Here are a few key points about Crossref: - Crossref is a not-for-profit membership association for academic publishers. - It provides infrastructure services that allow publishers to deposit metadata and assign DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) to research outputs like journal articles and book chapters. - By linking scholarly content to DOIs and metadata, Crossref helps improve discoverability, attribution, and allows for things like citation linking and metrics. - Over 100 million DOIs have been assigned for research outputs from Crossref's publisher members, which include many major academic societies, university presses, and commercial publishers. - Crossref's services benefit the entire scholarly communications ecosystem by making research more accessible and connected through inter

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1
Brian Green
International ISBN Agency
Agenda
! Standard Identifiers
! ISBN policy on e-books
! What’s currently happening
! Requirements survey
! Resulting actions
! Do we need a new identifier?
When are standard identifiers useful?
! When there is a need:
! to communicate information to other links in the
supply chain
! to aggregate that information
! to receive and process reports from multiple trading
partners
! to enable e-commerce services.
! This was why the ISBN standard (ISO 2108) was
developed in the late 1960s
! … enabling many trade developments and cutting
costs of doing business
When are standard identifiers not needed?
! When there is a compressed supply chain where an e-
book in a particular format is available exclusively
through a single channel (e.g. Kindle)
! When publishers sell directly from their own website
! When an e-book is customised for a single customer
! …but it’s not always easy to predict how the supply
chain will change in the future and it’s easier to move
from more to less granular than vice versa

2. When do products need to be separately
identified?
! A product needs a separate identifier if the
supply chain needs to separately identify it
! This isn’t always obvious or easy to legislate for, cp.
Printed books: new editions, changes in jacket/
cover
! NB. Standards are, of course, voluntary and the
market will decide whether there is sufficient
benefit to justify the cost and effort of
implementation at format level but…
! the Working Group revising the ISBN standard took
a view…
ISBN and di!erent formats
! Under “Rules of assignment”, the 2005 revision of the
ISBN standard (ISO 2108) says:
! Different product forms (e.g. hardcover,
paperback, Braille, audio-book, video, online
electronic publication) shall be assigned separate
ISBNs
! Each different format of an electronic publication
(e.g. ‘.lit’, ‘.pdf’, ‘.html’, ‘.pdb’) that is published
and made separately available shall be given a
separate ISBN.
Why identify di!erent formats?
! To ensure that the e-book ordered is the correct
one for the user’s e-reader device and/or
software platform
! To facilitate electronic trading of e-books,
particularly where multiple formats are sold
through the same channel
! To facilitate product level reporting of sales and
usage and facilitate management of e-book
products by publishers
New ISBN rule introduced in 2008
! Since some publishers do not provide separate
ISBNs for each version and some customers,
especially libraries, need unique identification of
products from different platforms with different
functionality…
! If a publisher does not identify each format with a
separate ISBN, re-sellers may do so on their
behalf
! Not ideal but a necessary compromise until publishers
assign their own ISBNs
! Requires central bibliographic agency to collect and list
ISBNs and related metadata
What’s actually happening?
! Everything. It’s the wild west out there.
! Some publishers assign separate ISBNs to each
version
! Some assign the same ISBN to each version
! Some publishers assign an ISBN to the epub file and
let third parties assign their own ISBNs or
proprietary identifiers to their versions
! Sometimes these proprietary “ISBN-like” identifiers
actually duplicate ISBNs assigned to books already
published elsewhere

3. Requirements survey by International ISBN
Agency
! At what level of granularity are standard identifiers
required?
! Generic file (e.g. epub)?
! Format (e.g. pdf)?
! Platform (e.g. ebrary)?
! By whom?
! For what functions?
! Who should assign them?
! What are the barriers?

