
Remote support on communication activities
Informative support
Making use of the events implemented throughout the project (study visits,
training actions, workshops, etc.)
Presentation of the project reports
Feedback on collection and transfer methodologies
Activating the institutional and operational resources
The projects partners, again supported by the project facilitators, will be in charge
of activating and ensuring the involvement of the institutional and operational
resources available in the different regions.

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This engagement will integrate policy makers, social agents and economic and
research representatives.
The process will be implemented by making use of the events conducted in the
project such as workshops, study visits, inter-sector events, etc.
Implementation of the transfer scheme
With direct and remote monitoring by the project partners and project facilitators,
stakeholders and relevant agents will be asked to test small scale implementation
actions on the best practices identified. This will be done by launching small-scale
validation actions and monitoring their results based on the previous indicators.
After collecting data on the small scale transfer actions the partners will draw the
guidelines for a full scale implementation plan considering the following elements:
Regional strategic context
Organisational and institutional fit
Identification of the primary implementers and delivery mechanisms
Implementation
Administrative support
External resource development
Policy and governance arrangements
The consortium is aware that any best practices transfer initiative demands some
changes in the performance, communication and behaviour of the parties involved,
including both the ‘the source’ and ‘the recipient’ of the practice. This will make
fundamental for both parties to work together in a coordinated manner. To ensure
that this coordination is properly achieved the role of the project facilitators will
again be fundamental.
In the following chapter some initiatives are analysed from which valuable lessons
can already be learnt.

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4.1 Other relevant European/International projects
or initiatives
As mentioned above, one of the objectives of the SHAAMS project is to identify and
create synergies in the field of solar energy with other projects co-financed by the
European Commission or other International organisations.
In order to plan “capitalisation” actions and to create a possible contact points with
these activities, a list of projects or relevant initiatives in the field of solar sector
will be described below.

Title of the project /
initiative
LP and contact Objective and field of application Regions involved or Partnership
“Sistemi a concentrazione
solare di tipo integrato'' -
ENPI CBC Med
ENEA Unità Tecnica Fonti
Rinnovabili
Dott. Francesco Di Mario
francesco.dimario@enea.it
To utilize solar energy for the production of
electric power and high-temperature water
for heating and process to make water
drinkable
Italy, Greece, France, Jordan; Egypt; Cyprus (started in
Feb. 2012)
DIDSOLIT-PB/solar energy -
ENPI CBC MED
Development and
implementation of
decentralised solar energy-
related innovative
technologies for public
buildings in the Mediterranean
Basin countries. Within this
complex energy scenario.
Beneficiary:
AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF
BARCELONA/
Duration:
36 months (December 2012 -
December 2015)
Budget
• Total budget: € 4.438.553
• Programme contribution: €
3.994.694 (90%)
• Project co-financing: € 443.859
(10%)
Contact person
joaquim.verges@didsolit.org
alex.parella@didsolit.org
DIDSOLIT-PB aims to implement small-
scale solar systems for public premises
including innovative solutions such as
photovoltaic glass-substitute sheets, solar
cooling or photovoltaic coverage of buildings
roofs and car parks shady-covers.
Technology transfer and design of dedicated
financing instruments will also be addressed
by the project.
Partnership:
Institute for Innovation and Sustainable Development
(Greece, Dytiki Ellada); Egyptian Association for Energy
and Environment (Egypt, Al Iskandanyah);Al-Balqa'
Applied University (Jordan, Al-Balga); University of
Alexandria (Egypt, Al Iskandanyah); Incubator of New
Enterprises of Chania (Greece, Dytiki Ellada); Eco-
System Europa, SL (Spain, Cataluña).
Eco-innovation The objective is to boost Europe’s
environmental and competitive standing by
supporting innovative solutions that protect
the environment while creating a larger
market for “green” technologies,
management methods, products and
services.
EU 27
Intelligent Energy – Europe
(IEE)
Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) offers a
helping hand to organisations willing to
improve energy sustainability. Launched in
2003 by the European Commission, the
programme is part of a broad push to create
an energy-intelligent future for us all. It
supports EU energy efficiency and renewable
energy policies, with a view to reaching the
EU 2020 targets (20% cut in greenhouse
gas emissions, 20% improvement in energy
efficiency and 20% of renewables in EU
energy consumption).
EU 27 plus Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Croatia and
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

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STS-Med
Small scale thermal solar
district units for Mediterranean
communities
Beneficiary
ARCA Consortium (Italy, Sicilia).
Duration
36 months (November 2012 -
November 2015)
Budget
4.458.161(90%)
• Project co-financing: €
495.351(10%)
Contact person
Fabio Maria Montagnino
ARCA Consortium manager
+39 091 661 5611
info@stsmed.eu
STS-Med will contribute to the diffusion and
development of Concentrated Solar (CS)
small scale integrated systems, a high
energy efficiency technology with a potential
for replication across the Mediterranean
area.
Partnership:
The Cyprus Institute (Cyprus); Cyprus Chamber of
Commerce and Industry (Cyprus); Academy for
Scientific Research and Technology (Egypt, Al
Iskandanyah); New and Renewable Energy Authority
(Egypt); Elsewedy Electric (Egypt, Al Iskandanyah);
French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy
Commission; (France, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur);
CEEI Provence - Innovation business support (France,
Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur); University of Athens,
Institute of Accelerating Systems and Application
(Greece, Attiki); Al Balqa Applied University (Jordan,
Irbid); Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
(Jordan);Millenium Energy Industries (Jordan, Amman);
ENEA - National Agency for New Technologies, Energy
and Sustainable Economic; Development (Italy, Lazio);
Sicily Region - Department of Production Activities
(Italy, Sicilia)
MED-DESIRE
MEDiterranean DEvelopment of
Support schemes for solar
Initiatives and Renewable
Energies.
Beneficiary
Puglia Region - Research and
Competitiveness Service,
Industrial Research and
Technological
Innovation Office (Italy, Puglia).
Duration
36 months (January 2013 -
December 2015)
Budget
4.191.306 (90%)
(10%)
Contact person
Francesco Clarizio - Officer, Puglia
Region
f.clarizio@regione.puglia.it
+39 080.540.5971
MED-DESIRE main priority is to achieve
tangible results on these challenges,
removing barriers related to the legal,
regulatory, economic and organizational
framework of distributed solar energy
technologies.
Partnership:
Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea
(Italy, Lazio); Italian National Agency for New
Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic.
Development (Italy, Lazio); Andalusian Energy Agency
(Spain, Andalucía); Andalusian Institute of Technology
(Spain, Andalucía); CIEMA - Solar Plataform of Almeria
(Spain, Andalucía); The National Agency for Energy
Conservation (Tunisia, Tunis); Lebanese Center for
Energy Conservation (Lebanon); New and Renewable
Energy Authority (Egypt).
MED-SOLAR
Promoting and implementing
innovative solar technologies
in public buildings and
Beneficiary
Trama TecnoAmbiental S.L.
(Spain, Cataluña)
The countries of the Mediterranean area face
the same specific energy reality: the
increase in the energy price and the
Partnership
Polytechnical University of Catalonia (Spain, Cataluña)
Solartys (Spain, Cataluña)
Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies
alternatives (France, Rhône-Alpes)

