In November 1922, a U.S. Department of Labor publication listed asbestos workers as a hazardous occupation and described the lung disease asbestosis. It recommended methods to prevent dust inhalation, including using water, exhaust systems, enclosed chambers, and respirators. In 1939, a U.S. Navy report acknowledged that pipe insulators at navy yards were exposed to asbestos dust and recommended installing exhaust blowers to remove dust at the source. By 1955, the U.S. Navy had formally adopted a threshold limit value of 5 mppcf for asbestos exposure.

1. rWay
ou
y, Y y Way
My Wa av
th eN
and

2. rW ay
ou
y, Y y Way
My Wa av bbie R. Bailey
th e N Bo idley, LLC
and e Ma
r tin &
R
om
ard R
How

3. key
e ry
e
1. Nav
Cas
thre e
to ev
y Kn
2. Nav owledge
y Co
3. Nav
Nav y
ntrol
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i
Rom e R. Bai
e Ma le
rtin y, Howa
& Ri
dley rd
, LLC

4. i rms
one
Navy
.”
1. Fran
erts
ti ffs f
cis B
2. Will
use
urge
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f ou r
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3. Arn
“E xp
Lowe
ll
ral ly
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4. And oore
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5. Y
DGE
NAV Whe
n did
first
lear n the U.S. N
there or w avy
WLE
were ar n t
asso haza hat
ciate
A sb e d wit rds
stos h the
KNO
on it
s shi use of
ps?
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i
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6. FRANCIS BURGER, (Page 96:8 to 96:13)
96
8 Q. Okay. Do you know when the Navy first warned
is
er
9 of the asbestos -- the hazards associated with asbestos?
ra nc 10 A. The first warnings that I'm aware of began in
11 the late -- early 1970s where the Navy directed that
B urg
12 they remove asbestos materials from their purchase
13 orders, from their requirements.
ta in F
Cap
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7. FRANCIS BURGER, (Page 285:3 to 285:13)
285
3 Q. Well, are you aware that approximately around
4 1971, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard implemented certain
5 procedures for wearing respirators and protective gear
is
6 to protect individuals from asbestos?
er
7 A. I have read testimony to the effect that they
ra nc 8 started to implement procedures about the time that
B urg
9 OSHA -- or subsequent to the time that OSHA issued
10 their instructions. That I can testify to.
11 But to what extent that they did and for
12 what -- for what level of protection that they were
ta in F
13requiring, I -- I can't tell you. I don't know.
14 Q. Are you aware they also supplied warnings
15 about asbestos at the shipyard?
16 A. The first time that I can remember seeing any
17 warnings posted in the shipyard was in the early
18 '80s. I do not remember seeing any warnings before
19 that. But, again, I was not a -- a daily visitor to
Cap
20 the shipyard, and I did not work there at that time.
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8. CAPTAIN LOWELL, (Pages 63:23 to 64:10)
63
23 Q. When did you first become aware of the
24 hazards of asbestos?
25 A. Mid- to late '60s.
am
ll
64
Lowe
1 Q. And was that while you were serving in
2 the Naval Reserves?
W illi
3 A. Bath Iron Works.
4 Q. You learned of the hazards of asbestos
5 through the Iron Works?
6 A. Through the Harvard medical study.
7 Q. Okay. And what did you learn at that
ai n
8 time?
9 A. That asbestos could be hazardous to
10 your health.
Ca pt
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9. CAPTAIN LOWELL, (Page 64:18 to 64:21)
am
64
ll
18 Q. Do you know when the Navy first became
Lowe
19 aware of the hazards of asbestos?
W illi
20 A. I'm not fully privy to what the Navy
21 knew and when they knew it.
ai n
Ca pt
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10. WILLIAM LOWELL, (Page 115:3 to 115:13)
am
115
ll
3 Q. Very good. From 1965 to 1967, did Bath
Lowe
4 Iron Works ever put a visible warning on any of its
W illi
5 ships discussing the hazards of asbestos?
6 A. I don't know.
7 Q. Did you see it?
8 A. I don't remember one right now in the '66,
9 '67 time frame.
ai n
10 Q. Did you rely on the Navy to warn their
11 sailors?
12 A. I don't know what the Navy was telling
13 their sailors at that time.
Ca pt
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11. WILLIAM LOWELL, (Pages 115:20 to 116:8)
am
115
ll
20 Q. Okay. You knew that using
Lowe
21 asbestos-containing insulation was hazardous; is
W illi
22 that correct?
23 A. I knew there was a problem in 1966, yes,
24 sir.
25 Q. And was it your understanding that the
ai n
116
1 Navy would take care of its own personnel with
2 regard to the ships that you were building that had
3 asbestos in them?
Ca pt
4 MR. XXXXXXX: Objection; vague and
5 ambiguous.
6 THE DEPONENT: I didn't know really what
7 the Navy was doing after ships commissioned. I --
8 I am not -- I just don't know.
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12. g
,
T im e
, L on
L on g
In a L Up on a
–
Ago
a nd
On ce
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13. November, 1922
Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs
A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations
Lists asbestos
workers as a
hazardous
occupation
by Lois I. Dublin, Ph.D. and Phillip Leiboff
U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 306

