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Routes to cellulosic ethanol: biotechnological
solutions for the sustainable improvement of
                         cell wall degradation

                      Marcos Buckeridge
                             Departamento de Botânica
                         Instituto de Biociências – USP
                                        msbuck@usp.br
The wall in the context of plant composition
       Obtained from CO2 and water
       Carbon...............................................45%              Cellulose,
96%    Oxigen...............................................45%       hemicelluloses & pectins
       Hidrogen..............................................6%             96-10%=86%
       Macronutrients
                                                                                        Proteins and
       Nitrogen.............................................1.5% X 6.25 = 9.4% (10%) Nucleic acids
       Potassium..........................................1.0% X
       Calcium..............................................0.5%
                                                                           Pectins = 0.7%
3.6%   Magnesium.........................................0.2%
       Phosphorous......................................0.2% X
       Sulfur..................................................0.1% X
       Silicium...............................................0.1%        Pectins? = 0.7%
        Micronutrients
       Boron..................................
                                                     Pectins = traces
       Manganese.........................
       Chloride.............................. X
       Iron..................................... X   Lipids are approximately 15% of plant tissues
0.4%   Sodium............................... X
                                                         Thus, the wall corresponds
       Zinc.................................... X
       Copper............................... X             to ca. 70    % of the plant
       Nickel................................. X         In sugarne = leaves contain 68% and
                                                             stem 50% plus 18% of sucrose
       Molibdenium.......................... X
V
                                                                A              Cell walls from
                                                  PC                          leaves (left) and
                              ML
                                                                               root (below) of
                                                                                  legumes
                                                   A



                                                              2µm
                                                                                                     C
                                                                B
                           PC
                                    S1           S3
                                          S2              ML


                                           PP




Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
A                     B




                      Glycosidic linkage beta-(1,4)
      H bridges                                                paper




Cellulose: the most abundant polymer on Earth.
Photograph by Cesar Gustavo Lisboa e Marcos Buckeridge, 2005
alpha-(1,4)                                  HOMOGALACTURONNAN

                                                                                                  GLC
     AGA          AGA          AGA          AGA             AGA         AGA          AGA
                                                                                     MAN         AGA


                                                          methyl                                          A
                                                                                    Egg boxes divalent
                                                                                    ion, maily calcium
                                                                                    and magnesium
                                                                                    induce the formatio
                                                                                    of gels in regions
                                                               -             -      that are not
                                   -              -                                 methylated of
                                                                                    homogalacturonan

        -              -               -              -             -




                                                                                                          B

Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
GAL
                      beta (1,3)                  GAL
                                                                     ARA
                                      GAL
                             GAL                  GAL       alpha (1,6)

                                     beta (1,6)             arabinogalactan I
       GalA         RHA
                                                  GAL             GAL             GAL
                                                                                                      alpha (1,5)

                            GalA        RHA                                                  ARA
                                                                          beta (1,4)

                                                  GalA        RHA
                              alpha (1,2)


                                                    alpha (1,4)      GalA              RHA


                                                                                             GalA    RHA


                                                                                                           GalA
Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
Polysaccharideo




                           Lignin
     Lignin




                  Lignin
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE
       CELL WALL
Design: Wanderley dos Santos
microfibril

                                                    Hemicellulose
                                                    strongly likd to
                                                    cellulose

                                                    Hemicelluluse
                                                    loosely bound to
                                                    cellulose

                                                         Pectins


                                                        Proteins

                                                        Ferulic acid



                    Type I                                                              Type II




Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
WALL BIOSYNTHESIS
Biossíntese da celulose: o
 único polímero feito no
       plasmalema
AAAAAA                          AAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Com exceção da
celulose, os demais
polímeros da parede
    são feitos no
complexo de Golgi
Hemicellulose biosynthesis




Buckeridge et al. 2004, Cereal Chemistry, Vol. 81 pg. 115
PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND
   WALL DEGRADATION
THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF
                                                                            BIOTHANOL
                                                                                                                              Enzyme structure
                                                                                                Fungal genome
                                                                       Cane genome
                                                                                                           4              4

                                                                               4
                                                                                                           Enzymes
Rotas para o etanol celulósico – Marcos Buckeridge, msbuck@usp.br