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industrial facilities Machrek
Energy Development-Solar. Duration
30 months (January 2013 - June
2015)
Budget
2.656.771 (90%)
(10%)
Contact person
Antoine Graillot
Project manager, Africa and
Mediterranean Countries
Trama TecnoAmbiental S.L.
antoine.graillot@tta.com.es
+34 934.463.234
weakness of the electrical grid (impossibility
of having increase in the power supply,
interruptions, etc.), which reduces the
security of supply in critical facilities such as
hospital and schools as well as the proper
development of the small and medium size
industries. These problems are common to
the target countries of MED-Solar project
(Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine) where all
the population is actually connected to the
grid, but with scarce quality and regular
interruptions and cuts-off. Instead of using
exclusively polluting and expensive fuel
generators against electricity interruption,
the project proposes to provide the
generators with a solar photovoltaic system
for energy backup. With the achievement of
MED-Solar the energy situation in the three
target countries will improve by reducing
energy costs, decreasing the dependence on
imported fuel and improving the security of
supply through the use of clean energy
resources.
Energy Research Center, An-Najah University
(Palestine)
United Nations Development Programme Lebanon
(Lebanon)
National Energy Research Center (Jordan, Amman)
FOSTEr in MED
Aiming to implement and
diffuse innovative solar
technologies Fostering Solar
Technology in the
Mediterranean area
Beneficiary
University of Cagliari -
Department of Civil Engineering,
Environment and Architecture
(Italy, Sardegna)
Duration
36 months (December 2012 -
December 2015)
Budget
•Total budget: € 4.500.000
•Programme contribution:
FOSTEr in MED intends to fully exploit the
potential of solar technologies through the
transfer of technical knowhow to actors of
the sector (SMEs, engineers, students), the
identification of best practices in the policy
and regulatory fields and the
implementation of five pilot projects aiming
to equip public buildings with innovative
solar photovoltaic plants.
Partnership
Association of Mediterranean Chambers of Commerce
and Industry (Spain, Cataluña); Chamber of Commerce
of Cagliari, Special Agency Center of Services for
Enterprises (Italy, Sardegna); Confederation of Egyptian
European Business Associations (Egypt, Al
Iskandanyah); Industrial Research Institute (Lebanon);
Royal Scientific Society (Jordan, Al-Aqaba); Chamber of
Commerce and Industry of Tunis (Tunisia, Tunis);
Autonomous Region of Sardinia (Italy, Sardegna)

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4.050.000 (90%)
• Project co-financing: 450.000
(10%)
Contact person
Nicola Nieddu
Project coordinator, University of
Cagliari
fosterinmed@tiscali.it
+39 070.675.5811

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5. The SHAAMS POLICY ACCELARATOR
5.1 The European situation of the solar policies: EU’s
Renewable Energy Directive.
When talking about solar energy policies at European Level, it is necessary to take
into account that the solar sector is included under the European flagship of the
Renewable Energy.
In January 2007, the European Commission published a Renewable Energy
Roadmap outlining a long-term strategy that called for a mandatory target of a 20
percent share of renewable energies in the EU's energy mix by 2020. EU adopted
the Directive in April 2009 (2009/28/EC), which set individual targets for each
member state. Later in March 2010, the “Europe 2020” strategy incorporated
climate control goals to the binding EU-wide target of 20 percent renewable energy
by 2020. It also improves the legal framework for promoting renewable electricity
and requires national action plans for the development of renewable energy
sources.
The Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC launched a European framework for
the promotion of renewable energy, setting mandatory national renewable energy
targets for achieving a 20% share of renewable energy in the final energy
consumption and a 10% share of energy from renewable sources in transport by
2020. These goals are headline targets of the European 2020 strategy for growth,
since they contribute to Europe's industrial innovation and technological leadership
as well as reducing emissions, improving the security of our energy supply and
reducing our energy import dependence.
The Climate and Energy package includes the following acts:
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 - reduction of CO2 emissions from Light Duty
Vehicles
Directive 2009/28/EC – Renewable Energy Sources
Directive 2009/29/EC – Emission Trading Scheme
Directive 2009/30/EC – Fuel Quality Directive
Directive 2009/31/EC – Carbon Capture and Storage
Decision No 406/2009/EC – « effort sharing »

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The directive also requires the simplification of the administrative regimes faced by
renewable energy, together with improvements to the electricity grid, to improve
access for electricity from renewable energy. It established a comprehensive
sustainability scheme for biofuels and bio liquids with compulsory monitoring and
reporting requirements. All biofuels used for compliance with the 10% target and
that benefit from national support are required to comply with the scheme.
Member States should complete the transposition of the Renewable Energy
Directive as soon as possible and should increase their efforts in addressing barriers
to the uptake of renewable energy by following these steps:
taking measures to reduce administrative burdens and delays;
developing the electricity grid and better integrating renewable energy into
the market;
developing support schemes more stable and transparent but also cost-
effective and market-oriented.
On 27 March 2013, the European Commission published its first Renewable
Energy Progress Report under the framework of the 2009 Renewable Energy
Directive. Since the adoption of this directive and the introduction of legally binding
renewable energy targets, most Member States experienced significant growth in
renewable energy consumption.
2010 figures indicate that the EU as a whole is on its trajectory towards the 2020
targets with a renewable energy share of 12.7%. Moreover, in 2010 the majority of
Member States already reached their 2011/2012 interim targets set in the
Directive. However, as the trajectory grows steeper towards the end, more efforts
will still be needed from the Member States in order to reach the 2020 targets.
A recent report by the JRC did a technical assessment of the individual National
Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) submitted to the European Commission
and found that EU member states plan to reach an overall share of 20.7 percent of
energy from renewable sources by 2020. The JRC assessment concludes that
almost half the EU states are planning to exceed their own targets and will actually
be able to provide surplus energy for other member states.
As seen, the European Commission and the EU member states are extremely active
in the definition of common solar/energy guidelines and objectives as well as in
defining long term lines of action. However, this is not replicated at ENPICBC MED

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level where a lack of common and integrated policies and strategies can be
observed, making it more difficult to align with the SHAAMS project framework.
Nevertheless, while EU Member States’ policies foresee –thanks to the legal
framework fostered by the Union- to fulfil the established objectives or at least to
get close to them, in the case of non-EU Member States the situation is different.
When analysing the current state-of-the-art and the developing strategy of non EU
project partners, the following can be concluded:
 In Lebanon and Egypt, it is first necessary to reinforce the transport and
distribution grids in order to be able to respond to the demands as well as to
accept new photovoltaic production facilities. The main problem in the case
of the Lebanon is the production, as currently only 75% of the energy
demand is supplied.
 Considering the outputs of the current solar technology, authorities should
assess the possibility of fostering personal-consumption through
photovoltaic solar facilities instead of maintaining the current back
generators that are massively used in the industrial sector as well as among
low-voltage consumers (households and commerce).
 To decrease fossil fuel dependency, it is necessary to discourage the grants
addressed to high polluting systems and turn them to the modernization of
infrastructures and the dissemination and support to public-private
collaboration, which could enable the growth of the solar sector.
 The development strategies for the solar sector in non-EU countries foresee
the following objectives by 2020:
Jordan: 10% of supplied energy by means of renewal resources.
Egypt: 20% of the electricity total production by means of renewal
resources by 2020 (mainly wind power -12%- and hydroelectric
power -8%-). Solar production would reach 2% of the energy mix.
Lebanon holds a strategy that strongly supports thermic solar energy.
In that sense, Lebanon has settled an objective of 1.050.000 m2
installed by 2020. With regards to photovoltaic solar power, 100-150
Mw are foreseen to be installed in big size plants (nearly 3% of the
production estimated by 2020). Besides, it is foreseen to foster
personal-consumption.
In this sense, at ENPI CBC level, it might be argued that the European Commission’
Mediterranean Solar Plan is still the most relevant initiatives.

