2. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 2
Coffey, Cammie
INTS 3300: L3-A1: Literature Search
2/24/2016
Literature Search
How can people's views on the Campus Carry policy be improved and how can people
feel safer being on campus? A person's perspectives and fears must be understood to answer that
question. Leadership will have to find ways to improve the negative image that some people
have on the Campus Carry policy. Both the biology and organizational leadership perspectives
can be used to examine, monitor and organize the changing environment. The biology discipline
will answer the questions, "why do people fear guns on campus, and how will that change
overtime?" The organizational leadership perspective will be used to answer the question "what
policies, and procedures need to be developed to make the campus safer and improve people's
views on Campus Carry?" Insights from both of these disciplines can be used to synthesize new
policies and procedures, and help develop more positive attitudes on concealed handgun on
campus.
literature list
Price, J. H., Thompson, A., Khubchandani, J., Dake, J., Payton, E., & Teeple, K. (2014).
University Presidents’ Perceptions and Practice Regarding the Carrying of Concealed
Handguns on College Campuses. Journal Of American College Health, 62(7), 461-469
9p. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.920336
The author's affiliations were the department of Health and Recreation Professions and
the department of Physiology and Health Science. The research was from the Journal of
3. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 3
American College Health, and it was affiliated with the biomedical discipline. The
method used in the study was quantitative. (Price, 2014)
Abstract
"Objective: To assess the perceptions and practices of a national sample of college and
university presidents regarding their support for concealed handguns being carried on
college campuses. Participants: The sample for this study consisted of a national random
sample of 900 college or university presidents. Methods: In the spring of 2013, a 3-wave
mailing procedure was used to ensure an adequate response rate to a valid and reliable
questionnaire. Results: The response rate was 46%, more than what was needed based on
the power analysis. The vast majority (95%) of respondents were not supportive of
carrying concealed handguns on campuses. They perceived there to be more
disadvantages than advantages to handguns on campus. However, college administrators
were not focused enough on the primary prevention of campus firearm trauma.
Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest a number of activities that could be
implemented to enhance safety on college and university campuses." (Price, 2014)
Fox, C., & Harding, D. J. (2005). School Shootings as Organizational Deviance. Sociology Of
Education, 78(1), 69-97.
The authors were affiliated with Harvard University and the research was located in the
Sociology of Education journal. This information was affiliated with educational and
leadership disciplines. The method used in the study was qualitative. (Fox, 2005)
Abstract
4. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 4
" This article argues that rampage school shootings in American public schools can be
understood as instances of organizational deviance, which occurs when events created by
or in organizations do not conform to an organization's goals or expectations and produce
unanticipated and harmful outcomes. Drawing on data from qualitative case studies of
two schools that experienced shootings, the authors show how the organizational
structure, environment, and culture of these schools led to the loss of information about
socially or emotionally troubled students, information that might otherwise have led to
some form of intervention or help for these students. Implications for educational policy
and practice are discussed." (Fox, 2005)
Bartula, A., & Bowen, K. (2015). University and College Officials' Perceptions of Open Carry
on College Campus. Justice Policy Journal, 12(2), 1-17.
This research was located in the Justice Policy Journal. The Authors were affiliated with
the criminal justice disciplines. The paper falls under the organizational leadership
perspective because it focuses on leadership and policy. The methods used in this study
were both qualitative and quantitative. (Bartula, 2015)
Abstract
"In 2015, Texas joined the ranks of other states that approved a concealed campus
firearm carry bill. The state also approved a bill that allows for open carry of firearms for
licensed gun owners. Taken in combination, the potential for the development of a future
open carry campus bill is possible. This study surveyed Texas University and College
Police Officials to determine their perceptions of the perceived effects an open carry on
college campus bill would have on campus crime, firearm incidents and fear of
5. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 5
victimization among students, staff and faculty. Findings suggest that the perceived
amount of crime on campus and number of firearm related incidents would remain
unchanged. However, the fear of victimization of campus students and personnel would
increase. Ultimately, the Texas higher education Police Officials are strongly opposed to
the idea of any potential open carry bill for college campuses." (Bartula, 2015)
Olsson, A. A. (2007). Social learning of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 10(9), 1095-1102.
The author's affiliation was neurology. The article was located in Nature Neuroscience.
The methods used were qualitative. (Olsson, 2007)
Abstract
"Research across species highlights the critical role of the amygdala in fear conditioning.
However, fear conditioning, involving direct aversive experience, is only one means by
which fears can be acquired. Exploiting aversive experiences of other individuals through
social fear learning is less risky. Behavioral research provides important insights into the
workings of social fear learning, and the neural mechanisms are beginning to be
understood. We review research suggesting that an amygdala-centered model of fear
conditioning can help to explain social learning of fear through observation and
instruction. We also describe how observational and instructed fear is distinguished by
involvement of additional neural systems implicated in social-emotional behavior,
language and explicit memory, and propose a modified conditioning model to account for
social fear learning. A better understanding of social fear learning promotes integration of
biological principles of learning with cultural evolution." (Olsson, 2007)
6. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 6
SCHNOEBELEN, A. (2013). After Shootings, Morgan State U. Trains Students in Conflict
Resolution. Chronicle Of Higher Education, 59(35), A14.
