12/28/2021 1 Chapter 1: The Changing Boundaries of Criminology -Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013, 2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018 & 2022). Exploring the need for criminologists Criminology & the phenomenon of crime through natural disasters. • October 29, 2012 Sandy hits Jersey shore. Billions in damages, hundreds of deaths. • March 11, 2011 the most powerful earthquake hit Japan. Tens of thousands of deaths. No civil unrest or looting—they waited with civility for a fair distribution of limited supplies. • January 12, 2010 a 7.0 earthquake hit Port au-Prince, Haiti. Approx. 316,000 dead and without a discernable police presence violence erupted marked by looting and gang related gunfire. • August 29, 2005, Katrina devastated New Orleans. Looter took over the city and 1,500 police on search and rescue were reassigned to restore oder. 12/28/2021 2 Covid-19 Pandemic Issues in 2020 • Adler, Mueller and Laufer (2022) state that early on in 2020 it appeared that the pandemic lockdowns and stay at home orders led to a decrease in drug and violent crimes. • However there was an increase in domestic violence. • We will see later on the total cost of the pandemic resulting from stay at home orders, masking and vaccination mandates (such as increases in mental health issues and suicides rates). Globalization Effects on criminology • In past societies all produced their own goods. • Today, worlds economy increasing becoming a “Global Village”. • Globalization expands the need for criminologists to explore and find solutions for evolving social issues. • Economic, Human Rights, and Environmental crimes. 12/28/2021 3 Human Trafficking and Globalization • USA alone gets approx. 100,000 humans trafficked for illegal sex and labor exploitation per year. • Human trafficking is to the 21st Century what the cold war was to the 20th Century. • Sex Trafficking worldwide is over 20.9 million. 98% are women and children. • 2 million children per year. What Criminologists knew about these changing boundaries. • Criminologists knew looting was a stage after a natural disaster—due to past research. • Criminologists understand globalization increases our risk to transnational crime and shifting class structures within societies around the world (including our own). • Do not be deceived by the media and their symbiotic relationship with legislatures (Adler, Muller, & Laufer, 2022, p. 13). • Police shootings, the global village & the econ., school to prison pipeline. • Where should we focus as criminologists? • Criminologists are needed to make better policies to protect society from the harms of crime, from violence to fraud, corporate crimes, political and transnational crimes. • In all human activity deviance is possible. 12/28/2021 4 Defining Terrorism another changing boundary of criminology ...

1. 12/28/2021
1
Chapter 1:
The Changing Boundaries of
Criminology
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and
Laufer (2007, 2013, 2018 & 2022);
Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015,
2018 & 2022).
Exploring the need for criminologists
Criminology & the phenomenon of crime through
natural disasters.
• October 29, 2012 Sandy hits Jersey shore. Billions in
damages,
hundreds of deaths.
• March 11, 2011 the most powerful earthquake hit Japan. Tens
of
thousands of deaths. No civil unrest or looting—they waited
with
civility for a fair distribution of limited supplies.
• January 12, 2010 a 7.0 earthquake hit Port au-Prince, Haiti.
Approx.
316,000 dead and without a discernable police presence

2. violence
erupted marked by looting and gang related gunfire.
• August 29, 2005, Katrina devastated New Orleans. Looter
took over
the city and 1,500 police on search and rescue were reassigned
to
restore oder.
12/28/2021
2
Covid-19 Pandemic Issues in 2020
• Adler, Mueller and Laufer (2022) state that early on in 2020 it
appeared that the pandemic lockdowns and stay at home orders
led
to a decrease in drug and violent crimes.
• However there was an increase in domestic violence.
• We will see later on the total cost of the pandemic resulting
from stay at
home orders, masking and vaccination mandates (such as
increases in mental
health issues and suicides rates).
Globalization Effects on criminology
• In past societies all produced their own goods.
• Today, worlds economy increasing becoming a “Global
Village”.

3. • Globalization expands the need for criminologists to explore
and find
solutions for evolving social issues.
• Economic, Human Rights, and Environmental crimes.
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Human Trafficking and Globalization
• USA alone gets approx. 100,000 humans trafficked for illegal
sex and
labor exploitation per year.
• Human trafficking is to the 21st Century what the cold war
was to the 20th
Century.
• Sex Trafficking worldwide is over 20.9 million. 98% are
women and
children.
• 2 million children per year.
What Criminologists knew about these changing
boundaries.
• Criminologists knew looting was a stage after a natural
disaster—due to past
research.
• Criminologists understand globalization increases our risk to
transnational crime
and shifting class structures within societies around the world

4. (including our
own).
• Do not be deceived by the media and their symbiotic
relationship with
legislatures (Adler, Muller, & Laufer, 2022, p. 13).
• Police shootings, the global village & the econ., school to
prison pipeline.
• Where should we focus as criminologists?
• Criminologists are needed to make better policies to protect
society from the
harms of crime, from violence to fraud, corporate crimes,
political and
transnational crimes.
• In all human activity deviance is possible.
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Defining Terrorism
another changing boundary of criminology
• State Department: the premeditated, politically motivated
violence
perpetrated against non-combatant agents, usually intended to
influence an audience.
• Adler: the use of threat of violence directed at people or
governments to punish them for past actions and/or to bring
about a
change of policy which is to the terrorist’s liking.