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5.2 The Mediterranean Solar Plan
The Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP), launched in July 2008 as one of the major
initiatives under the Union for the Mediterranean, is designed to ensure that
increased electricity demand in the region can be met in a sustainable and
renewable way.
The MSP aims to achieve this through the development of 20 GW of generation
capacity from renewable energy sources on the south and southeast shore of the
Mediterranean for own production and possible export to Europe. A key element of
the plan is also the promotion of a new regulatory framework to better encourage
the development of renewable energies and to facilitate the exchange of electricity.
The Mediterranean Solar Plan is a result of collaboration on renewable energy
between the EU and its Southern and Southeast Mediterranean neighbours,
involving support to the production of solar energy in North Africa. Furthermore,
the MSP promotes Energy Efficiency to support significant energy savings in the
region.
The Plan has two complementary targets: developing 20 GW of new renewable
energy production capacities, and achieving significant energy savings around the
Mediterranean by 2020, thus addressing both supply and demand.
Energy demand in the Middle East and North Africa is facing a sharp increase and is
expected to double over the next ten years. The EU had set itself the target of
reaching a 20% share for renewable energy in the EU’s final internal energy
consumption by 2010. The role of solar technologies in mitigating climate change is
unquestionable. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the direct benefits of
improved co-operation between countries are recognised and innovation and
private sector investments in the sector encouraged. It is a win-win situation for
everybody.
The EU is supporting the MSP through a number of projects including the project
'Paving the Way for the Mediterranean Solar Plan' that was launched in October
2010 and ended in September 2013. In order to achieve far-reaching impacts in
promoting the solar sector in MENA countries, it is crucial for SHAAMS to
understand, coordinate with, and capitalize on, the MSP Master Plan which has been
the output of this 3 years process.

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Furthermore a number of other projects such as the 'Support for the Enhanced
Integration and the Improved Security of the Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market'
(MED – EMIP) and the second phase of the project 'Energy Efficiency in the
Construction Sector' (MED ENEC) contribute to laying the conditions for a
renewable energy production and increased energy efficiency in the Mediterranean
region.
Besides Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency is one of the priorities under the
EU Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) which provides support to
infrastructure investments in the region in cooperation with the European Finance
Institutions.
Focus on key areas
According to the strategy paper, the MSP complements existing Euro-Mediterranean
activities and will co-operate fully with existing structures in the field of renewable
energy and associated grid infrastructure development, with a specific focus on the
following areas:
Setting up of an adequate legal, regulatory, economic, institutional and
organisational environment to enable the development and massive
deployment of solar energy and other renewable energy technologies, and
to facilitate their exchange or trade.
Examine and promote, in cooperation with European and International
Financial Institutions, the best use of all possibilities to finance investments
in renewable energy.
Promote the development of electricity interconnections in order to establish
a viable “green electricity” import and export framework.
Support energy efficiency initiatives and energy savings to realise energy
saving goals by 2020.
Facilitate extensive co-operation on all technology aspects
Avail all EU carbon mechanisms for the benefits of both Mediterranean sides
with the purpose of improving the economics of projects under the MSP.
Continue regular dialogue between stakeholders of the MSP for close
coordination and successful implementation.

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The strategy paper foresees the development of a Master Plan for the deployment
of large-scale investments that will be tentatively officially approved by the UfM
Ministerial Meeting in December 2013.
The development of the Master Plan took place in close collaboration with the team
of the forthcoming €5 million EU-funded technical assistance project “Paving the
Way to the Mediterranean Solar Plan” as well as with other EU cooperation
initiatives, and with the MED-REG Association of Energy Regulators.
Complementing the MSP: the role of regional energy programmes
The MSP complements the work being done under a number of interconnecting
Mediterranean energy projects, funded under the European Neighbourhood and
Partnership Instrument2
(ENPI):
MED-REG II - Energy regulators: Supports the development of a modern and
efficient energy regulatory framework in the Mediterranean Partner Countries and
strengthens their cooperation with EU energy regulators. It supports the transfer of
knowledge, as well as the signature of Memoranda of Understanding and/or
Recommendations on the minimum competencies and requirements that Euro-
Mediterranean Regulatory Authorities would need in order to reach a consistent,
harmonized and investment-friendly regulatory framework. Its main activities are
carried out through the General Assembly and ad-hoc groups, comprising officials
working within the national regulatory authorities. MEDREG action will result in
consolidation of the network of EuroMed energy regulators and implementation of
minimum competences and organisational structure of Euro-Mediterranean
Regulatory Authorities.
MED-EMIP - Energy cooperation: A platform for energy policy dialogue and
exchange of experiences, leading to enhanced Euro-Med cooperation, integration of
the energy markets and improved security and sustainability -
http://www.medemip.eu/
MED-ENEC II - Energy efficiency in construction: Encourages energy efficiency and
the use of solar energy in the construction sector, through capacity building, fiscal
and economic instruments and pilot projects - http://www.med-enec.com/
2
Although it remains out of the SHAAMS scope, it is relevant to stressed the importance of IMME _
Maghreb Electricity Market Integration initiative.

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Promoting MSP investment through the Neighbourhood Investment Facility
(NIF)
The Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) has been designed to create a
“partnership” bringing together grants from the European Commission and the EU
Member States with loans from European public Finance Institutions as well as own
contributions from the ENP partner countries.
The overarching objective of the NIF is to mobilise additional investments to
support the establishment of an area of prosperity and good neighbourliness
involving the EU and neighbouring countries.
The NIF’ strategic Objectives include:
Establishing better energy infrastructure
Addressing threats to our common environment including climate change
Thus the NIF strongly supports the objectives of the MSP and serves as a key
financing mechanism for MSP projects.
Since its start in June 2008 the NIF has approved 12 projects in Southern
Mediterranean countries representing a total investment of more than €5 billion. In
addition to the 4 ongoing projects directly related to MSP and renewable energy, 5
new projects in these areas are in the 2010 NIF pipeline.
5.3 Existing relevant practices
The SHAAMS POLICY ACCELERATOR relevant practices section aims to identify
relevant practices among existing support policies in each region involved in the
project as well as European level and ENPICBC med level in order, after their
selection and study, to set up a pull of Best practices to be transferred.
SHAAMS POLICY ACCELERATOR Description of the practice nº 1
Name of the project
Deliverable(s) or output(s) that constitute the
core good practice(s) of the project
ELIH-Med
Energy Efficiency in Low-income Housing in the
Mediterranean
Project rationale The project is focused on identifying and
experimenting on a large scale a set of practical
and innovative technical options and financial
mechanisms targeted to develop energy

Page | 30
efficiency in low income housing. A first step will
be dedicated to assess the current trend in
energy consumption and performance of low
income households in the Med area, describe the
current public and private policies implemented
for energy retrofitting and their potential impact
on energy consumption at the horizon.
Project essentials The mission of ELIH-Med is to identify innovative
technical solutions and financing mechanisms to
improve energy efficiency in low-income housings
in the Mediterranean area. Moreover,
demonstration projects will be implemented to
verify these innovative findings. As a strategy
project, additionally, ELIH-Med shall put its
efforts to develop and get a political consensus
on a transnational operational program on energy
efficiency in low-income buildings, as a
component of a macro regional strategy in the
Mediterranean area.
Contact persons/institutions ENEA – Lead Partner
Casaccia – 301 Via Anguillarese
00123 Rome, Italy
Tel: +39 06 30 48 47 13
fad@enea.it
anna.moreno@enea.it
Name of the project
Energy for Mayors
http://www.energyformayors.eu/en/contact-us
Project rationale The aim of the ENERGY for MAYORS project is to
contribute to the successful implementation of
the Covenant of Mayors, a European initiative for
climate protection, through:
- strengthening its Coordinators and
Supporters to enable them to assist
municipalities in signing the Covenant of Mayors,
as well as through strengthening the role of local