The authors were affiliated with the education. The information was located in the
Chronicle of Higher Education. The methods for this research were qualitative.
(SCHNOEBELEN, 2013)
Abstract
"The article discusses the decision by Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland to
make conflict resolution a mandatory part of its curriculum in response to two shootings
on the campus in Fall 2012. Comments from Alvin Hill, president of the school's student
government, are presented, and the observation that the idea of conflict resolution
education originated with students is offered. The assertion that conflict resolution classes
will focus on interacting with people from different ethnic and religious backgrounds is
also presented." (SCHNOEBELEN, 2013)
Birnbaum, R. (2013). Ready, Fire, Aim: The College Campus Gun Fight. Change, 45(5), 6-14.
The author's affiliation was education and higher learning. The article was located in
Change, the Journal of Higher Education. The method was both qualitative and
quantitative. (Birnbaum, 2013)
Abstract
"The article presents information on legislation allowing guns on college campuses in the
U.S. The author looks at the arguments that having armed students and faculty members
on campus would prevent campus violence and that having a total ban on weapons will
7. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 7
reduce campus violence. The article also discusses public safety and the gun-control
culture in the U.S." (Birnbaum, 2013)
Thompson, A., Price, J. H., Dake, J. A., Teeple, K., Bassler, S., Khubchandani, J., & ... Stratton,
C. (2013). Student Perceptions and Practices Regarding Carrying Concealed Handguns
on University Campuses. Journal Of American College Health, 61(5), 243-253.
The authors are affiliated with Health sciences. The Journal Of American College Health
is where the research was located. The methods of research used were both qualitative
and quantitative. (Thompson, 2013)
Abstract
"Objective: This multisite study assessed college student's perceptions and practices
regarding carrying concealed handguns on campus. Participants: Undergraduate students
from 15 public midwestern universities were surveyed (N= 1,800). Methods: Faculty
members distributed the questionnaire to students in general education classes or classes
broadly representative of undergraduate students. Results: Useable questionnaires were
returned by 1,649 students (92%). The majority (78%) of students was not supportive of
concealed handguns on campuses, and 78% claimed that they would not obtain a permit
to carry a handgun on campus, if it were legal. Those who perceived more disadvantages
to carrying handguns on campus were females, who did not own firearms, did not have a
firearm in the home growing up, and were not concerned with becoming a victim of
crime. Conclusions: The majority of students was not supportive of concealed handguns
on campus and claimed that they would not feel safer if students and faculty carried
concealed handguns." (Thompson, 2013)
8. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 8
Shi, J., & Smith, S. W. (2016). The effects of fear appeal message repetition on perceived threat,
perceived efficacy, and behavioral intention in the extended parallel process model.
Health Communication, 31:3, 275-286, DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2014.948145
The authors' affiliations were communication and information. Te research was
affiliated with the Health Communication journal. The study utilized both qualitative and
quantitative methods. (Shi, 2016)
Abstract
" This study examined the effect of moderately repeated exposure (three times) to a fear
appeal message on the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM) variables of threat,
efficacy, and behavioral intentions for the recommended behaviors in the message, as
well as the proportions of systematic and messagerelated thoughts generated after each
message exposure. The results showed that after repeated exposure to a fear appeal
message about preventing melanoma, perceived threat in terms of susceptibility and
perceived efficacy in terms of response efficacy significantly increased. The behavioral
intentions of all recommended behaviors did not change after repeated exposure to the
message. However, after the second exposure the proportions of both systematic and all
message-related thoughts (relative to total thoughts) significantly decreased while the
proportion of heuristic thoughts significantly increased, and this pattern held after the
third exposure. The findings demonstrated that the predictions in the EPPM are likely to
be operative after three exposures to a persuasive message." (Shi, 2016)
9. COURSE LITERATURE SEARCH 9
References
Bartula, A., & Bowen, K. (2015). University and College Officials' Perceptions of Open Carry
on College Campus. Justice Policy Journal, 12(2), 1-17.
Birnbaum, R. (2013). Ready, Fire, Aim: The College Campus Gun Fight. Change, 45(5), 6-14.
Fox, C., & Harding, D. J. (2005). School Shootings as Organizational Deviance. Sociology Of
Education, 78(1), 69-97.
Olsson, A. A. (2007). Social learning of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 10(9), 1095-1102.
Price, J. H., Thompson, A., Khubchandani, J., Dake, J., Payton, E., & Teeple, K. (2014).
University Presidents’ Perceptions and Practice Regarding the Carrying of Concealed
Handguns on College Campuses. Journal Of American College Health, 62(7), 461-469
9p. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.920336
SCHNOEBELEN, A. (2013). After Shootings, Morgan State U. Trains Students in Conflict
Resolution. Chronicle Of Higher Education, 59(35), A14.
Shi, J., & Smith, S. W. (2016). The effects of fear appeal message repetition on perceived threat,
perceived efficacy, and behavioral intention in the extended parallel process model.
Health Communication, 31:3, 275-286, DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2014.948145
Thompson, A., Price, J. H., Dake, J. A., Teeple, K., Bassler, S., Khubchandani, J., & ... Stratton,
C. (2013). Student Perceptions and Practices Regarding Carrying Concealed Handguns
on University Campuses. Journal Of American College Health, 61(5), 243-253.
