EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY HISTOLOGY MECHANISM OF SALIVARY SECRETION CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETIONS COMPOSITION FUNCTION OF SALIVA SALIVA AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL SIALORRHEA XEROSTOMIA RETENTION IN COMPLETE DENTURE

1. PHYSIOLOGY OF
SALIVA AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE IN
PROSTHODONTICS
Presenter:-
Baishali Ghosh
1st year PGT
DEPARTMENTOFPROSTHODONTICS,CROWN&BRIDGE
UNDERTHEABLEGUIDANCEOF:-
DR.(PROF)JAYANTABHATTACHARYA [HOD&PRINCIPAL)
DR.(PROF)SAMIRANDAS
DR.(PROF)SOUMITRAGHOSH
DR.(PROF)PREETIGOEL
DR.SAYANMAJUMDAR
DR.SUBHABRATAROY

2. Agenda
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
HISTOLOGY
MECHANISM OF SALIVARY SECRETION
CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETIONS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTION OF SALIVA
SALIVA AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
SIALORRHEA
XEROSTOMIA
RETENTION IN COMPLETE DENTURE
PRESENTATION TITLE

3. EMBRYOLOGY OF
SALIVARY GLANDS

4. THE FIRST STAGE shows the
formation of anlage of the gland.
THE SECOND STAGE shows further
differentiation of the gland with
early formation of lobules and
canalization of the ducts & lasts till
the 7th embryonal month.
THE THIRD STAGE begins in the 8th
embryonal month and leads to
further structural maturation of the
gland with acinar cells and
intercalated duct differentiation
A.S. Tucker “SALIVARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT” Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 18 (2007) 237–244
Parotid anlage appear
first, between the 4th
and 6th embryonic
weeks
Submandibular glands anlage
appear later in the 6th embryonic
week.
Sublingual gland anlage
arise during the 7th to 8th
embryonic weeks

5. EMBRYOLOGY
PRESENTATION TITLE

6. ANATOMY OF SALIVARY
GLANDS

7. SALIVARY GLANDS
MUCOUS
SEROUS
MIXED

8. PAROTID GLAND
PRESENTATION TITLE
It is situated below the external auditory meatus, between the
ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoid.
 Largest salivary glands, weighs 15g.
Purely serous secretion.
Pyramidal in shape.
The investing layer of the deep cervical fascia forms a capsule
for the gland.
The parotid duct (STENSON’S DUCT)
opens into the buccal mucosa at the upper
second molar region.
BLOOD SUPPLY:-
Branches of External carotid artery.
NERVE SUPPLY:-
Auriculotemporal nerve
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS:-
LOCATION:-
STENSON’S DUCT:-
BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY:-

9. SUBMANDIBULAR & SUBLINGUAL GLAND
PRESENTATION TITLE
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS:-
Mixed (mucous + serous) secretion. Mixed (mucous + serous) secretion.
LOCATION:-
 Located in the anterior part of the digastric
triangle.
It lies above the mylohyoid, below the
mucosa of the floor of the mouth , medial to
the sublingual fossa of the mandible & lateral
to the genioglossus.
DUCTS:-
WHARTON’S DUCT open
on the floor of the mouth
beside the lingual frenum
Saliva from these glands is
poured into 5 to 15 small ducts
called ducts of Rivinus. These
ducts open on small papillae
beneath the tongue.
 One of the ducts is larger and
it is called Bartholin duct

10. MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Labial & Buccal glands - in lips and cheeks
Glossopalatine - isthmus of glossopalatine fold
Palatine glands - in the lamina propria of the posterolateral region of the hard
palate and in submucosa of the soft palate and uvula.
There are also three sets of minor salivary glands of the
oral tongue:-
Glands of Weber = found along the lateral borders of the
tongue
Glands of von Ebner = surrounding the circumvallate
papillae
Glands of Blandin and Nuhn (also known as the anterior
lingual glands)= found in the musculature of the anterior
ventral tongue
Burket’s Oral medicine, 13th edition