14. November, 1922
Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs
A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations
There are four
effective methods
that may be used to
prevent the
inhalation of dust
generated during
industrial processes.

15. November, 1922
Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs
A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations
1. The use of
water to dampen
the dust and thus
prevent it from
rising and filling
the atmosphere
2. The use of
exhaust systems
which remove
dust at the
point of origin

16. November, 1922
Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs
A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations
3. The use of
enclosing
chambers in
which the dust-
producing 4. The use of
processes are respirators and
confined, being helmets. In many cases
regulated from it may be necessary to
the outside combine several of
these measures
effectively to prevent
the inhalation of dust
by the worker.

17. 1939 Annual Report Surgeon General,
U.S. Navy Hazard of Asbestosis
Asbestosis is an industrial
Asbestosis is an industrial
disease of the lungs
disease of the lungs
incident to the inhalation
incident to the inhalation
of asbestos dust for
of asbestos dust for
prolonged periods, and is
prolonged periods, and is
distinct from silicosis. The
distinct from silicosis. The
development of the
development of the
disease depends upon the
disease depends upon the
concentration of the dust,
concentration of the dust,
the size of the dust
the size of the dust
particles, and the length
particles, and the length
of exposure.
of exposure.
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18. 1939 Annual Report Surgeon General,
U.S. Navy Hazard of Asbestosis
The workers in the Pipe Covering
The workers in the Pipe Covering
and Insulating Shop are exposed to
and Insulating Shop are exposed to
the insulation of the asbestos dust
the insulation of the asbestos dust
incident to the cutting of asbestos
incident to the cutting of asbestos
insulating felt in the fabrication of
insulating felt in the fabrication of
covers for flanges, valve bonnets,
covers for flanges, valve bonnets,
and high temperature steam
and high temperature steam
turbines. The material falls under
turbines. The material falls under
the trade name of “Amosite.”
the trade name of “Amosite.”
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C

19. Gen on
eral,
os is
e
S urg The following
The following
be st
recommendation made
recommendation made
po r t
of As jointly by the medical officer
jointly by the medical officer
of the Yard and the safety
of the Yard and the safety
al Re
engineer was approved;
engineer was approved;
Install an exhaust blower
az ard
Install an exhaust blower
over work table in the
over work table in the
Annu
Pipe Covering and
Pipe Covering and
av y H
Insulating Shop to
Insulating Shop to
remove asbestos dust
remove asbestos dust
1939
at the source as a
at the source as a
U.S. N
protective measure
protective measure
against the hazards
against the hazards
of asbestos.
of asbestos.
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C

