tema pentru engleza

1. www.postersession.com
www.postersession.com
The history of money concerns the development of social systems that provide at
least one of the functions of money. Such systems can be understood as means of
trading wealth indirectly; not directly as with barter. Money is a mechanism that
facilitates this process.
Money may take a physical form as in coins and notes, or may exist as a written or
electronic account. It may have intrinsic value (commodity money), be legally
exchangeable for something with intrinsic value (representative money), or only
have nominal value (fiat money).
The significant evidence establishes many things were bartered in ancient markets
that could be described as a medium of exchange. These included livestock and
grain – things directly useful in themselves – but also merely attractive items such
as cowrie shells or beads were exchanged for more useful commodities. However,
such exchanges would be better described as barter, and the common bartering of a
particular commodity (especially when the commodity items are not fungible) does
not technically make that commodity "money" or a "commodity money" like the
shekel – which was both a coin representing a specific weight of barley, and the
weight of that sack of barley.
While not the oldest form of money of exchange, various metals (both common and
precious metals) were also used in both barter systems and monetary systems and
the historical use of metals provides some of the clearest illustration of how the
barter systems gave birth to monetary systems. The Romans' use of bronze, while
not among the more ancient examples is well documented, and it illustrates this
transition clearly. First, the "aes rude" (rough bronze) was used. This was a heavy
weight of unmeasured bronze used in what was properly a barter system—the
barter-ability of the bronze was related exclusively to its usefulness in blacksmithing
and it was bartered with the intent of being turned into tools. The next historical
step was bronze in bars that had a 5-pound pre-measured weight (presumably to
make barter easier and more fair), called "aes signatum" (signed bronze), which is
where debate arises between if this is still the barter system or now a monetary
system. Finally, there is a clear break from the use of bronze in barter into its
undebatable use as money because of lighter measures of bronze not intended to be
used as anything other than coinage for transactions. The aes grave (heavy bronze)
(or As) is the start of the use of coins in Rome, but not the oldest known example
metal coinage.
Theories of money
The invention of money took place before the beginning of written history.[7]
Consequently any story of how money first developed is largely based on conjecture
and logical inference. The earliest ideas included Aristotle's "metallist" and Plato's
"cartalist" concepts, which Joseph Schumpeter integrated into his own theory of
money as forms of classification.[8] Specifically, the Austrian economist attempted
to develop a catallactic theory of money out of Claim Theory.[9] Schumpeter's
theory had several themes but the most important of these involve the notions that
money can be analyzed from the viewpoint of social accounting and that it is also
firmly connected to the theory of value and price.[10]
There are at least two theories of what money is and these can influence the
interpretation of historical and archeological evidence of early monetary systems.
The commodity theory of money (money of exchange) is preferred by those who
wish to view money as a natural outgrowth of market activity.[11] Others view the
credit theory of money (money of account) as more plausible and may posit a key
role for the state in establishing money. The Commodity theory is more widely held
and much of this article is written from that point of view.[12] Overall, the different
theories of money developed by economists largely focus on functions, use, and
management of money.
HISTORY OF MONEY
AND BANKING
Bibliography
- Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture.
New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231110049
- Ebrey, Walthall, Palais, (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0618133844
-Del Mar, AA History of Money in Ancient Countries from the Earliest Times to the
Present
- Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion,
1250–1276. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0
- Richards, R. D. Early history of banking in England. London: R. S. King, 1929.
Introduction
Coordinating teacher: Mihai Daniel Frumuselu
Keywords: bank, money
Bogdan Stefan, STAN, USAMV, IMAPA, GROUP 8115