4. ISBN survey on requirements
! Interesting national/sectoral differences
! 228 responses of which 119 were publishers, 26
librarians and 24 aggregators, wholesalers
booksellers, and the balance from “others” (including
authors, consumers, consultants).
! 102 responses were from US, 43 from UK and 21
from Canada, Australia and New Zealand
.
At what level should e-books be identified with separate ISBNs? Booksellers/wholesalers/
aggregators (24)
Answer Options
Essential Useful
Doesn't
matter Undesirable
By platform (e.g. NetLibrary, ebrary)
4 17% 5 21% 4 17% 10 42%
By file format (e.g. pdf, epub, xml) 16 67% 3 13% 2 8% 3 13%
Using a single identifier for all formats
5 21% 5 21% 0 0% 12 50%
Di!erence between publisher and
downstream requirements
.
Libraries inconclusive
!Libraries want both a generic (work or expression) and a
product (manifestation) identifier
!Acquisitions staff seem to want file format, cataloguers seem
to want single identifier for all formats
At what level should e-books be identified with separate ISBNs? - Library responses (26)
Answer Options Essential Useful
Doesn't
matter
Undesirable
By platform (e.g. NetLibrary,
ebrary)
5 19% 9 35% 3 12% 9 35%
By file format (e.g. pdf, epub,
xml)
9 35% 6 23% 3 12% 8 31%
Using a single identifier for all
formats
11 42% 1 4% 2 8% 12 46%
“Essential to have a single 'matching point' to
compare collections, pull-in usage data,
exclude already-purchased titles from lists,
etc.
Useful to have a second ISBN for each
platform as di!erent platforms have di!erent
DRM etc. Combined with a single ISBN for all
formats, would help to identify where we
have purchased the same title from more
than one platform.”“The use of a single ISBN would enable
provider-neutral records and act similarly to
eISSNs. Open link resolution, federated
search, and unified discovery platforms
would also benefit from the use of a single
eISBN.
It is also useful to have some sort of
identifier by platform, particularly for back-
end vendor operations.”
21
.
US/UK di!erences
At what level should e-books be identified with separate ISBNs? UK responses
Answer Options Essential Useful Undesirable
By platform (e.g. NetLibrary, ebrary) 28% 23% 30%
By file format (e.g. pdf, epub, xml) 63% 14% 19%
Using a single identifier for all formats 12% 9% 60%
At what level should e-books be identified with separate ISBNs? US Responses
Answer Options Essential Useful Undesirable
By platform (e.g. NetLibrary, ebrary) 8% 9% 70%
By file format (e.g. pdf, epub, xml) 24% 16% 53%
Using a single identifier for all formats
48% 18% 29%
Why don’t some publishers want to assign
ISBNs to each version?
! Some arguments:
! “We can’t manage the metadata bloat involved”
! “Our sales channels do not require standard identifiers
for ebooks”
! “ISBNs are too expensive for us to assign to each
format”
! “It is too difficult to assign ISBNs for formats provided
by third part intermediaries”

5. Some conclusions
! There is a requirement for identification of separate
formats of e-books
! There also seems to be a requirement for
identification at the generic “release” or
“expression” level, e.g. epub file
! Publisher systems need to be able to “inherit”
metadata to avoid storing redundant data
! Systems also need to be able to link different
formats to work (ISTC) and release (epub, EPF)
! Requests and assignments of ISBNs by publishers to
third parties are hard to manage and need to be
facilitated
International ISBN Agency actions
! The International ISBN Agency will work with EDItEUR
to investigate and develop web services for
intermediaries to request and receive ISBNs from
publishers for new formats as required.
! The International ISBN Agency will work with
stakeholders and other standards bodies to explore
the potential, options, technical requirements and
implementation issues for a generic e-book release
identifier, similar in level to the music industry’s Global
Release Identifier (GRid)
What do we mean by “release identifier”?
! “A Release is an abstract entity representing a bundle of one
or more Digital Resources compiled by an Issuer for the
purpose of electronic distribution to individual consumers,
directly or through intermediaries.
! The Digital Resources in Releases are commonly sound
recordings or audio-visual recordings, however, they can also
include other Digital Resources (including, for example, text,
graphics, software).
! The Release is not itself a Product. Products have more
extensive attributes than Releases; one Release may be
disseminated in many different Products”
Global Release Identifier (GRid) Standard
! (N.B. ONIX for Books being developed at release level)
In summary
! Publishers and the supply chain will decide whether or
not they require separate identification of different
formats/versions of ebooks
! We believe that unique product identification is valuable and
keeps all supply chain options open
! The use of a single ISBN to identify multiple e-book
formats is confusing and damages the integrity of
ISBN as a product identifier
! To avoid ambiguity and enable aggregation, a release
identifier is required to identify generic epub or pdf
files not available to the public in “raw” form. We
need to act fast to agree what this will be.
ISBN e-book position paper
www.isbn-international.org/news/view/29
27
Brian Green
brian@isbn-international.org

6. New Applications of
DOIs
Ed Pentz
Executive Director
epentz@crossref.org
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0258
DOI + Metadata +
Services + Community
=
Improved scholarly communications