Page | 31
governments as political and administrative
bodies;
- assisting in the development and
implementation of Sustainable Energy Action
Plans (SEAPs) in selected municipalities;
- monitoring SEAP implementation and its
results and improving the efficiency of energy
management in selected municipalities;
- increasing the number of Covenant
Coordinators and Supporters.
Project essentials The ENERGY for MAYORS project is based on a
consideration that Covenant Coordinators (CC)
and Supporters (CS) play vital role in Covenant
implementation but they need guidance in order
to be successful and effectively support Covenant
signatories, in particular small and medium
municipalities who lack necessary skills and
resources to fulfill Covenant requirements. The
project assumes building CC and CS capacity
through organization of specific trainings,
development and dissemination of a toolbox,
exchange of experience and networking.
* The Covenant of Mayors is an ambitious
initiative engaging European cities and towns in
fight against climate change. Covenant
signatories commit themselves to go beyond the
EU climate and energy goals set for 2020 by
reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in their
territories by at least 20%. To achieve this,
signatories develop Sustainable Energy Action
Plans (SEAPs), implement energy efficiency and
renewable energy actions, both in public and
private sector of their communities, and organize
Energy Days. These efforts are strongly
supported by the European Commission (EC), the
CoM Office and the Covenant Coordinators and
Supporters
Good practice features Toolbox of Methodologies Climate and Energy
Contact persons/institutions pattosindacinapoli@anea.eu

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Name of the project
ENERGYMED – Conference Exhibition on
Renewable Sources and Energy Efficiency in
Mediterranean
Ideal context to discuss the State of the art of
innovative sectors related to renewable energy
sources (solar, wind, thermal), recovery and
recycling of matter (Recycle Fair), sustainable
mobility (Sustainable Mobility Fair) and efficient
building (Eco-Building Fair).
Project rationale EnergyMed represents the focal point where
enterprises, local authorities, research centres,
associations and technicians can engage on
issues of renewable energy, energy efficiency,
sustainable mobility, building and recycling
Project essentials Strengthening the relationship between the world
of business, local authorities, industry and the
public, providing an effective instrument of
business promotion to local, domestic and foreign
businesses
Represent a point of reference for the
institutions, universities and associations, in
order to help overcome the obstacles that still, in
our country, slowing down the development of
renewable energy sources
Focus the attention of national and local
legislators to new energy technology
Good practice features B2B MEETINGS: bilateral meetings planned to
promote collaboration between companies and
research centers exhibiting at the Fair
ENERGYMED AWARD: for the best energy-saving
project realized with the third-party financing
methodology
NINO ALFANO AWARD: for best redevelopment
project energy for buildings education approved
in the period 2010-2012

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TEST DRIVE ZERO EMISSION: test run available
to visitors that can test the latest generation of
zero emission vehicles made available by the
leading companies in the field of electric traction
INFOPOINT: presence at the Exhibition of the
main national Contact Point as: ICE to promote
Italian economic and trade relations with foreign
countries, with particular attention to the needs
of small and medium-sized enterprises; GSE that
promotes and supports renewable energy sources
(RES) in Italy, promotes sustainable development
by providing support for the generation of
renewable electricity (RES-E) strengthening,
through concrete actions, awareness of the use of
sustainable energy
PARTNERSHIP WITH OTHER EXHIBITIONS:
creation of a network with major trade fairs of
the energy and environmental sector located on
the Italian territory in order to promote the
issues and commercial developments related to
energy efficiency, recycling, sustainable mobility
MEDITERRANEAN FAIRS NETWORK: creation of
an international network with some Fairs present
in the countries of the Mediterranean basin
(Energaia, ENERMED Tunisie) for the promotion
of related sectors (energy, recycling, sustainable
mobility), created with the objective of further
strengthening the renewable energy sector.
Contact persons/institutions info@energymed.it
Name of the project
“Sustainable development & Environment Chart
of the CASA” (Communauté d’Agglomération de
Sophia Antipolis).
Project rationale Commitment of 24 cities to respect a chart
dealing with environment and sustainable
development

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Project essentials 10 topics are covered by this chart:
Education for environment
Risks management
Improving transport and development of clean
vehicles
Improving waste collection and treatment
Development of building quality
Protection and promotion of the coast
Implementation of innovating projects
Supporting the agricultural sector
Exemplarity of CASA
Contact persons/institutions Communauté d’Agglomération de Sophia
Antipolis
http://www.casa-infos.fr/
Laurent CARRIE
Director l.carrie@agglo-casa.fr
Name of the project
Feed-in tariffs for power from PV
Outputs
The increase of the installed solar PV in Greece
the last 5 years is presented in the Table 1.
Table 1: Greek annual PV development
Year Installed
during
the year
(MW)
Total
installed
(MW)
Annual
growth
(%)
2008 2.0 11
2009 35.1 46.1 319
2010 152.4 198.5 331
2011 425.8 624.3 215
2012 912.0 1536.3 145
Project rationale To encourage investments in PV systems

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Both in relative and absolute terms, Greece has
become today one of the world leaders in solar
PVs. The installed PV per capita in selected
markets in 2013 is presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Installed solar PVs in various
markets (30.1.2013)
Country KWp/capita
Germany 0.387
Italy 0.277
Greece 0.142
Australia 0.089
France 0.053
USA 0.026
England 0.023
As in Germany and Italy, the world’s largest
markets for solar PVs, Greece uses a system of
feed-in tariffs, which has revolutionized solar
development in the country.
Project essentials To offer an attractive feed-in tariff.
During 2008-2010, the feed-in tariffs were high,
in the range of 0.45 – 0.55 € /KWh, but later on
they were decreased and currently they are in
the range of 0.10-0.12 €/KWh.
Good practice features Take-off PV investments
The Greek solar PV development in 2012
according to the PV power capacity is presented
in Table 3.
Table 3: Greek solar PV development in
2012
PV Power %
<10 KW (Installed on
the roofs of buildings )
19%
10-20 KW 4%

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20-150 KW 35%
150-2000 KW 26%
>2000 KW 13%
During the current year, installed PVs continued
to increase in Greece and during January 2013,
300 new MWp of solar PVs were installed in the
country. It is estimated that totally 2.580 MW will
have been installed in Greece by the end of 2013,
and 2.820 MW by the end of 2014. It is worth
noting that for the year 2020 the target for solar
PVs in Greece (regarding the EU directive
2009/28/EU) is 2.200 MW installed; this target
will have almost been achieved many years in
advance.
The targets for solar PVs in Greece according to
the EU directive 2009/28/EU are presented in
Table 4.
Table 4. Targets of Solar PVs in Greece
Year Total MW
installed
2013 778
2014 1024
2015 1270
2016 1456
2017 1642
2018 1828
2019 2014
2020 2200
Therefore, it can be concluded that, for Greece,
the best practice for solar energy development is
the successful policies for solar PVs.
Contact persons/institutions National Electrical Grid Company

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Name of the project
Deliverable(s) or output(s) that
constitute the core good practice(s) of
the project
PWMSP – paving the way for a Mediterranean solar plan.
Project rationale
It assists the Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC) to
create conditions that are conducive to greater use
of sustainable energy based on solar, wind and other
renewable energy sources, combined with energy
efficiency and savings in the region. This includes
results and activities which contribute to the development
and implementation of the Mediterranean Solar Plan
(MSP).
Project essentials The project engages in various types of activities such as
the development of national and regional road maps for
regulatory reform and institutional development,
development of sustainable energy policies, transfer of
knowledge via training courses, specific study reports on
issues at stake, analysis of infrastructure needs for the
MSP, regional and sub-regional workshops and seminars,
promotion of cooperation in Research, Development and
Innovation (RDI) and the transfer of clean technologies.
Good practice features Issuing sustainable energy policy roadmap for Lebanon
Contact persons/institutions
Florian Sauter-Servaes
Team Leader
Cairo Project Office
39 Beirut Street, 8th floor
Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt
Tel. +20 2 2290 2117
mobile +20 1141 084924
f.sauter@mvv-decon.com
Partners: TERNA (Italy), RTE (France), ENEA (Italy),
Sonelgaz (Algeria)
www.pavingthewaymsp.com