20. U.S. Navy Knowledge
1939: Navy Hospital Manual – Aware of Asbestos-Containing
Insulation
Q: What precautions At all navy yards, the
are exercised to Commandant is the
prevent damage from head of the
pipecovering organization. ….He is
compounds? What familiar with the
asbestos hazards nature of the work
exist? being performed and…
the health and
A: Masks for asbestos accidents presented.
workers.
The Government, having passed such [health and safety] laws must therefore lead
the way in protecting its own employees. The United States Navy is one of the
largest of the industries maintained by this Government. An organization has
been set up in the Navy to protect its personnel, both civilian and naval.

21. Minimum Requirements for Safety and Industrial
Health in Contract Shipyards
Approved U.S. Navy
January 20, 1943
Approved U.S.
Maritime
Commission
February 9, 1943
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22. Minimum Requirements for Safety and Industrial
Health in Contract Shipyards
…it is simply good common sense
that as much care and attention be
given to protecting the human
factors in the war production
program as is given machines.
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23. Minimum Requirements
S-6. Employee Safety Training
6.4 All Employees shall be instructed in
their specific duties by their immediate
supervisor and they shall be made
familiar with the hazards of the job and
instructed carefully in how to avoid
them. It shall further be the duty of the
supervisor to constantly check all
employees so unsafe working practices
may be corrected before accidents
occur.
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24. Navy Safety Review: July 1947

25. Department of the Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Bumed Instruction 6270.3
November 7, 1955
Purpose: To establish as a basic
reference the threshold limit values
of toxic materials, adopted by the
American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
and to provide guidance toward the
reduction of potential health
hazards encountered in industrial
environment for both military and
naval civilian personnel.
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C

26. U.S. Navy (Formally) Adopts 5 mppcf as TLV
for Asbestos – 1955

27. U.S. Navy (Formally) Adopts 5 mppcf as TLV
for Asbestos – 1955

28. From
L
the m
TRO
enlis
tmen oment o
cont t – on f
ract ce t h
Navy was e
si g n
C ON
p
the n ractical ed –
ew e ly ow the
and nliste ned
Soul e “H
.” e ar t
NAVY
Bobb
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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29. T he
n ual
MP –
ts’ M a
T CA
jacke
B OO
Blue
Bobb
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rtin & y, Howar
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C

30. on
d in
191 8
Ed iti
li sh e
Six th
pu b
Th e
wa s
Bobb
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rtin & y, Howar
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C

31. 1. Wou
k
ld
me t you agr
p ert
o As hat t
he E ee w
Cont
ract nlistm ith
y Ex Emp was ent
NOT
o ns t
loym
a. A S e n t a t W
ai l o ill?
“qui r who d
y Na v
t” e
disci the Nav cided to
ue sti
pl i ne y wo
inclu d–u uld b
ding p to e
– de a nd
pend the death
circu in p
msta g on the enalty
Ever
Ten Q
nc es
.
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
Ridle d
y, LL
C

32. 2. W
ould
me t you agr
k
p ert
hat t ee w
o As Emp
loyer
he ith
relat /
y Ex ionsh employe
e
o ns t
dem ip wa
ocra s no
a. A cy? ta
y Na v
S ai l o
all la r who fa
ue sti
w i
disci ful orde led to ob
p rs e
inclu lined – u would b y
d p e
– de ing the d to and
pe e
Ever
Ten Q
circu nding o ath pena
msta n lty
nces the
.
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
Ridle d
y, LL
C

33. 3.
Wou
ld yo
agre u
e w it
me t h
hat t
k
Navy he
p ert
o As Sailo
rs
told
y Ex onbo
ard
o ns t
a. Wh ship
:
en t o
b. Wh wake
y Na v
en to
c. Wh show
ue sti
en to er
d. Wh ea t
en to
e. Wh smok
e
Ever
Ten Q
en to
f . Wh repo
rt to
en to work
g. Wh relax
Bobb
en n to g
i
Rom e R. Baile o to
e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
b ed.
Ridle d
y, LL
C