5. Seven Forms of Transnational Criminality
Hub of Terrorism
• 1, Illicit Drug Trafficking
• Over 1 trillion in dirty money funds illegal activity including
terrorism
• 2, Money Laundering
• Repeated movement of funds in unnumbered accounts. Clean
money can be used in an open
market.
• 3, Infiltration of Legal Business
• Fronts for terrorist operative to smuggle money, agents and
supplies.
• 4, Computer Crime
• ISIS believed to have ability to carry out cyber attacks.
• 5, Illicit Arms Trafficking
• 6, Traffic in Persons
• Human trafficking used to make money. Refugee immigrants
have infiltrated by terrorists.
• 7, Destruction of Cultural Property
• Terrorist like Lenin, Hitler, Taliban and ISIS destroy anything
apposing their ideology.
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6. Evolution of the Field of Criminology
• Criminology the term was coined in 1885
• By Raffaele Garofalo
• Concern is on the phenomenon of crime.
• Studying crime and criminality (nature, extent, cause and
control of it).
• While Criminal Justice – a relatively new field of study
• 2 closely related fields
• Studying justice related concerns.
• Police, courts and corrections
Defining Criminology
• Edwin H. Sutherland: Criminology is the body of knowledge
regarding
crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the
process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting
toward the
breaking of laws…The objective of criminology is the
development of
a body of general and verified principles and of other types of
knowledge regarding this process of law, crime, and treatment
or
prevention.
• Criminologists: social scientists who collect and analyze data
using
modern research methods (verified principles and logic not
feelings).

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Criminal Justice focus
• The structure, function, and decision processes of those
agencies that
deal with the management and control of crime and criminal
offenders: policing, the courts and corrections.
Criminology is Multi-Disciplined
Classical School of thought vs Positivists
• Rational Choice/classical school - Beccaria
• Psychology
• Biologists
• Political Science – policy
• Anthropology – cultural conflict and values
• History
• Criminal Justice
• Sociologist – social environmental factors
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8. 7
Deviance and Crime explored
Deviance
• Criminologist use the term
deviance to describe behavior
that violates social norms
including laws.
Crime
• A crime is any human behavior
that violates a criminal law and
is subject to punishment.
Deviance and Crime cont’d
• Who is most likely to be incarcerated?
• Those committing Deviant Acts or Criminal Acts
• Can deviance create social harm?
• Who has the power to determine significance to society?
• Terminology
• Felonies
• Misdemeanors
• Criminal law – by state on behalf of the state
• Civil law – personal loss, pain or suffering.

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Society’s Reactions to Lawbreakers
• Centuries ago wayward entered gates of cities by day passing
gallows.
• Or criminals were banished (outlawry) from communities as in
the fairytale Little Red
Riding Hood.
• Today jails and prisons dot our countryside.
• Criminologists have influenced how we deal with lawbreakers
for centuries.
• Criminological research shows how punishment has often been
irrational,
arbitrary, emotional, politically motivated and counter
productive.
• Why hasn’t society done a better job at crime prevention then?
• Criminologist are not politicians. Can’t make laws but
through sound
research we can influence a better Criminal Justice System.
The Criminal Justice System – briefly
dealing with lawbreakers cont’d
• The Process of Justice
• From initial contact, through post-release
• Crime committed - investigation

10. • Police make arrest based on probable cause
• Booking (custody) fingerprinting and investigation
• Grand jury hands down its indictment
• Arraignment: formal charges & rights read to defendant
• Bail or detention
• Plea bargaining
• Trial process/adjudication
• Sentencing/disposition
• Appeals
• Correctional treatment
• Release
• Post release/aftercare. if early release on parole.
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Applying theory
Interactionist view of crime
• The moral entrepreneurs define crime: the deviant is one to
whom
the label has been successfully applied. - Howard Becker
Consensus View of Law and Crime
• Lawmaking is an accommodation of interests in a society.
• Lawmaking is to produce a system of laws and enforcement to
which
everybody basically subscribes.
• Certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society’s
survival that

11. they are designated as crime.
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Conflict View of Law and Crime
• The law expresses the values of the ruling class.
• The criminal justice system is a means of controlling the
classes that
have not power.
• Conflict theorists claim that a struggle for power is a far more
basic
feature of human existence than is consensus.
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Chapter 8:
Labeling, Conflict & Radical Theories
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and
Laufer (2007, 2013, 2018,
& 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013,
2015, 2018. & 2022).
Labeling Theory
or Social Reaction Theory