                                                                                        Cell Wall
                                                                    Cane
                                                                                                       3
                                                                                        2                      2, 3 e 4
                                                                           1
                                                                                         acid           glucose, xylose
                                                                                                          e arabinose


                                                                                                       1
                                                                                   Sucrose                                BIOETHANOL
National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioethanol
                       CNPq, FAPESP
DIA
                                                         NOITE




Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
A

                                                         Cell expansion in
                                                         papaya during
                                                         development
50µm




       PC
                                             B



50µm


            Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
A                                                            B




                                  expansin




                                                                                       New Microfibril




                                                                                                           Microfibril 2
    Microfibril 1




                                                                 Microfibril 1
                                             Microfibril 2




ATACKS OF XTH AND EXPANSIN                                       RELINK OF XYG BY XTH AND INTUSSUCEPTION


Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
Cotyledons of
                                                             Hymenaea courbaril (jatobá)
                                                               Storage walls can be
                                                                   very complex
M1 antibody binds specifically to fucosylated XGs, which are present only in primary cell walls




                                             Tiné, Braga, Hahn, Freshhour & Buckeridge, unpublished results
cotyledon                                                                                 ?
                                               phy, cry ?                                                              LIGHT
                               Xyloglucan             DNA
                               XTH
                                                       mRNA                               NPA treatment


                                               ?                                          Shoot excision           ?
                                 XGOs
               hcbetagal                                   ?
                                               Gal




                                                                                                                           leaf
                      Degalactosylated XGOs
                                                                                          Auxin




                                                                             hypocotyl
            alpha xylosidase            beta glucosidase
                                                                                              auxin-conjugate
                           Xyl         Glc
                                                                                                sucrose synthase
                                                                                         Sucrose             Starch
              Pentose P
               pathway                                                                                                     ?
                                     P-sugars ?                                          invertase


                                          sucrose synthase                                           P-sugars
                        invertase
            Starch                   Sucrose
                                                                                                     GROWTH
   Brandão, Del Bem, Vincentz & Buckeridge. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2009 in press
Cotyledons of Lupin: one enzyme
    does the job




Buckeridge et al. 2005. Annals of Botany, Vol.96:435.
Sugar composition of sugarcane leaves
           70
                                                                                 69,88


           60



           50



            40



            30



            20


                                           12,58
                10                                                 14,52

                      0,24
                                0,21
                 0                                     2,32

                     fuc
                              rham
                                          ara
                                                      gal
                                                                   glc
                                                                                xyl
Collaboration with EMBRAPA Bioenergy and INCT do Bioetanol
Maria Thereza Bazzo Martins, Amanda P. De Souza, Hugo Molinari & Marcos Buckeridge
Parede
                               celular e
        1
                             senescência
3           2
                                 foliar
                    4
    5
                6
7                       8   EMBRAPA agroenergia
                            Plantas de RB867515
                            coletadas
                            Maria Thereza Bazzo
Do composition during leaf senescence?

                      Fuc %                                          Rham %                                               Ara %
  0,6                                                 0,4                                            13,5
  0,5                                                 0,4
                                                                                                     13,0
                                                      0,3
  0,4                                                 0,3                                            12,5
  0,3                                                 0,2                                            12,0
  0,2                                                 0,2
                                                      0,1                                            11,5
  0,1                                                 0,1                                            11,0
  0,0                                                 0,0                                                    +1    +2 +3    +4    +5 +6   +7   +8
         +1    +2 +3     +4    +5    +6    +7    +8         +1   +2 +3    +4   +5     +6   +7   +8


                      Gal %                                              Glc %                                            Xyl%
2,8                                                   17                                             74
                                                      16
2,6                                                                                                  72
                                                      15
2,4                                                   14                                             70
2,2                                                   13                                             68
                                                      12
2,0                                                                                                  66
                                                      11
1,8                                                   10                                             64
        +1    +2 +3    +4     +5    +6    +7    +8          +1   +2 +3    +4     +5   +6   +7   +8          +1    +2 +3    +4     +5 +6   +7   +8




Collaboration with EMBRAPA Bioenergy and INCT do Bioetanol
Maria Thereza Bazzo Martins, Amanda P. De Souza, Hugo Molinari & Marcos Bucker
Do composition change along the leaf blade?

