Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Quality in Critical Care_١١٣١٠١.pptx
1. Quality in Critical Care
Material Adapted from the WHO Clinical Care SARI course
2. Learning objectives
Define quality care.
Describe global variation in critical care.
Discuss quality indicators for structure,
process and outcomes in critical care.
Describe quality improvement (QI) work and
its benefits.
Identify practical quality tools that can be
applied.
3. What is quality care?
Quality is multi-
dimensional.
(Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, 2001) https://www.who.int/servicedeliverysafety/quality-report/en/
Elements of health care quality
4. Why is quality important?
Access to care means little if services are not
delivered with quality in mind.
Between 5.7 and 8.4 millions deaths occur
annually from poor quality care in LMICs.
Substandard care wastes significant resources,
fails to turn investments into better health,
harms the health of populations, and destroys
human capital.
Ref: Crossing the global quality chasm. The National Academies
of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine; 2018
5. What is quality care?
Safe
Avoids harm to patients with care intended to help them
Timely
Reduces waiting for patients and those giving care
Efficient
Reduces waste
Equitable
Reduces gaps or disparities in care
Effective
Matches care to science, adheres to standards of care
Patient-centred
Respects the individual patient
(Institute of Medicine, Washington DC, 2001)
Quality element Description
Safe Avoiding harm to people for whom the care is intended.
Timely Reducing waiting times and sometimes harmful delays for both those who
receive and those who give care.
Effective Providing evidence-based health care services to those who need them.
Equitable Providing care that does not vary because of age, sex, gender, race, ethnicity,
geography, religion, socio-economic status, linguistic or political affiliation.
Efficient Maximizing the benefit of available resources and avoiding waste.
Patient-centered Providing care that responds to individual preferences, needs and values in
health services that are organized around the needs of people.
Integrated Providing care that is coordinated across levels and providers and makes
available the full range of health services throughout the life course.
6. What’s special about a critical care
system?
Frequent monitoring, lots of information
processing required.
Complex, expensive technology and equipment.
Rapid clinical-decision making.
Complex risk-benefit analysis.
Invasive (risky) interventions.
Requires interdisciplinary team of healthcare
workers.
8. Critical care as a system
I
Resources Processes Outcomes
ICU organization
•number of beds
•architecture/location
•integration into health
care system
.
Availability of equipment
and supplies
•medicines, ventilators, etc.
Availability of staffing
•intensivists, physician,
specialists
•ICU nurses, patient ratio
•pharmacists, dieticians,
respiratory therapists,
physiotherapists, biomedical
technicians, etc.
Refer to any interventions
done for patients, i.e.
procedures, medications,
etc.
• Administering
appropriate antimicrobial
therapy for patients with
sepsis.
• Application of LPV for
patients with ARDS.
• Implementing ABCDE
bundle for patients
• Mortality: adjusted for
patient diagnosis,
severity of illness at
admission.
• ICU length of stay.
• Re-intubation rate.
• Re-intubation rate.
• Quality of life in ICU
survivors.
10. Global Variation in ICU
Substantial variation exists
globally and within countries,
some of which may influence
patient outcomes:
- e.g. # ICU beds per
population
- e.g. physician staffing (low
vs high intensity)
- e.g. availability of
medicines, technology and
supplies.