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5.4 Global needs analysis
The need to overcome the negative impacts on the environment and other
problems associated with dependency on fossil fuels has forced many countries to
inquire into a prompt change towards more environment-friendly alternatives based
on renewable sources able to sustain the increasing energy demand; in this
context, solar energy has proven to be one of the best available alternatives
showing a very limited negative effect on the environment. 3
The regional reports (especially those coming from ENPICBC MED) highlight that
off-grid solar energy systems, stand-alone and mini-grids, have the prospective to
play a significant role in achieving the goal of increasing the use of renewable
energies. In this sense, the solar energy solutions, as many other renewable energy
technologies, are highly praised for its ability to produce electricity with limited
environmental effects.
It is for this reason that solar energy has been integrated in most environmental
policies of the regional and policy makers have targeted solar energy as
fundamental for the implementation of new environmental policies.
As an example of this, at the beginning of 2010, the Lebanese government adopted
an objective of gradually increasing the share of renewable energies in the supply
chain of primary energy from 3% in 2010 to 12% by 2020 as part of its energy
plan. In parallel, action plans and ambitious sector-based programmes are being
currently prepared. In a similar way, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
of Jordan updated in 2007 its energy policy to turn into a more sustainable
energetic economy by 2020.
With the publication of the regional law No. 1 of February 2013, the Campania
Region expressed its strong interest in the promotion of environmental and
sustainability issues as well as in solar energy in particular; in fact, the Region
considers sustainable endogenous resources as fundamental for meeting its energy
needs in a more sustainable way, and has adapted all its activities to this purpose,
from home to school, from mobility to work, from culture to health.
3
HELIOSTHANA, A Mediterranean Sustainable Energy Country - Authored by Emmanuel Bergasse, Adel
Mourtada, Jean-Philippe Denruyter, 2010.

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Egypt´s energy strategy, approved in February 2008, is aimed at achieving the
following objectives:
The contribution by renewable energies must reach 20% of the total
electricity generation by 2020.
Specific targets have been established for solar and wind energy
The EE& Renewable Energy component was identified as one of the key elements
leading to a specific RE law (target of 10% by 2020) which provides for the creation
of an EE& Renewable Energy fund (being implemented with the support of the AFD,
World Bank and GEF).
According to the project partners, it is important that this political commitment is
transformed into visible and realisable achievements and not just as simple scraps
of paper. This is the reason why a common strategy and approach, based on the
specifics needs of each region but based on a common perspective of the sector
needs to be fostered. Sharing common objectives, transferring best practices and
identifying common opportunities is an unavoidable task for the eclosion of the
sector and this is expressed by, and should be measured against, the MSP Master
Plan to verify the impact of the actions undertook.
This policy based collaboration must be reflected in efficient solar sector support
initiatives impacting industry, research and the economic development of the
regions. Examples of the gains thus achieved are the improvement of the regions’
technology and innovation knowledge, the identification of new economic niches
and markets or the adaptation of technological assets.
Industrial and urban areas might benefit from this common approach, but also rural
areas, an extensive part of the region’s geography must be considered when
defining such strategies. Hosting solar energy solutions and technologies must be
regarded as an example of how policy actions need to broaden their perspective
when dealing with sustainable energy solutions.
Reflecting on these points shows that the development of a common solar energy
strategy must consider the multifaceted needs and opportunities of the regions and
learn from the insights provided by other territories.
This, it is argued by the project can only be achieved through the promotion of
dialogue and exchange and the implementation of joint efforts.

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5.5 Global conclusions
Renewable energy policy, and especially the solar policy, is expected to deliver in
three areas: energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic
development (job creation).
As emerged during the analysis one of the key points detected as global project
result is the huge amount of institutions and initiatives that are directly involved in
the policy definition and/or implementation and that are involving the above
mentioned areas.
To guarantee these positive impacts a step towards an effective cooperation in
the Mediterranean should be to structure and coordinate the multiple
initiatives pursuing similar objectives (such as the Union for the Mediterranean,
IPemed; MEDELE, MEDgrid; EnpiCBCMed, among others to generate stronger
impact and added value to the Solar MED initiatives and finally) and policy tools
(such as the Solar MED Plan and the EU policies), to capitalize the efforts and
results.
So, once again, it remains crucial to determine and establish mechanisms and
tools to ensure a concrete and coordinated implementation of both public and
private solar energy initiatives. The elaboration of this mechanism is one of the
most relevant proposals that the SHAAMS project is discussing in order to bring a
long-lasting value added to ENPICBC MED solar initiatives. Surpassing the main
project scope will offer not only at Consortium level but also at global level a great
opportunity for generating a common ENPICBC MED capitalisation effort that will
finally incorporate, at least, all the ENPICBC’ solar projects results. With this goal in
mind the capitalisation mechanisms is aimed at setting the basis for the new
programme period (2014-2020) and build a bridge with the Med Solar Plan.
The regional and transversal policy initiatives require special efforts to be made in
order to ensure that all the actions identified not only contributed to a common
strategy but could also be integrated with other ENPICBC MED regions excluded in
a first stage by the project scope, in order to guarantee a real capitalization effect.
The evolution to an efficient and virtuous “solar MED energy system” cannot be
forced but needs to be built according to a clear, flexible model with the support of
all the stakeholders.

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Promote, in Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt, the development of National Solar
Plans with a mix of small and large-scale projects for local markets and
exports.
Promote, especially in Spain, a dialogue with the Central Authorities, to
promote a flexible scheme to incentive solar energy.
Give renewable energies priority access to the grid between the EU and
neighbouring countries, as in the EU.
Facilitate cooperation between the European Union MED countries and
neighbouring countries and especially between grid operators.
Facilitate and support environmental research and socio-economic research
in important areas
Foster local programs for recovering and recycling solar panels in
partnership with industry and vocational training initiatives.
Identify and defend the interest of the ENPI CBC MED regions in
international negotiations on climate change.
To support the demand of EU of renewable energy and to support the
production of solar energy in order to increase solar energy imports from
neighbouring countries.
Inform and raise the awareness of citizen of the environmental and
economic benefits of renewable energies, especially solar.
Design, implement and monitor energy strategies in synergy with climate,
transport, industrial strategies.

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6. The SHAAMS ENTERPRISE RESEARCH
ACCELERATOR
6.1 The European situation of the R&D and solar market.
6.1.1 Focus on R&D: The EU'S HORIZON 2020 Programme
As it has been mentioned before, the Horizon 2020 is the new EU framework
programme for research and innovation under the upcoming multiannual financial
framework 2014-2020, which sets budget priorities.
It will represent one of the main tools for the financing of photovoltaic R&D
projects at EU level.
Running from 2014 to 2020 with a budget of just over €70 billion, the EU’s new
programme for research and innovation is part of the drive to create new growth
and jobs in Europe4
.
Horizon 2020 provides major simplification through a single set of rules.
It will combine all research and innovation funding currently provided through the
Framework Programmes for Research and Technical Development, the innovation
related activities of the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme
(CIP) and the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).
The proposed support for research and innovation under Horizon 2020 will:
Strengthen the EU’s position in science with a dedicated budget of € 24 341
million. This will provide a boost to top-level research in Europe, including
the very successful European Research Council (ERC).
Strengthen industrial leadership in innovation € 17 015 million. This includes
major investment in key technologies, greater access to capital and support
for SMEs.
Provide € 30 956 million to help address major concerns shared by all
Europeans such as climate change, developing sustainable transport and
mobility, making renewable energy more affordable, ensuring food safety
and security, or coping with the challenge of an ageing population.
4
The numbers shown here are subject to the approval of the Multiannual Financial Framework
Regulation by the European Parliament and the Council.