              Fuc %                          Rham %                                Ara %
0,40                               0,30                             13,5
                                   0,25                             13,0
0,30
                                   0,20                             12,5
0,20                               0,15
                                                                    12,0
                                   0,10
0,10                                                                11,5
                                   0,05
0,00                               0,00                             11,0
       Base     Middle    Tip             Base     Middle   Tip             Base     Middle   Tip



              Gal %                              Glc %                             Xyl%
2,7                                16,0                             74
2,5                                                                 72
                                   15,0
2,3
                                                                    70
2,1                                14,0
                                                                    68
1,9
                                   13,0                             66
1,7
1,5                                12,0                             64
       Base     Middle    Tip             Base     Middle   Tip            Base     Middle    Tip




                                           Collaboration with EMBRAPA Bioenergy and INCT do Bioetanol
                     Maria Tereza Bazzo Martins, Amanda P. De Souza, Hugo Molinari & Marcos Buckeridge
From 1999 to 2001, the SUCEST genome program
   produced 238,000 ESTs from various tissues of the
                   sugar cane plant.




                        Since then we found:
      1) 469 cell wall related genes in different cane tissues
                      (Lima et al. 2001, GMB)
1) Determined the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall
               polymers of different sugarcane tissues
How to modify the wall to obtain energy?

 Microorganisms                   Change synthesis                    Control of hydrolysis


                      Change polymer
                      structure                                            Activation of
Hydrolytic enzymes                                Increase wall and        endogenous
                                                  decrease sucrose          hydrolysis

                       Change wall
  Action on the        architecture
  bagasse wall
                                                                        MODIFIED WALL
                                                 “Papaya Cane”
                     Increase accessibility                           Increase accessibility
                                                  or” Energy cane”




                        Free fermentable sugars

                                         Fermentation



                                              Ethanol
THANK YOU
                                    Marcos Buckeridge
                                            Departamento de Botânica
                                        Instituto de Biociências – USP
                                                       msbuck@usp.br




                                         Hugo Molinari
                                         EMBRAPA agroenergia
http://bioethanolbrazil.wordpress.com
 Sesbania virgata, a galactomannan storing seed

                                     ex


                                     me       ex
                                     en



                                     e




                                                                 Barra=34µm
                    Barra=84µm                me


                                          1            2A   2B

end

sc




                                                                 Barra=40µm
                    Barra=22µm




                                 e                 e
                                          3                 4
 Galactomannan degradation in S. virgata




  0   1   2         3   4
          Time (days)
PhD thesis Patricia Tonini
Microfibrilas:
2-20 nm
diametro e
100 - 40 000
nm de
comprimento
ROTAS PARA O ETANOL LIGNOCELULÓSICO

Quais genes?                                                     CO2
                    Expressão gênica         Sinalização
(sequenciamento                                Celular           Temperatura
completo)
                                                                 Água

      Seqüências e                                      Mitigação e
                       Proteômica
    propriedade das                                      adaptação
           proteínas
                            B       Estudar a
                                    variabilidade          ETANOL
                            D
                                    genética

                                                                        Fermentação
                  Controlar a arquitetura               Hidrolases fúngicas
                         da parede                  B        (modo de ação,    Xilose ?
       B
                                                            cristalografia e
       D
                                                    D              genética)


 CANA ENERGIA
A parede celular é       Considerando uma sequência..
  composta por                    A-B-C-D-E-
polímero que são
uma combinação                 Ácidos Nucléicos:
        de             Quatro pares de bases ......45 = 1024
monossacarídeos
Pode-se comparar                   Proteinas:
   o número de
                       Vinte aminoácidos....205 = 3,200,000
  combinações
   possíveis em
 relação a outras                Carboidratos:
 macromoléculas
                      Dez monossacarídeos.... 105 = 100,000
Quatro hidroxilas (hexoses) ou três (pentoses).... x 3.55 = 525
                           Ligações alfa ou beta... X 25 = 32
    NÚMERO TOTAL DE POSSIBILIDADES = 1,680,700,000
Estrutura e
   conformação da
      celulose




cellulose


 amilose    glucanos


dextranos
Então, a parede poderia ser como um cristal líquido.....
Microfibrila de celulose