11. HISTOLOGY

12. Orban’s Oral Histology & Embryology, 15th edition
 Pyramidal with broad base on the basement
membrane with apex facing the lumen.
 Spherical nucleus placed at the basal region.
 Apical cytoplasm- There is accumulation of
secretory granules (1mm in diameter).
 Thin & watery saliva.
Apex appears empty except for thin
strands of cytoplasm.
Nucleus is oval or flattened in shape-
above the basal membrane.
Thick & viscous saliva.
 Closely related to secretory and intercalated
duct cells.
 Functions:-
a) Shorten & widen intercalated duct.
b) Accelerate outflow of saliva.
SEROUS CELLS
MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS
MUCOUS CELLS

13. MECHANISM OF SALIVA FORMATION
Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of medical physiology. JP Medical Ltd; 2012 Sep 30
The acinar cells of salivary glands secrete the initial saliva into the salivary ducts. The
initial saliva is isotonic, i.e. has the same Na+, Cl−, K+ and HCO− 3 concentrations as
plasma.
PRIMARY SECRETION OF SALIVA.:-
The ductal cells that line the tubular portions of the salivary ducts change the composition of
initial saliva by following processes :-
Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl− occurs in the ductal cells, therefore, the concentration of these ions
is lower than their plasma concentration.
Secretion of K+ and HCO3 − is caused by the ductal cells, therefore, the concentrations of these
ions are higher than their plasma concentrations.
Modified saliva becomes hypotonic in the ducts because the ducts are relatively impermeable to water
MODIFIED SECRETION OF SALIVA.:-

14. Effects of flow rate on the composition of saliva
There is less time for reabsorption and secretion, and therefore the
saliva is most like the initial secretion by the acinar cells.
Thus, with the increase in flow rate the concentration of ions
changes:
AT HIGH FLOW RATES:-
Sodium ion (Na+)
concentration
increases
progressively to a
plateau value of 80–
90 mEq/L.
Chloride ions (Cl−)
concentration
increase to about 50
mEq/L.
Potassium ion (K+)
concentration
decreases to 15–20
mEq/L.
Bicarbonate ion
(HCO3 −)
concentration
increases when
salivary flow rate
increases (up to 50–
70 mEq/L)
AT LOW FLOW RATES:-
There is more time for reabsorption and secretion,
therefore, the modified saliva under resting
conditions contains:-
Low
concentration
of Na+ (about
15–20 mEq/L)
Low
concentration
of Cl− (15–20
mEq/L)
Low
concentration
of HCO3 − (10–
15 mEq/L)
High
concentration
of K+ (25–30
mEq/L)

15. PARASYMPATHETIC CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETION
PRESENTATION TITLE
PAROTID GLAND
Preganglionic fibres:-
Arises
from
•the inferior salivary nucleus of
medulla.
Course •via tympanic nerve and
lesser petrosal nerve
Ganglion
• Otic
ganglion
Postganglionic fibres arising from
the ganglia present near the
glands are supplied to the glands
along with the blood vessels.
Postganglionic fibres:-
Arises
from
•Otic ganglion
Course
•Joins the
AURICULOTEMPORAL
NERVE to reach the
parotid gland
SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL GLANDS
Preganglionic fibres:-
Arises
from
•originates from superior salivary
nucleus .
Course
•Preganglionic fibres run in the nervous
intermedius (sensory division of VIIth
nerve), join the facial nerve and leave by
its chorda tympani branch to join lingual
nerve.
Ganglion • SUBMANDIBULAR ganglion
Postganglionic fibres:-

16. SALIVARY REFLEX
Conditioned reflexes
• Sight, smell or even thought of palatable food increases the salivary secretion by the conditioned reflexes.
Unconditioned reflexes
• They are initiated by the stimulation of receptors in the buccal cavity
Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of medical physiology. JP Medical Ltd; 2012 Sep 30
• They are excited by tactile stimulation
from the tongue, mouth and pharynx.
Mechanoreceptors
• Tastebuds are stimulated by the
sensation of taste and chemicals in the
food.
Chemoreceptors,
Afferents for taste sensation from: – Posterior one-third of tongue pass via
glossopharyngeal nerve to end in inferior salivary nucleus (dorsal nucleus of IXth nerve),
Anterior two-third of tongue pass via nervous intermedius (branch of VIIth nerve) to
end in superior salivary nucleus (dorsal nucleus of VIIth nerve).