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Horizon 2020 will tackle societal challenges by helping to bridge the gap between
research and the market by, for example, helping innovative enterprise to develop
their technological breakthroughs into viable products with real commercial
potential.
This market-driven approach will include creating partnerships with the private
sector and Member States to bring together the resources needed.
6.2 The SOLAR EUROPE INDUSTRY INITIATIVE (SEII) and the European
photovoltaic Technology platform
The Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan represents the technology pillar of the
European climate and energy policy.
It also represents the framework within which the Solar Europe Industry
Initiative (SEII) has been established. 5 other European Industrial Initiatives
have been created, each one dedicated to one of the low-carbon technology
identified by the SET Plan.
The European Photovoltaic Technology Platform is the main forum for PV
stakeholders to create a strategy and corresponding implementation plan for
research & technology development, education and market deployment of
photovoltaic.
6.3 The R&D for energy and the solar market in the ENPI CBC MED
The renewable energy market in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in
general and more specifically in ENPI CBC MED regions is growing rapidly, with a
varied range of countries announcing projects and policies to connect the region’s
abundance of renewable energy resources for economic growth and energy security
enhancement.
Those dates refer also to the solar sector that recent years have seen a groundswell
of government and commercial interest. 5
5
Source: Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’Energie (OME), Solar Thermal in the Mediterranean Region:
Market Assessment Report (Nanterre, France: 2012).

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Solar Water heating installed Capacity
Total Capacity (MWth) Total Collector Area (m²)
Egypt (2012) 525.0 750,000
Jordan (2012) 350.0 500,000
Lebanon (2012) 245.0 350,000
Strong demographic growth, urbanisation, and economic expansion, as well as
water scarcity, have resulted in urgent needs for additional energy supplies. With
high fossil fuel prices, solar energy has become a progressively attractive
alternative to local oil and gas consumption.
Solar energy is also considered as an opportunity for electricity exports, industrial
diversification, new value-chain activities, technology transfer, and better
environmental footprints.
The trends presented by the regional reports evidence the increasing contribution of
modern solar energy sources to meet the ENPICBC MED region’s energy needs.
Actually solar growth is expected to be strong both in CSP and PV and will probably
surpass wind by 2020.
6.4 The R&D and the market strategies
“Electricity is a vital driver in the socio-economic development of modern societies.
This is particularly true for the Mediterranean region, with its rapidly growing
population and increasing socio-economic needs; it is also an appropriate tool for
improving the efﬁciency of many end-use applications and for reducing greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions.
To best ascertain the crucial role of electricity, and of the associated generation,
grid and interconnection infrastructures in the Mediterranean region, it is necessary
to bear in mind the challenges and socio-economic parameters of the region:
For the Northern Mediterranean region (the European Union), the challenge is
energy transition towards a decarbonized energy sector by 2050 (integrating
signiﬁcant amounts of renewable energy into the power system) and the

Page | 45
completion of the Internal Energy Market (IEM); the objective is to provide society
with cost-effective energy while mitigating the negative impacts of energy
generation and end-use applications on the environment, human health and
biodiversity. European Union member states have agreed to comply with the
20/20/20 objectives by 2020, taking 2009 as the reference year: reduction of GHG
by 20%, and 20% of total energy consumption to be satisﬁed by renewable energy
sources (RES) (which means 35% of electricity demand met by RES), plus a 20%
increase in energy efﬁciency.
The ENPI CBC MED countries face the dual challenge of population and economic
growth, which requires a massive amount of new investments in the electricity
sector to meet demand: by 2030 the Southern population will have increased by 78
million and there is a need for 200 GW of additional capacity.
Change in Energy Intensity 1990-2005
These regions also face the challenge of coping with decarbonisation of the energy
sector, as the region is one of the most vulnerable to climate change”6.
Enhancing the role of the solar sector market is one of the key objectives of the
project. Improving existing market designs and developing new solar sector
solutions for more competitive power systems will be an essential feature of the
transition towards a more efficient economy.
6
Towards an interconnected Mediterranean grid: Institutional Framework and Regulatory Perspectives:
Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’Energie - 2013.

Page | 46
Enhancing market opportunities will also have a fundamental social impact since
the daily penetration of solar energy sources in ENPI CBC MED countries responds
to a more general assumption and a more shared endeavour (bringing together
social, political and economic agents) might represent a good opportunity to
produce system-wide economic benefits in the respective areas as well as the entire
system.
Moreover, a more consolidated solar energy market will rely on a stronger policy
set up: when there is little wind or solar, in general, the market strikes a higher
price because more expensive generation is required. When there is plenty of solar,
only the cheapest forms of fossil fuel generation gain access to the market. A price
policy balancing in this sense is required.
Photovoltaic power systems offer many unique benefits above and beyond simple
energy delivery. That is why comparisons with conventional electricity generation -
and more particularly comparison with the unit energy costs of conventional
generation - are not always valid. If the amenity value of the energy service that
PV provides, or other non-energy benefits could be appropriately priced, the overall
economics of PV generation would be dramatically improved in numerous
applications, even in some grid-connected situations. PV also offers important social
benefits in terms of job creation, energy independence and rural development.7
7
In order to accelerate the solar sector growth in the involved regions within the SHAAMS project, it is
necessary to minimize or erase the current existing barriers that have been identified by the consulted
stakeholders.

Page | 47
After analysing the individual conclusions achieved by project partners, who are included in the regional
reports on the state-of-the-art in the sector, the following actions can be considered as priority and as
responsible to enable relevant advances in the research and development of the solar sector. At all
events, it is important to highlight the substantial difference in the field of R&D between the EU project
partners and the project partners of neighbour countries. In the latter, no specific R&D programmes
exist. Therefore, it would be advisable to create technological cooperation among countries with the aim
to transferring knowledge at short term. Nevertheless, and in addition to the foregoing we list below the
actions that are currently being developed with optimal results in several of the partner regions of the
SHAAMS project:
1. Regional and National authorities support the sector through fostering the cooperation between
public-private and the research and training centres.
In general, the Crete Region has offered the Global conclusions to foster R&D and Enterprise.
These are:
a) Increase financing of solar energy R+D projects from EU or National funds.
b) Establish a permanent cooperation among academic researchers and SMEs. Enterprises
should communicate technical problems they face in their everyday experience and assign
relevant projects to researchers, towards technological improvement and cost efficiency.
c) Promote clustering of solar energy enterprises, in order to achieve economies of scale (joint
purchasing of materials, joint R&D projects etc)
d) Support the expansion of solar energy SMEs abroad (subsidize exhibitions costs, organize
trade missions etc)
e) State aid measures for the creation of new enterprises in the solar energy sector
Among all the reports on the state-of-the-art developed by the partner regions in the SHAAMS project,
certain initiatives with a high level of transferability must be highlighted. Those initiatives are the
following:
TRANSFERABLE ACTIONS DEVELOPED BY PARTNER REGIONS IN THE SHAAMS PROJECT CONSISTING IN
NATIONAL POLICIES THAT FOSTER R&D
 PACA REGION
The French Environment and Energy Management Agency – ADEME is responsible for the guidance and
the facilitation of research in its areas of intervention (renewable energy, air, noise, energy efficiency,
soil, waste). It provides financial support for research, development, demonstration and
experimentation. More recently, in the context of the “investissements d’avenir”, ADEME was asked to
manage several programs or activities within its areas of expertise including a program entitled
"Demonstrators and technological platforms renewable and low-carbon energy and green chemistry."
This program consists of two actions:
o "Demonstrators renewable energy and green chemistry" for an amount of EUR 1 350
million;
o "Sorting and recycling of waste, pollution, eco products" for an amount of EUR 250
million.
 LAZIO and CAMPANIA REGIONS
ENEA, the main public organization operating in the fields of energy, environment and new technologies,
has located its main research complex in Casaccia, 28 Km from Rome. Over there, ENEA carries out R&D
on PV, smart grid, eco-buildings design, concentrated solar thermal and energy storage. In the PV
sector, ENEA develops materials, components and innovative technologies in traditional crystalline silicon
areas and in the more advanced ones of multi-junction cells, third generation and nano materials.
Collaborates with PV industries in order to implement research results in market applications and to
optimize processes and equipment for device manufacture. Moreover, ENEA carries out activities on
device test and characterization, monitoring of technology evolution, training, technical standards as well
as on technologies for grid connection optimization.
 CATALONIA REGION
Spanish Strategy of Science, Technology and Innovation 2013-2020
 MOUNT AND NORTH LEBANON REGION
The Lebanese National Center for Scientific Research (LNCSR) solar energy department has been closed
for more than three years. There is an almost inexistent collaboration in the R&D field. Synergies with
the rest of SHAAMS project partners need to be established with this regard.
 ALEXANDRIA REGION
There are many national expertise and specialist on solar energy systems, pero falta colaboración entre
entidades para promocionar el R&D
TRANSFERABLE ACTIONS DEVELOPED BY PARTNER REGIONS IN THE SHAAMS PROJECT CONSISTING IN
REGIONAL POLICIES THAT FOSTER R&D
 PACA REGION
Regional cluster policy developed by PACA, PRIDES (Regional Poles of innovation and interdependent
economic development). As a result of that initiative, appears a specific cluster for the energy sector
called Capenergies, which gathers a network essentially made of companies:
- 300 Companies