34. 4. W
ould
me t you agr
k
hat t
he N ee with
p ert
o As Sailo
rs on
boar
avy t
o ld
y Ex a. Ho d shi
b.
w to p:
o ns t
take
How as show
to dr er
c. How
ess
to m
d.
y Na v
ake t
ue sti
How hei r
to sh b eds
e. How
i ne t
heir
to cu shoe
f. How
t the
ir h a
s
to f o ir/sh
g.
Ever
Ten Q
ld th ave
How ei r c
/Wh lothe
ere t s
o go
to be
Bobb d.
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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y, LL
C

35. 5. Wou
l
the N d you ag
cont avy mai ree with
k
r n
sailo ol of the tained s me that
p ert
o As a. S
r on
choo
t t
ship raining o rict
? Inc
ludin f every
ls
y Ex 1)
Firef
g:
o ns t
2) W ighting
3) M elding
4) B achinist Mate
y Na v
oiler
5) E Tend
ue sti
lectr er
6) H ician
b. C ull Repair/
D
c. O orrespondenc amage Contr
Ever
Ten Q
d. N n the job train e courses ol
AVSH ing
Man IPS(B
uals USHI
PS) T
echn
ical
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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C

36. k
p ert
o As
y Ex
o ns t
y Na v
ue sti
Ever
Ten Q
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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y, LL
C

37. k
p ert
o As
y Ex
o ns t
y Na v
ue sti
Ever
Ten Q
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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y, LL
C

38. k
p ert
o As
y Ex
o ns t
y Na v
ue sti
Ever
Ten Q
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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y, LL
C

39. k
p ert
o As
y Ex
o ns t
y Na v
ue sti
Ever
Ten Q
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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y, LL
C

40. 7. W
o uld
k
you a
p ert
that
o As the N gree
stric avy m with m
tc e
envi ontrol o aintained
y Ex ronm f
Inclu ent o the work
o ns t
ding n s hi
a : p?
. Ven
b. To tilation
y Na v
ue sti
o
c. Eq ls
u
d. Te ipment
mpe
e. Pe ratur
Ever
Ten Q
e
rs onne
l/Ma
nnin
g
Bobb
i
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rtin & y, Howar
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41. k
p ert
o As
y Ex
o ns t
y Na v
ue sti
i
Ever
Ten Q
p
s
t
h
r
Bobb o
i
Rom e R. Baile u
e Ma
rtin & y, Howar g
Ridle d h
y, LL
C
a

42. Ty p
ica l M
il ita r
Cen t
Sp ec
ifica y
rifu g tio ns
Mag a l Pu :
ne si a mp s;
Blo c
k
Bobb
i
e Ma
Rom e R. Baile
Ridle
rtin & y, Howar
y, LL
d
C

43. 9. W
k
p ert
ould
o As that
if an
you a
equi
gree
with
man pme me
y Ex ufact nt
want urer
o ns t
ed t o or a
to a p make vendo
rodu a cha r
Milit
ary S ct covere nge
y Na v
that pe c i d by
ue sti
they fi
proc woul cations
eed d ha
chan throu ve to
nels? gh N
avy
Ever
Ten Q
Bobb
i
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e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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y, LL
C