12. • Labeling theorist began to explore how and why certain acts
were
defined as criminal or deviant while others were not, and how
and
why certain people were defined as criminal or deviant.
• Howard S. Becker
• Deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but
rather a
consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions
to an
“offender”. The deviant is one to whom that label has
successfully been
applied, deviant behavior is behavior that people so label.
• When ones deviance is known they are segregated from
society and labeled.
• This creates outsiders our outcasts.
• One begins to associate with others just like themselves.
• More people in society think and react to the outcaste as
deviant.
• Ones self-image gradually changes.
• W. I. Thomas Theory
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Frank Tannenbaum

13. Dramatization of Evil
• Criminals are created in a process of tagging, defining,
segregating,
making conscious and self-conscious.
• It becomes a way of evoking the very traits that are
complained of.
Edwin Lemert: Primary versus Secondary Deviance
• Primary deviation: initial deviant acts that bring on the first
social
response.
• These acts without labeling to not affect individual self-
concept.
• Secondary deviation: the acts that follow societal response.
• The major concern is secondary deviance.
Edwin Schur
labeling theory
• Human behavior is deviant to the extent that it comes to be
viewed
as involving a personally discreditable departure from a group’s
norms and expectations and elicits interpersonal and collective
reactions that serve to:
• “isolate”, “treat”, “correct”, or “punish” individuals engaged
in such behavior.
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3

14. Howard Becker
Moral Entrepreneurs make the rules
• Moral Entrepreneurs make the rules that define deviant
behavior including
crime.
• The process becomes a political one pitting rule makers
against rule
breakers.
Labeling theory in application:
• Civil Rights movement - MLK
• Women’s liberation – voting and what job can I do
• Vietnam protesting, draft card burning
• Kent State 1970
• ACLU’s stance against racial profiling
• Black lives matter.
Empirical Evidence for Labeling
two studies
• Study One: 13 volunteers admitted into various mental
hospitals.
• Study two: class and inequality in treatment of juvenile
delinquency.
• Saints – owned cars, athletes, apologetic.
• Roughnecks – highly visible and outspoken.

15. • Once labeled part of a group, is it possible to exit?
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Consensus Model
Durkheim
• Consensus Model assumes that member of society by and large
agree
on what is right and wrong and that law is the codification of
these
agreed-upon social values.
• The law is the mechanism to settle disputes that arise when
individuals stray too far from what the community considers
acceptable.
• We can say that an act is criminal when it offends strong and
defined states of
collective conscience.
• When members of a society unite against a deviant they
reaffirm their
commitment to shared values.
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx
• The conflict model assumes that laws do not exist for the
collective
good, they represent the interests of specific groups that have
the

16. power to get them enacted.
• The key concept in conflict theory is power.
• The laws have their origin in the interest of the few, these few
shape
the values, and their values shape the laws.
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Conflict Theory explored
• Primitive societies offered more consensus.
• Conflict: if there is consensus then
• Why are there so many crimes
• So much rebellion
• So many in prison
• Those with power work to keep the powerless at a
disadvantage.
• Enforced constraint rather than cooperation holds society
together.
Conflict exploration continued
• Forms of power used to control society
• Control over goods and services
• Unequal Education: creating drop out factories (school to

17. prison pipelines).
• Economic power
• Police power, war power
• Police decide when to arrest, DA when to pursue charges,
judges have discretion too.
• Political power
• Ideology (beliefs & values used to oppress)
• Society is in a constant state of conflict, one of the principles
in which
an ongoing society depend on.
• Criminologist believe that one possible cause of crime can be
linked to
economic, social and political disparity.
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Marxist ideology:
Radical Theory, or Critical Criminology
• Marxist
• Capitalism breeds egocentricity, greed, and predatory
behavior.
• History of class struggles: freeman and slave, lord and serf,
oppressor and
oppressed.

18. • Bourgeoisie versus Proletariat.
• Exploitation of workers in pursuit of surplus value:
• Profits produced by laborers gained by business owners.
• Revolution is only thing to bring change (morally justifiable)
• Rusche & Kirscheimer made penologist aware that the severe
and
cruel treatment of offenders had more to do with (lack in) value
of
human life and the needs of the economy than with preventing
crime.
Radical Theory/critical criminology
• Richard Quinney (1973)
• The state is organized to serve capitalist ruling class
• Criminal law is used by ruling class to maintain social and
economic order.
• Subordinate classes remain oppressed by any means necessary
•
Solution
– the collapse of capitalist societies
• Critics point out failing socialist societies
• Soviet Union, Poland, Germany and others.

19. • Quinney – a true Marxist state has not yet been attained, but
the
ideal is worth pursuing.
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Emerging Forms of Radical/Critical Criminology
• Radical Feminist Theory
• Explains both victimization and criminality among w omen in
terms of gender
inequality, patriarchy, and the exploitation of women under
capitalism.
• How does domestic violence relate to masculinity and “doing
gender”?
• As women’s education access, political power and economic
liberation rise
victimization decreases.

20. • Abolitionist – community based distribution of
power/resources
• Return to communities to fix power differences.
• Anarchist Criminology
• Communities are destroyed by the state causing crime.
•