Page | 48
6.5 Existing relevant practices
The SHAAMS Enterprise Research and Accelerator relevant practices section aims to
identify relevant initiatives in each region involved in the project as well as in other
European and ENPICBC countries to develop a set of best practices to be
transferred.
SHAAMS Enterprise Research and Accelerator Description of the practice nº 1
Name of the project
TECHNOLOGY DISTRICT SMART POWER
SYSTEM
The goal of the District is to aggregate and
networking companies, universities and
research centers to facilitate and accelerate
the development and transfer of knowledge
and technologies in the energy sector.
Project rationale The strategic objectives can be summarized
as:
 supporting new entrepreneurship
through innovation and technological bias in
the application fields of energy
- 20 Research centers
- 20 Training centers
- 20 financial institutions
- 50 Institutional partners
Capenergies has implemented 33 R&D projects dealing with solar sector. It aims to bring together
stakeholders in the sector to make the area a center of expertise and innovation in clean energy
 LAZIO REGION
Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy (CHOSE) as a result of the collaboration between the Region
of Lazio and the Department of Electronic Engineering of the University of Rome - Tor Vergata. CHOSE is
a center of excellence for the research and industrialization of organic and hybrid organic-inorganic
technology applied to PV cells
 CAMPANIA REGION
Technological Cluster SMART POWER SYSTEM, has promoted a line of business fully dedicated to
renewable energy sources. The CNR of Naples (National Research Council) is very active on the solar
sector.
 CATALONIA REGION
Catalan Plan for Research and Innovation 2010-2013.
Specific working groups for the solar renewal sector in the main Catalan Universities.
CONCLUSIONS
The implementation of actions and the investment carried out in the R&D of photovoltaic technologies,
entails a drastic decrease in the price of the Kwp installed in the last 15 years (that has decreased from
76,67 $/w in 1977 to 0,67 $/w in 2013). The transferability of the developed actions and the exchange
of knowledge among the stakeholders of the partner regions through workshops or international
meetings will enable stakeholders, in collaboration with their authorities, to go forward in the growth of
the solar sector in all the regions. More innovative actions -such as tenders for buildings with zero
energy balance or buildings with a high level of energy efficiency and comfort, where the low energy
demand may be supplied with renewal energies- may be implemented as well as fostering the exchange
of knowledge. At all events, we must highlight the relevance of raising the awareness of citizens with
regards to the economic and environmental advantages of the growth of the solar sector in the
Mediterranean countries, which hold a high potential of solar radiation/m2.

Page | 49
 achieving international excellence by
focusing research and development activities
on the themes of industrial interest
 production of results of international
importance and a high economic impact
 establishment of a centre of
excellence that will attract and form young
talents and researchers in the field of
energy-industry
 stimulate and support the creation
and development of new high-tech
enterprises
 technological development to
improve the current systems of energy
production from renewable sources and
disposal of the waste at the end of life
through sustainable solutions (from cradle to
grave)
Project essentials Universities and research centres are
identified as relevant actors on the territory
for the dissemination, transfer and
exploitation of research in key areas of
development of knowledge and their
applications for the scientific, technological,
economic and social development.
Good practice features Inside the Line of Activities dedicated to
renewable energy sources, the expected
outputs are:
 Laboratory tests on panels and
photovoltaic systems
 Laboratories and test facility for the
characterization and qualification of
concentrator photovoltaic cells and modules
 pilot plant for the recycling of
photovoltaic panels
Contact persons/institutions agc06@pec.regione.campania.it

Page | 50
Name of the project
The “Atlas of solar radiation in the PACA
region”
Project rationale Distributed free internet, this atlas aims to
serve as a reference for regional assessment
of the potential channels of photovoltaic
(PV), thermal and thermodynamic solar
radiation.
Project essentials Different public and private actors in the field
can use this atlas to identify implantation
sites of production systems by solar energy.
Good practice features Regular updates of the tool
Contact persons/institutions http://www.atlas-solaire.fr/
Name of the project
Development and implementation of
decentralized solar energy related innovative
technologies for public buildings in the
Mediterranean basin countries” – DIDSOLI-
PB, ENPI CBC MED
The aim of this project is to install and
investigate the performance of five
innovative solar energy technologies in four
Med countries: Spain, Greece, Egypt and
Jordan.
Project rationale Test new solar technologies
Project essentials The five innovative solar technologies are:
a) Dish sterling
b) Parabolic trough
c) Thin film PVs

Page | 51
d) Transparent PVs
e) Solar cooling
Good practice features Several small scale units (applications of the
abovementioned technologies) will be
installed in various regions of the
abovementioned countries and they will be
tested.
Two of the above technologies will be
installed in the premises of the
Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania.
The project is under implementation (2012-
2015) and is considered a Best Practice
example.
Contact persons/institutions Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania
Name of the project
CHOSE - Organic Solar Pole
Project rationale To produce new generation of solar cells by
using organic materials
Project essentials To identify the technology to produce
“organic” solar cells and adapt such
technology to industrial processes;
To promote the transfer of technology to
local actors
Good practice features Solar cells are 10% more efficient
Contact persons/institutions Prof. Aldo Di Carlo, Universitá di Roma “Tor
Vergata”

Page | 52
Name of the project
CHOSE - Organic Solar Pole
Project rationale To produce new generation of solar cells by
using organic materials
Project essentials To identify the technology to produce
“organic” solar cells and adapt such
technology to industrial processes;
To promote the transfer of technology to
local actors
Good practice features Solar cells are 10% more efficient
Contact persons/institutions Prof. Aldo Di Carlo, Universitá di Roma “Tor
Vergata”
Name of the project
Solar car - A prototype electric and solar
powered car
Project rationale To promote a no-impact car
Project essentials To design a prototype electric-powered car
where solar energy may be used for on-
board services, such as air conditioning,
interior lights and radio
Good practice features A car model with all surfaces in PV
Contact persons/institutions Regione Lazio

Page | 53
6.6 Global needs analysis
A common objective for the entire Mediterranean region is to make energy supply
more secure, with less dependency on fossil fuels, and more sustainable, with
exploitation of the high energy efﬁciency potential and development of the vast
solar and wind energy resources available, particularly in the South.
Accelerating the development and deployment of solar energy technologies involves
innovation all over the entire technology life cycle, from basic research to
commercialization and the SHAAMS project perceived as global assumption the
need of investing and promoting those instruments that encourage solar energy
technologies innovation. The focus should be put particularly on patents, standards,
technology transfer, cooperative research, project development and demonstration.
The effective and efficient uses of these instruments will bring an added value to
the solar technologies development at global level.
However, many barriers still remain to be surpassed to guarantee a concrete
acceleration to the “private and research sector”:
Market barriers: Lack of bankable reference projects, market distortions created
by subsidies for conventional energy, and limited technology transfers and
capacity building.
Regulatory/ Administrative barriers: Uncertain regulatory frameworks.
Financial barriers: High capital and up-front costs for investors.
Infrastructure: Issues with national and regional grid adequacy and access.
Technology barriers: Lack of interconnection between Research sector and
Market.
Knowledge and Training: lack of innovative initiatives to enhance the
professionalism of workers.
Limited funding for research activities
Development and implementation of specific training actions
Other barriers: Social acceptance.