                                                                           Ramnogalacturonano I

                                                                              Ponto em que foi proposta ligação
                                                                              covalente entre extensina e pectina

                                                                            Extensina com tetrassacarídeos
                                                                            de arabinose (losangos)


                                                                            Arabinogalactano


                                                                                    Ponto em que foi proposta ligação
                                                                                    covalente entre xiloglucano e
                                                                                    pectina



                                                                           Xiloglucano

Figura 10 . Modelo de parede celular proposto em 1973 por Peter Albersheim e colaboradores. Neste, as ligações covalentes
(exemplos circundados) seriam a principal forma de manter os diferentes polissacarídeos em interação. Note porém, que a
interação não covalente entre xiloglucano e celulose já havia sido proposta neste modelo.
Legumes, Ferns                                                      Legumes, Ferns
                                                                                                                           G G G
                                                                                                                           MMMMM
                                                          (Csl n)
                                                                                                                            G G                                                                   Evolution of the
                   Cellulose-Xg binding control ?
                                                           JG                                                                                                                             cellulose-hemicellulose
                                                     FG             XG
                                                                                                                                                                                                 domain in plants
                                                                               SG




                                                                                                                                              Galactosyl tranferase
                                                                                                                                                                      Water retention
                                                     LG                                                                    G




                                                                                                     Alpha galactosidase
                                                                                                                           MMMMM




                                                                                          Hardness
                                                                    PP,PT,TP
                                                                                                                              G


                                                                                (Csl 6)
                                                         XXXG
                                                    XXGG    XXXXG                                                          MMMMM
                                                                                                                            G




                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Bromeliads
                                                                                                                                                                                           Epiphytism




                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Orchids,
                                                            XG
                                                                                                                                                                                           A A
                                                                                                                           MMMMM                                                           MMMMM
                                                                     (Csl 5)
                              Beta glucan




                                                                                            Coffee,
       GAX                                                                                                                                                                                  A A
                                                                                            Palms
                                                                                                                                    Csl 4                                                Acetyl transferase
                                                          (cellulose)
Ara tran




                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Bromeliads,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Asteraceae
                                                          GGGG                                                             MGMGM
                                                                                                                                                                                           G G G




                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Orchids,
                                                            CesA
                                                                                              ?                             Csl 3




                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Ferns,
           Xylan                                                                                                                                                                           MGMGM
                                                                                                                                                                                        Galactosyl transferase
beta-(1,4)                        CELLULOSE
                                                                   A
 GLC   GLC        GLC      GLC         GLC      GLC    GLC   GLC




             beta (1,2)          alpha (1,2)                       B
XYL              XYL      GAL         XYL             XYL
                                FUC
 GLC    GLC        GLC     GLC         GLC      GLC    GLC   GLC


                  alpha (1,6)
       XYL                                     XYL
                Action of XTH e cellulases
Xyloglucan conformation




            Without Xg      With Xg


Bacterial
cellulose
GalA                              GLUCURONOARABINOXYLAN (GAX)
            alpha-(1,6)

XYL      XYL        XYL     XYL       XYL      XYL        XYL    XYL

                                          alpha-(1,3)
            beta-(1,4)              ARA                 ARA


       beta-(1,3)
                                   MIXED LINKAGE GLUCAN (MLG)
                       GLC
                     beta-(1,4)
 GLC


         GLC        GLC     GLC       GLC


                                             GLC        GLC     GLC
beta-(1,4)                         PURE MANNAN


  MAN       MAN    MAN       MAN       MAN        MAN    MAN   MAN



              beta-(1,4)                     GLUCOMANNAN


  MAN       GLC    MAN       GLC       MAN        GLC    MAN   GLC


                                    acetyl

              beta-(1,4)                          GALACTOMANNANO
GAL

      MAN   MAN     MAN      MAN       MAN         MAN   MAN   MAN

                           GAL               GAL

                                   alpha-(1,6)
Pectinas                            Celulose-Hemicelulose   Proteínas




