2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
• CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHORAGE
• ANCHORAGE SAVERS
• SKELETAL ANCHORAGE
• ANCHORAGE PLANNING
• ANCHORAGE LOSS
• REFERENCE
3. INTRODUCTION
Teeth can be moved orthodontically by subjecting them to force. However all teeth exhibit
certain amount of resistance to tooth movement
Certain teeth can be used as anchor units in order to move other teeth into a more desirable
position
Apart from teeth , other structures such as palate ,lingual alveolar supporting bone in the
mandible , the occiput and back of the neck can also be used as anchorage units .
4. DEFINITION
Louis Ottofy (1923) defined it as “the base against which the orthodontic force or reaction of
orthodontic force is applied”
Graber defined it as “the nature and degree of resistance to displacement offered by an
anatomic unit for the purpose of effecting tooth movement”
White and Gardiner defined it as “ Anchorage is the site of delivery from which a force is
exerted”
Proffit defined it as “ resistance to unwanted tooth movement “
5. SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
Intraoral Sources
• Teeth
• Alveolar bone
• Basal jaw bone
• Cortical bone
Extraoral Sources
• Cranium
• Facial bones
• Back of the neck ( Cervical bone )
Muscular Sources
6. Factors affecting anchorage potential of the teeth
ROOT FORM – Round , Flat , Triangular
SIZE OF THE ROOTS
NUMBER OF THE ROOTS
ANATOMIC POSITION OF THE TEETH - Mandibular second premolar
AXIAL INCLINATION OF THE TEETH
PROXIMAL CONTACTS AND INTERCUSPATION OF THE TEETH
ANKYLOSED TEETH
7. Anchorage value
The anchorage value of any tooth is roughly equivalent to its root surface
area.(Modified from Freeman DC.Root surface area related to anchorage in
the Begg technique.Memphis :University of Tennessee Department of
Orthodontics ,M.S Thesis ,1965)
8. INTRAORAL SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE MUSCULAR SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
Nance palatal arch Lip bumper
10. CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHORAGE
1.According to the manner of force application
1.Simple anchorage
2.Stationary anchorage
3.Reciprocal anchorage
2.According to the jaws involved
1.Intramaxillary anchorage
2.Intermaxillary anchorage
3.According to the site of anchorage
1.Intraoral anchorage
2.Extraoral anchorage
3.Muscular anchorage
11. 4. According to the number of anchorage units
1.Single or primary anchorage
2.Compound anchorage
3.Multiple or reinforced anchorage
5.Depending on how much of the anchorage unit contributes to space closure (Acc.to
Marcotte and Burstone )
a. Category C / Minimum anchorage –Anteriors retract 25% and posteriors protract 75%
b. Category B / Moderate anchorage – Anteriors retract 50% and posteriors protract 50%
c. Category A / Maximum anchorage – Anteriors retract 75% and posteriors protract 25%
15. ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF ANCHOR UNITS
1. SINGLE ANCHORAGE 2. COMPOUND ANCHORAGE 3. REINFORCED /MULTIPLE
16. 5.DEPENDING ON HOW MUCH OF THE ANCHORAGE UNIT CONTRIBUTES TO SPACE
CLOSURE (Marcotte and Burstone)
17. ANCHORAGE SAVERS
•Appliances or methods that reduce burden on anchor teeth.
•Examples are ;
Headgear
Sved bite plane
Transpalatal arch
Lower lingual arch
Nance palatal arch etc….
18. SKELETAL ANCHORAGE (IMPLANTS)
•Orthodontic implants can be used as a source of skeletal anchorage
•Described as “absolute anchorage”.
•Titanium screws that penetrate through the gingiva into the alveolar bone
•Temporary anchoring devices (TAD)
•TADs can be located transosteally,subperiosteally
Or endosteally .
• Fixed to bone either mechanically or biochemically
19. ANCHORAGE PLANNING
•Anchorage planning is very essential for the success of orthodontic treatment
•Anchorage requirement depends on factors like :
Number of teeth being moved
Type of teeth being moved
Type of tooth movement
Duration of tooth movement
ANCHORAGE LOSS
• Movement of the anchor unit instead of teeth to be moved.
• Gianelly and Goldman suggested terms maximum,moderate and minimum to
indicate the extent to which active and reactive unit should move when a force is
applied.
• Sometimes anchorage loss can be used for forward movement of molars .
20. REFERENCE
Contemporary Orthodontics By William R Proffit (5th Edition)
Textbook of Orthodontics ,S Gowri Shankar ( 1 st Edition)
Grabers Textbook of Orthodontics ( 4th Edition)
British Dental Journal ,Volume 196 No.5 March 2004
(Anchorage Control and Distal Movement by D.Roberts Harry and J. Sandy )