17. SYMPATHETIC CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETION
Preganglionic fibres
• They originate from the lateral horn cells of T1 and T2 segments of spinal cord and synapse with the cells in superior
cervical ganglion.
Postganglionic fibres
• They run along the carotid artery branches and are supplied to the three pairs of salivary glands along with their
blood supply
PRESENTATION TITLE
EFFECT OF STIMULATION ON SALIVA

18. PHASES OF SALIVARY SECRETION
Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of medical physiology. JP
Medical Ltd; 2012 Sep 30
• It refers to
secretion of saliva
before entering of
food into the
mouth.
• It is caused by
conditioned reflex
by mere sight or
smell of the food.
CEPHALIC PHASE
• It refers to
secretion of saliva
caused by
stimulation of
buccal receptors by
presence of food in
mouth(uncondition
ed reflex)
BUCCAL PHASE
• It refers to
stimulation of
salivary glands by
the food passing
through
oesophagus.
OESOPHAGEAL
PHASE
• It refers to
secretion of saliva
by the presence of
food in the
stomach, specially
when irritating
food is present in
the stomach(eg-
increased salivation
before vomiting)
GASTRIC
PHASE • It refers to salivary
secretion by
presence of
irritating food in the
upper intestine
INTESTINAL
PHASE

19. COMPOSITION OF SALIVA

20. DIGESTIVE ENZYME
SALIVARY AMYLASE:-
Starch Maltose + Dextrose
MALTASE:-
Maltose Glucose
LINGUAL LIPASE:-
Triglycerides Fatty acids + Diacylglycerol
ANTIBACTERIAL FACTORS
LYSOZYME:-
It is a hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves the linkage between structural
components of the glycopeptide muramic acid-containing regions
of the cell wall of bacterias.
LACTOPEROXIDASE-THIOCYANATE SYSTEM:-
It is bactericidal to some strains of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus
by preventing the accumulation of lysine and glutamic acid, both of
which are essential for bacterial growth.
LACTOFERRIN:-
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
predominantly secretary IgA-
20mg/100ml
IgG- 1.2mg/100ml
IgM - 0.2mg/100ml
INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
 Na, K ,Cl,Bicarbonates -
main constituents for
osmolarity
 Bicarbonates - main
buffering ion
 Fluorides - elevated by
external influencers ,
anticariogenic
 Thiocyanate - antibacterial
GLYCOPROTEINS
Prolin rich protein -
parotid saliva
MUCIN

21. BUFFERING CAPACITY OF SALIVA
The buffer capacity and buffer systems of human whole saliva measured without loss of CO2, Archives of oral biology, 45 (2000) 1-12. [23] J. Guggenheimer, P.A. Moore, Xerostomia: etiology,
recognition and treatment, Journal of the American Dental Associa
CARBONIC
ACID/BICARBONATE
SYSTEM
PHOSPHATE SYSTEM
PROTEINS

22. PROPERTIES OF SALIVA
• Whole saliva=6.7-7.4
• pH mainly depends upon bicarbonate concentration - concentration of
which increase with increase in flow rate
pH
• Saliva is a non-Newtonian fluid.
• Clinical relevance= As the viscosity decreases with increase in
shear stress, this allows saliva to spread on the oral surface.
VISCOSITY
• Average daily secretion of saliva ranges from 500 to 1500 ml.
• Submandibular gland - 65- 70 %
Parotid gland - 20 %
Sublingual gland - 8 %
Minor salivary glands - less than 10%
VOLUME
• 1.002-1.012
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PRESENTATION TITLE