44. 10.W
ou l d
me t you a
k
h at t g
he P ree with
p ert
o As Safe
prim
ty w
as N
e rs o
n
OT th nel
ary m e
y Ex Navy issio
W n of
o ns t
fact t arship a
he o – and
prec rder in
e de n of
y Na v
1)The ce w
as :
ue sti
Miss
2)The ion;
Ship
3)The ;
Ever
Ten Q
M en.
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45. ES
T he
Unit
– No ed S
HO I C man
t equ
ipme
tates
Navy
ufact n
vend urers t
ors – or
choi
ces. made th
Y C
e
NAV
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46. FRANCIS BURGER- Vol. I, (Page 189:1 to 189:8)
189
1 Isn't it true, though, that the Navy had the final
is
2 say about what equipment went on that ship?
er
3 MS. XXXXXXX: Vague; overbroad.
ra nc 4 THE WITNESS: That's incorrect. The company had the
5 final say. This was a new type of contracting that was
B urg
6 under Mr. McNamara, and we were -- we were -- oh, they
7 could make life difficult for us, but they did not have
8 the final say.
ta in F
Cap
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C

47. FRANCIS BURGER, (Page 347:13 to 347:22)
347
13 Q. Sir, when the Navy used insulation for
14 protection of personnel, it was the Navy that made the
15 choice of what insulation it wanted to use, be it
is
er
16 elastomeric or cork or any other external insulation; is
17 that correct?
ra nc 18 A. I don't believe so, no. I think that choice
B urg
19 would have been the vendors' choice. The Navy would
20 have only dictated insofar as the temperatures and
21 fulfillment of the military specifications for either
22 ship construction or equipment construction.
ta in F
Cap
Bobb
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C

48. l of
Duri
rer s
ng W
when orld
most War
ntro
Ship of th II,
s inv
olve e Navy
fa ctu asbe
s t os d in
bein litiga
g bu t
ilt, th ion were
Y Co
exer e Na
cised vy
Man Cont
M an u
ufact
Vend urers rol over
ors i a
n a n nd
NAV
ways
. u mb
er of
Bobb
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rtin & y, Howar
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49. l of
rer s
ntro
fa ctu
Y Co
M an u
NAV
Bobb
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rtin & y, Howar
Ridle d
y, LL
C

50. December 19, 1941 U.S. Office of Production
Management Bulletin:
“Where there is a refusal to recognize a
priority rating on an order placed by…the
l of
Secretary of the Navy…the plant may be
rer s
ntro seized by the United States and heavy fines
enacted.”
fa ctu
Y Co
M an u
NAV
Bobb
i
Rom e R. Baile
e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
Ridle d
y, LL
C

51. of
s
t ure r
n tro l
u fa c
Y Co
Ma n
N AV
Bobb
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52. August 20, 1943 War Production Board
Compliance Order:
“Compliance with orders and
regulations with the War
Production Board may be
enforced by criminal prosecution
and civil injunction proceedings…
criminal or civil prosecution
under the Second War Powers
Act shall be the customary
method of enforcing
compliance.”
Bobb
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C

53. November 4, 1943 War Production Board
Memo:
“…there has been a steady
decline in production in
essential components [like
Asbestos]….These components
are essential to the completion
of all ships whether war or
cargo…in fact the entire
mechanized economy of the
country both war and civilian.”
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C

54. uc ts
fort
December 12, 1943 Memo to Secretary of
the Navy:
P rod
a r Ef “Amosite blankets and
pipecovering…[are] the only
flexible material which has
a nd W
e st os
proven satisfactory under high
temperature….
[production] facilities are
considered to be of sufficient
Asb
importance to the War Effort to
justify Governmental
Bobb
financing.”
i
Rom e R. Baile
e Ma
rtin & y, Howar
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y, LL
C

55. •Asb
e s t os
•Asb Board
estos (NAV
Paper SPEC
d at
•Asb ( N AV 17-I-
estos 6 d)
g P ro b est os-
•Asb Fiber SPEC
17-I-
s f or
e s t os (NAV 9)
SPEC
e
•Asb Ro d P 17-I-
estos ackin 29)
Sheet g (NA
d Us
•Asb
lea st pe ci fie
estos (NAV VSPE
C lo t h SPEC C HH
•Hig ( N AV 32 - A -P-36
h Tem SPEC -3) b)
du ct •Asb
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