7. • Membership association of
publishers
• Services best achieved
collaboratively
• All subjects: STM, humanities,
social science, professional
• Broad church: Commercial,
societies, non-profits, university
presses, OA publishers –
66% non-profit
Strategic .org
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THE CFA INSTITUTE ! RESEARCH INFORMATION LTD. ! RILEM PUBLICATIONS SARL ! THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY PRESS ! ROYAL COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNAECOLOGISTS ! ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS !
THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND ! THE ROYAL SOCIETY ! THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY (RSC) ! THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE ! RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY ! SAGE PUBLICATIONS !
SCHATTAUER GMBH ! SCHWEIZERBART ! SCIDEA LTD. ! SCIELO/PAHO/WHO ! SCIENCE IN CHINA PRESS ! SCIENCE REVIEWS 2000 LTD. ! SCIENCE SOCIETY OF THAILAND ! SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL PUBLISHERS LTD !
SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA ! SHERBORNE GIBBS LTD ! SOCIAL SCIENCE ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING, INC ! SOCIEDADE PORTUGUESA DE VIDA SELVAGEM ! SOCIETE DE PATHOLOGIE EXOTIQUE ! SOCIETY FOR APPLIED
SPECTROSCOPY ! SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL DIABETES RESEARCH ! SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ! SOCIETY FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR ! SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY ! SOCIETY FOR
IMAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ! SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ! SOCIETY FOR LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY ! SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE ! SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY ! THE SOCIETY FOR
SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY ! SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF REPRODUCTION ! THE SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY ! SOCIETY OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE ! SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS ! SOCIETY
OF RHEOLOGY ! SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY ! SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA ! SPIE - THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING ! SPRINGER PUBLISHING COMPANY ! SPRINGER SCIENCE +
BUSINESS MEDIA (Kluwer Academic Publishers) ! STEWART POSTHARVEST SOLUTIONS ! SWISS CHEMICAL SOCIETY ! SWISS FORESTRY SOCIETY ! SYMPOSIUM JOURNALS ! TASH ! TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES !
THEOLOGICAL RESEARCH EXCHANGE NETWORK ! THIEME PUBLISHING GROUP ! THOMAS LAND PUBLISHERS ! THOMAS TELFORD LTD. ! TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD ! TURPION ! UBC PRESS ! UITGEVERIJ BOOM !
UNITED KINGDOM SERIALS GROUP (UKSG) ! UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC A CHICOUTIMI ! UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ! UNIVERSITY OF BATH ! UNIVERSITY OF CADIZ LIBRARY ! UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS ! THE UNIVERSITY OF
CHICAGO PRESS ! UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS INC. ! UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ! UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB - UNIVERSITY COMPUTING CENTRE ! US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS) ! USDA
FOREST SERVICE ! VATHEK PUBLISHING ! VERSITA ! VIETICA INC. ! VIETNAM JOURNALS ONLINE ! VITTORIO KLOSTERMANN GMBH ! WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH & CO. KG ! WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION ! WESTBURN
PUBLISHERS LTD ! WILDERNESS MEDICAL SOCIETY ! WHO PRESS ! JOHN WILEY & SONS ! WHITE HORSE PRESS ! WITPRESS LTD. ! WOLTERS KLUWER HEALTH ! WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LTD. ! WORLD ADVERTISING RESEARCH
CENTER ! THE WORLD BANK ! THE WORLD CONSERVATION UNION (IUCN) ! WORLD SCIENTIFIC !
3,002 publishers and societies
40.5 million content items assigned
CrossRef DOIs
21,476 journals
117,488 books
17,318 conference proceedings
Tra"c and visibility: 342 million
clicks on CrossRef DOIs in 2009

8. How we fulfill our mission:
• Reference Linking
• CitedBy Linking
• CrossRef Metadata
Services
• CrossCheck Plagiarism
Detection Sir Tim told BBC News that there needed to be
new systems that would give websites a label
for trustworthiness once they had been proved
reliable sources…So I'd be interested in
di!erent organisations labeling websites in
di!erent ways.
Industry Problems
• The scholarly pre-publication process is
largely invisible
• The common belief that the publisher’s job
is done on publication of the “final” version
• A proliferation of versions of content
online that are not stewarded
• Trust metrics have not been established on
the web
CrossMark
• A logo identifying a
publisher certified
version of record
• Clicking the logo tells
you:
• If the copy is
publisher-maintained
and if there have
been corrections
• Where the publisher-
maintained version is
• Other metadata the
publisher chooses to

9. Conclusion
• Identifiers are tools to enable
services
• Identifiers need to be widely
adopted in the communities they
serve
• Identifiers are useless without
metadata
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