                                                                                        DOMÍNIOS
                                                                                          PAREDE
Figura 12. Modelo descontínuo da parede
celular. Neste desenho a parede é mostrada
em “corte transversal” ao eixo das microfibrilas.
Ao invés de se sustentar por ligações
covalentes, a parede celular primária e
composta por três domínios independentes:
Pectinas, Celulose-hemicelulose e Proteínas.
Os três coexistem independentemente, ou seja
sem ligações químicas covalentes, mas por
interações fracas (pontes de hidrogênio).
Cell wall deposition is not uniform




Buckeridge et al. 2004, Cereal Chemistry, Vol. 81 pg. 115

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Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol: biotechnological solutions for the sustaineble improvement of cell wall degradation

  • 1. Routes to cellulosic ethanol: biotechnological solutions for the sustainable improvement of cell wall degradation Marcos Buckeridge Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências – USP msbuck@usp.br
  • 2. The wall in the context of plant composition Obtained from CO2 and water Carbon...............................................45% Cellulose, 96% Oxigen...............................................45% hemicelluloses & pectins Hidrogen..............................................6% 96-10%=86% Macronutrients Proteins and Nitrogen.............................................1.5% X 6.25 = 9.4% (10%) Nucleic acids Potassium..........................................1.0% X Calcium..............................................0.5% Pectins = 0.7% 3.6% Magnesium.........................................0.2% Phosphorous......................................0.2% X Sulfur..................................................0.1% X Silicium...............................................0.1% Pectins? = 0.7% Micronutrients Boron.................................. Pectins = traces Manganese......................... Chloride.............................. X Iron..................................... X Lipids are approximately 15% of plant tissues 0.4% Sodium............................... X Thus, the wall corresponds Zinc.................................... X Copper............................... X to ca. 70 % of the plant Nickel................................. X In sugarne = leaves contain 68% and stem 50% plus 18% of sucrose Molibdenium.......................... X
  • 3. V A Cell walls from PC leaves (left) and ML root (below) of legumes A 2µm C B PC S1 S3 S2 ML PP Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
  • 4. A B Glycosidic linkage beta-(1,4) H bridges paper Cellulose: the most abundant polymer on Earth. Photograph by Cesar Gustavo Lisboa e Marcos Buckeridge, 2005
  • 5.
  • 6. alpha-(1,4) HOMOGALACTURONNAN GLC AGA AGA AGA AGA AGA AGA AGA MAN AGA methyl A Egg boxes divalent ion, maily calcium and magnesium induce the formatio of gels in regions - - that are not - - methylated of homogalacturonan - - - - - B Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
  • 7. GAL beta (1,3) GAL ARA GAL GAL GAL alpha (1,6) beta (1,6) arabinogalactan I GalA RHA GAL GAL GAL alpha (1,5) GalA RHA ARA beta (1,4) GalA RHA alpha (1,2) alpha (1,4) GalA RHA GalA RHA GalA Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
  • 8. Polysaccharideo Lignin Lignin Lignin
  • 9. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CELL WALL
  • 11. microfibril Hemicellulose strongly likd to cellulose Hemicelluluse loosely bound to cellulose Pectins Proteins Ferulic acid Type I Type II Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
  • 13. Biossíntese da celulose: o único polímero feito no plasmalema
  • 14. AAAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
  • 15. Com exceção da celulose, os demais polímeros da parede são feitos no complexo de Golgi
  • 16. Hemicellulose biosynthesis Buckeridge et al. 2004, Cereal Chemistry, Vol. 81 pg. 115