Page | 54
6.7 Global conclusions
The European Commission defines Knowledge as “the triangle of education,
research and innovation” and identifies it as one of the priority areas of its new
2020 Agenda.
The SHAAMS project turned this definition as its own assumption considering
extremely relevant the importance of applying it to the whole ENPICBC MED region.
Technology and Knowledge, its transfer and its exchange, emerge as crucial
points for turning solar scientific research into innovations that could definitely
improve the quality of life and enhance business competitiveness at ENPICBC level.
The research organisations, universities, science parks and scientific teams involved
in the SHAAMS project should try to improve the impact and exploitation of either
public or private funded research results (for instance, through the development of
academia-industry collaborations, licensing and spin-offs and new training
initiatives).
At ENPI CBC MED level, as well as at European level, it has been observed the
need to facilitate knowledge and technology transfer between public research
organisations and private sector agents. This need can be observed both at national
level as well as in a more trans-national dimension where a significant knowledge
transfer deficiencies have been detected.
According to the regional needs exposed in the local needs analysis and regional
reports, a more active organisation of knowledge and moreover, technology
transfer activities would help ENPI CBC MED gaining competitive advantage at an
international level by enhancing its the area innovative capacity and facilitating
access to the Intellectual Property8
generated for the mutual benefit of all the
partners involved.
That is why the SHAAMS project stressed the need of improving solar
technologies common Technology and Knowledge Transfer Scheme aimed
8
Working Paper: Intellectual Property Rights “The Role of Patents in Renewable Energy Technology
Innovation”. IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency 2013.

Page | 55
at promoting ENPI CBC MED area's research, discoveries, patents, licenses, and
any other activity that could enhance the acceleration in use and production of solar
technologies.
As emerge from the regional situations and common opportunities in the field of
solar technology, a special attention must be paid to the training initiatives,
professional education and development of new “skill and jobs” related to the solar
sector that can be considered, more properly, as part of the “green economy”.
Green training initiatives touch the entire training system
Green Economy jobs constitute, at a time of economic decline, a significant
opportunity for enhancing the project performance and to give an answer to the
identified challenges. In all the participant regions of the SHAAMS project,
important and relevant increases in demand for “green skills”9
has been identified
and stressed as regional market need.10
One of the objectives of the SHAAMS project is, therefore, to trigger the interest of
all the agents in the implementation of training actions. This need stems from the
conviction among the partners that certain skills and capacities must be enhanced
within the sector in order to secure the former’s development.
In this sense, the authors11
have observed that there is no comprehensive review of
the implication of national greening policies on skill gaps at general level. Such a
9
“Skills for Employment Policy Brief - Greening the global economy: the skills challenge.” European
Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop) and the European Commission. October
2011.
10
“Green jobs” are jobs that reduce the environmental impact of enterprises and economic sectors,
ultimately to levels that are sustainable. This definition covers work in agriculture, industry, services and
administration that contributes to preserving or restoring the quality of the environment.
(UNEP/ILO/IOE/ITUC, 2008).
11
On the basis of the above, an analysis on the creation of green jobs linked to renewal energies (and
especially, to solar photovoltaic power) within the SHAAMS countries was conducted. Most jobs were
identified within the installation, operation and maintenance of the facilities dedicated to renewal
production. Other jobs were identified in companies related to the production of equipment, such as
companies specialized in the production of solar panels, wind turbines or equipment for hydraulic
facilities. There is a clear difference between the countries within the European arc, which are more
developed in terms of renewal energies, and the SHAAMS’ project partners, who still have a low
implementation of renewal energies. The described situation -according to the reports drafted by project
partners- seems to have exponential effects due to the magnitude of the projects that will be developed
in non-EU countries in the near future. Consequently, we may observe the incidence of renewal energies

Page | 56
in the employment within the countries to which the SHAAMS’ project partners belong. In this sense, the
contributions to the green labour market of the solar sector must be highlighted.
 SPAIN
The volume of workers dedicated to the renewal energies sector in Spain is estimated around 70.152
(direct employment). The indirect employment is estimated on 45.570. Therefore, the total of direct and
indirect jobs related to renewal energies was 115.722 in 2011.
Spain holds the fourth place in terms of number of jobs within the EU and has an economic power of
7.861 million €.
SECTOR JOBS % INDIRECT
JOBS
DIRECT
JOBS
Solar Photovoltaic 19.552 27.9% 8.798 28.350
Solar Thermal 6.757 9.6% 3.041 9.798
The largest part of the companies within the renewal energies sector can be classified as part of one of
the following fields:
- Solar photovoltaic: 54, 6%.
- Solar Thermic: 41, 8%.
- Wind power: 24, 4%.
- Biomass: 22, 1%.
Nearly 43% of the companies present an increase in their personnel. Nevertheless, 25% of the
companies have suffered the effects of the sectorial crisis resulting from both the current economic
situation and the changes in the legal system, which have reduced the number of workers.
The crisis in the sector is a consequence of the loss of incentives to the sector and has had different
effects in the sector companies, being those companies with less than 10 workers the most affected.
Among the big size companies, the decrease of jobs in some of them was compensated with the increase
of jobs that others experimented. The most affected subsectors are the solar thermal, solar photovoltaic,
geothermal and common activities to all the sectors. Notwithstanding, the wind power, solar thermo-
electrical, biomass, biofuels, hydraulic, mini-hydraulic and biogas sectors have suffered less severe
effects.
 ITALY
Italy produces 676 GWh and holds the third place within the EU15 in the production of photovoltaic
energy. Ahead lie Germany -where 6200 GWh were produced in 2011- and Spain -where production has
increased to 6.103 GWh-.
Over the last years, and thanks to the economic incentives for the production of photovoltaic solar
power, Italy has experimented a fast-growing of the solar sector.
That growth has meant an exponential increase in the number of jobs related to the photovoltaic and
thermal energies.
SECTOR JOBS %
Solar photovoltaic 1.700 9%
Solar Thermal 3.000 14%
 FRANCE
In 2011, primary production of all kind of renewal energies (electric and thermal) reached approximately
23 million tons equivalent of oil (Mtep), which means almost 16% of the National production of energy.
France is more focused on the following energies: hydraulic (23,8%), wind power (3,6%) and solar
power (0,6%), which almost mean 28% of the total production of renewal energies.
The case of wind power connected to the electric grid must be highlighted as the electricity quota
produced in France has considerably increased over the last years, going from 1 MW in 1996 to 1034
MW in 2010. The electricity produced by photovoltaic solar energy has increased significantly too, from
10,7 Mwc in 2000 to 29,3 in 2011 Mwc, overall that part connected to the grid. That fact may be
explained by the French Government’s incentives, which have given financial support for the installation
of the mentioned facilities. Nowadays, the renewal energies sector holds almost 70.000 employees in
France, although the forecasts point towards 300.000 jobs by 2020.
 EGYPT

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