11. International Comparisons
Outcomes comparisons challenging
Problem of comparing outcome:
Population (age distribution, comorbidities)
Patient selection (admission criteria)
Delayed admissions (ICU bed availability)
Other care locations (step-down, recovery rm)
Discharges (long-term vent facilities)
End-of-life care (Palliative care practices)
Scales Organization of Critical Care 2014
12. Global Variation in ICU
African countries High income countries P value
64 (24.3) 43 (97.7) < 0.001
188 (71.5) 44 (100) < 0.001
204 (77.6) 44 (100) < 0.001
238 (90.5) 44 (100) 0.03
70 (26.6) 41 (93.2) < 0.001
Possibility to implement all sepsis resuscitation bundles
- Lactate
- Cultures
- Antibiotics
- Hypotension
- CVP/ScvO2
Baelani et al Crit Care 2011
13. International Comparisons
Outcomes comparisons very difficult
Many issues comparing outcomes:
1. Population (age distribution, comorbidities)
2. Patient selection (admission criteria)
3. Delayed admissions (ICU bed availability)
4. Other care locations (step-down, recovery
room)
5. Discharges (long-term ventilator facilities)
6. End-of-life care (Palliative care practices)
Scales Organization of Critical Care 2014
14. ICU characteristics
ICU characteristics World*
University based 59.8%
Closed ICU 82.9%
Surgical ICU 18.8%
RN AM 1.5
RN PM 1.8
*Sakr Crit Care Med 2015; 43:519
15. Structure
Closed ICU = Intensivist responsibility
Open ICU = other specialist
Collaborative ICU
High-intensity
Low-intensity
Meta-analysis of 27,000 patients in 27 ICUs found
“high-intensity staffing associated with:
Shorter LOS (hospital and ICU)
Lower mortality
Pronovost JAMA 2002; 288:2151
16. Elements of Success
Practice Pattern
Safety
Efficacy
Efficiency
Service Philosophy
Consistency
Continuity
Communication
St Andre Crit Care Med 2015; 43:874
17. ICU Leader Characteristics
Listener & Learner
Integrity
Adaptive
Manage $
Decisive
Truth
Anticipate
Mentor
St Andre Crit Care Med 2015
18. Does Unit Designation Matter?
Dedicated TICU vs mixed ICU
Acute respiratory failure, Pneumonia, Acute renal
failure N=3822
Outcomes:
Any complication AOR 0.46
Failure to rescue AOR 0.35
Mortality AOR 0.34
Older pts, sicker pts, more comorbidities in TICU
but **RN yrs +2yrs (same doctors)
Bukar J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78:920
19. Nursing staff ratio
1:1 Nursing
Improves job satisfaction
Improves some objective outcomes
Challenges
Availability, Cost
Aging workforce
Qualified and competent
Penoyer Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1521
20. Pharmacists
Critical care consultant, steward of resources,
and safety officer.
US study 1999 – presence of critical care
pharmacist reduced adverse drug events by
two thirds.
European study 2010 – showed similar
reduction in preventable ADEs.
Leape JAMA 1999; 282:267
Klopotowska Crit Care Med 2010; 14:R174
22. Create a QI culture and team
A large inclusive quality team to prioritize
projects:
Clinical leaders, technical experts, day-to-day leaders,
interdisciplinary team members, sponsors
Smaller teams to focus on implementation and
measurement for each project selected.
A culture of quality and safety:
This is everyone’s responsibility and opportunity
The objective is to improve care, not to punish
workers
23. Selected WHO tools for improving
quality in the ICU
Checklist for best daily
practices
Checklists for high-
quality use of invasive
mechanical ventilation
for ARDS
Checklist for initiating,
improving, evaluating
and sustaining a quality
improvement
programme
24. Checklist for daily best practices
Aids providers in daily care
of patients
For use in the ICUs by
multiple cadres of
providers involved in
patient care
Improves quality:
Effectiveness – reinforces
key diagnostic and
management considerations
25. Checklist of invasive mechanical
ventilation for ARDS
Provides guidance to
providers caring for patients
with ARDS
Improves quality:
Effectiveness – reinforces
key diagnostic and
management
considerations
Efficiency – gives guidance
on reorganization of
resources to optimize
workflow
26. Many other quality tools exist
A compendium of tools and resources for
improving the quality of health services
27. Summary
Quality care is the provision of safe, timely,
effective, efficient, equitable, and patient-centred
care.
Systematic and continuous quality improvement
is essential because critical care is complex and
imperfect, even with the best efforts.
Quality measures are related to ICU
resources/structure, processes of care and
patient outcomes.
Consider to initially focus on processes of care
instead of hard-to-measure outcomes.
Editor's Notes
Not all entirely, open or closed but combination
At the top of this heap is someone who is a good listener and willing to learn