  • 17. PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND WALL DEGRADATION
  • 18. THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF BIOTHANOL Enzyme structure Fungal genome Cane genome 4 4 4 Enzymes Rotas para o etanol celulósico – Marcos Buckeridge, msbuck@usp.br Cell Wall Cane 3 2 2, 3 e 4 1 acid glucose, xylose e arabinose 1 Sucrose BIOETHANOL
  • 19. National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioethanol CNPq, FAPESP
  • 20. DIA NOITE Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
  • 21. A Cell expansion in papaya during development 50µm PC B 50µm Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
  • 22. A B expansin New Microfibril Microfibril 2 Microfibril 1 Microfibril 1 Microfibril 2 ATACKS OF XTH AND EXPANSIN RELINK OF XYG BY XTH AND INTUSSUCEPTION Buckeridge et al. 2008. Parede Celular, Cap 9 in Kerbauy G.B. Fisiologia Vegetal. Guanabara Koogan
  • 23. Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril (jatobá) Storage walls can be very complex M1 antibody binds specifically to fucosylated XGs, which are present only in primary cell walls Tiné, Braga, Hahn, Freshhour & Buckeridge, unpublished results
  • 24. cotyledon ? phy, cry ? LIGHT Xyloglucan DNA XTH mRNA NPA treatment ? Shoot excision ? XGOs hcbetagal ? Gal leaf Degalactosylated XGOs Auxin hypocotyl alpha xylosidase beta glucosidase auxin-conjugate Xyl Glc sucrose synthase Sucrose Starch Pentose P pathway ? P-sugars ? invertase sucrose synthase P-sugars invertase Starch Sucrose GROWTH Brandão, Del Bem, Vincentz & Buckeridge. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2009 in press
  • 25. Cotyledons of Lupin: one enzyme does the job Buckeridge et al. 2005. Annals of Botany, Vol.96:435.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. Sugar composition of sugarcane leaves 70 69,88 60 50 40 30 20 12,58 10 14,52 0,24 0,21 0 2,32 fuc rham ara gal glc xyl Collaboration with EMBRAPA Bioenergy and INCT do Bioetanol Maria Thereza Bazzo Martins, Amanda P. De Souza, Hugo Molinari & Marcos Buckeridge
  • 31. Parede celular e 1 senescência 3 2 foliar 4 5 6 7 8 EMBRAPA agroenergia Plantas de RB867515 coletadas Maria Thereza Bazzo
  • 32. Do composition during leaf senescence? Fuc % Rham % Ara % 0,6 0,4 13,5 0,5 0,4 13,0 0,3 0,4 0,3 12,5 0,3 0,2 12,0 0,2 0,2 0,1 11,5 0,1 0,1 11,0 0,0 0,0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 Gal % Glc % Xyl% 2,8 17 74 16 2,6 72 15 2,4 14 70 2,2 13 68 12 2,0 66 11 1,8 10 64 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 Collaboration with EMBRAPA Bioenergy and INCT do Bioetanol Maria Thereza Bazzo Martins, Amanda P. De Souza, Hugo Molinari & Marcos Bucker
  • 33. Do composition change along the leaf blade? Fuc % Rham % Ara % 0,40 0,30 13,5 0,25 13,0 0,30 0,20 12,5 0,20 0,15 12,0 0,10 0,10 11,5 0,05 0,00 0,00 11,0 Base Middle Tip Base Middle Tip Base Middle Tip Gal % Glc % Xyl% 2,7 16,0 74 2,5 72 15,0 2,3 70 2,1 14,0 68 1,9 13,0 66 1,7 1,5 12,0 64 Base Middle Tip Base Middle Tip Base Middle Tip Collaboration with EMBRAPA Bioenergy and INCT do Bioetanol Maria Tereza Bazzo Martins, Amanda P. De Souza, Hugo Molinari & Marcos Buckeridge
  • 34. From 1999 to 2001, the SUCEST genome program produced 238,000 ESTs from various tissues of the sugar cane plant. Since then we found: 1) 469 cell wall related genes in different cane tissues (Lima et al. 2001, GMB) 1) Determined the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall polymers of different sugarcane tissues
  • 35. How to modify the wall to obtain energy? Microorganisms Change synthesis Control of hydrolysis Change polymer structure Activation of Hydrolytic enzymes Increase wall and endogenous decrease sucrose hydrolysis Change wall Action on the architecture bagasse wall MODIFIED WALL “Papaya Cane” Increase accessibility Increase accessibility or” Energy cane” Free fermentable sugars Fermentation Ethanol
  • 36. THANK YOU Marcos Buckeridge Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências – USP msbuck@usp.br Hugo Molinari EMBRAPA agroenergia http://bioethanolbrazil.wordpress.com
  • 37.
  • 38.  Sesbania virgata, a galactomannan storing seed ex me ex en e Barra=34µm Barra=84µm me 1 2A 2B end sc Barra=40µm Barra=22µm e e 3 4
  • 39.  Galactomannan degradation in S. virgata 0 1 2 3 4 Time (days)
  • 41. Microfibrilas: 2-20 nm diametro e 100 - 40 000 nm de comprimento
  • 42. ROTAS PARA O ETANOL LIGNOCELULÓSICO Quais genes? CO2 Expressão gênica Sinalização (sequenciamento Celular Temperatura completo) Água Seqüências e Mitigação e Proteômica propriedade das adaptação proteínas B Estudar a variabilidade ETANOL D genética Fermentação Controlar a arquitetura Hidrolases fúngicas da parede B (modo de ação, Xilose ? B cristalografia e D D genética) CANA ENERGIA
  • 43. A parede celular é Considerando uma sequência.. composta por A-B-C-D-E- polímero que são uma combinação Ácidos Nucléicos: de Quatro pares de bases ......45 = 1024 monossacarídeos Pode-se comparar Proteinas: o número de Vinte aminoácidos....205 = 3,200,000 combinações possíveis em relação a outras Carboidratos: macromoléculas Dez monossacarídeos.... 105 = 100,000 Quatro hidroxilas (hexoses) ou três (pentoses).... x 3.55 = 525 Ligações alfa ou beta... X 25 = 32 NÚMERO TOTAL DE POSSIBILIDADES = 1,680,700,000
  • 44. Estrutura e conformação da celulose cellulose amilose glucanos dextranos
  • 45. Então, a parede poderia ser como um cristal líquido.....
  • 46. Microfibrila de celulose Ramnogalacturonano I Ponto em que foi proposta ligação covalente entre extensina e pectina Extensina com tetrassacarídeos de arabinose (losangos) Arabinogalactano Ponto em que foi proposta ligação covalente entre xiloglucano e pectina Xiloglucano Figura 10 . Modelo de parede celular proposto em 1973 por Peter Albersheim e colaboradores. Neste, as ligações covalentes (exemplos circundados) seriam a principal forma de manter os diferentes polissacarídeos em interação. Note porém, que a interação não covalente entre xiloglucano e celulose já havia sido proposta neste modelo.
  • 47. Legumes, Ferns Legumes, Ferns G G G MMMMM (Csl n) G G Evolution of the Cellulose-Xg binding control ? JG cellulose-hemicellulose FG XG domain in plants SG Galactosyl tranferase Water retention LG G Alpha galactosidase MMMMM Hardness PP,PT,TP G (Csl 6) XXXG XXGG XXXXG MMMMM G Bromeliads Epiphytism Orchids, XG A A MMMMM MMMMM (Csl 5) Beta glucan Coffee, GAX A A Palms Csl 4 Acetyl transferase (cellulose) Ara tran Bromeliads, Asteraceae GGGG MGMGM G G G Orchids, CesA ? Csl 3 Ferns, Xylan MGMGM Galactosyl transferase
  • 48.
  • 49. beta-(1,4) CELLULOSE A GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC beta (1,2) alpha (1,2) B XYL XYL GAL XYL XYL FUC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC alpha (1,6) XYL XYL Action of XTH e cellulases
  • 50. Xyloglucan conformation Without Xg With Xg Bacterial cellulose
  • 51. GalA GLUCURONOARABINOXYLAN (GAX) alpha-(1,6) XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL XYL alpha-(1,3) beta-(1,4) ARA ARA beta-(1,3) MIXED LINKAGE GLUCAN (MLG) GLC beta-(1,4) GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC
  • 52. beta-(1,4) PURE MANNAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN beta-(1,4) GLUCOMANNAN MAN GLC MAN GLC MAN GLC MAN GLC acetyl beta-(1,4) GALACTOMANNANO GAL MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN GAL GAL alpha-(1,6)
  • 53. Pectinas Celulose-Hemicelulose Proteínas DOMÍNIOS PAREDE Figura 12. Modelo descontínuo da parede celular. Neste desenho a parede é mostrada em “corte transversal” ao eixo das microfibrilas. Ao invés de se sustentar por ligações covalentes, a parede celular primária e composta por três domínios independentes: Pectinas, Celulose-hemicelulose e Proteínas. Os três coexistem independentemente, ou seja sem ligações químicas covalentes, mas por interações fracas (pontes de hidrogênio).
  • 54. Cell wall deposition is not uniform Buckeridge et al. 2004, Cereal Chemistry, Vol. 81 pg. 115