23. FACTORS INFLUENCING SALIVARY SECRETION AND COMPOSITION:
• Salivary flow attains its peak value at the end of the afternoon,but goes down to zero during
sleep.
• Salivary protein attains its peak value in the afternoon while peak value of sodium and chloride
occur at the early morning
DIURNAL VARIATION
• Agreeable taste stimuli results in profuse salivation , whereas thinking of distasteful stimuli results
in cessation of salivary flow.
• Excitement ,fright also reduces salivary secretion.
EMOTIONS
• unstimulated saliva flow rate - 0.3- 0. 4ml/min
• stimulated saliva flow rate - 4 - 5ml/min
FLOW RATE
Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of medical physiology. JP
Medical Ltd; 2012 Sep 30
SALIVARY FLOW AND AGING:-

24. FUNCTION OF SALIVA
PRESENTATION TITLE
Lysozyme & Lactoferrin of saliva has antimicrobial properties.
Proline-rich proteins present in saliva posses antimicrobial property and
neutralize the toxic substances such as tannins.
Immunoglobulin IgA in saliva also has antibacterial and antiviral actions.
BOLLUS FORMATION
By the movement of tongue, the
moistened and masticated food is
rolled into a bolus. Mucin of saliva
lubricates the bolus and facilitates
swallowing
TASTE PERCEPTION
Taste is a chemical sensation. By its
solvent action, saliva dissolves the
solid food substances, so that the
dissolved substances can stimulate
the taste buds. The stimulated taste
buds recognize the taste.
TISSUE REPAIR:-
A variety of growth factors and
active peptides are present in saliva
which help in tissue repair and
regeneration.
MAINTAINANCE OF TOOTH INTEGRITY
Saliva is supersaturated with calcium and
phosphate ions which plays an important
role in maintenance of demineralization
remineralization balance.
Salivary proteins such as statherin, prolin
rich proteins and histatins help to stabilize
calcium and phosphate salt solution and
binds to hydroxyapatite of tooth surfaces
and increase resistance to acid attack.
Presence of fluoride ions in saliva also
helps in remineralization of initial carious
lesion.
BUFFERING
Bicarbonate contained in saliva provides
buffering action diffusing into plaque and
neutralizing the acidic products of sugars
metabolized by cariogenic bacteria.
This protects teeth from demineralization
and subsequent dental caries.

25. SALIVA-A DIAGNOSTIC WINDOW TO BODY
Maria Greabu et al Saliva – a diagnostic window to the body, both in health and in disease Journal of Medicine and Life Vol. 2, No.2, April-June 2009, pp.124-132
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
Marker:- SALIVARY
AMYLASE.
Diagnosis:- If SA levels are
low in postoperative
patients with ruptured
aortic aneurysm, there
seems to be an
association with increase
in mortality
ORAL CANCER
Marker:- p53
antagonists, salivary
defensins
Diagnosis:- Elevated
in saliva of oral SCC
patients.
VIRAL INFECTION
Marker:- Salivary IgA
Diagnosis:- Hepatitis A
& B virus.
PERIODONTAL DISEASE
Marker:- MMP8
Diagnosis:- It has been
proposed as a salivary
biomarker for
diagnosis and
prediction for
progression of
periodontal disease..

26. SIALOMETRY
Sialometry refers to the measurement of salivary flow.
Burket’s Oral medicine, 13th edition
WHOLE SALIVA
spitting method
swabbing method
suction method
COLLECTION OF PAROTID SALIVA
Patient with Carlson–Crittenden
collectors in place undergoing
collection of parotid gland saliva.
The Lashley cup consists of an inner and outer
chamber. The inner chamber is used for collecting
saliva, while a slight underpressure is put on the
outer chamber to stick the cup to the oral mucosa.
The Lashley cup is placed over the orifice of the
parotid duct
COLLECTION OF SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL SALIVA
The segregator for collecting the submandibular
and sublingual saliva from the floor of the mouth.
The central chamber of the segregator covers the
orifices of the submandibular duct (Wharton's duct),
while the lateral chambers cover the orifices of the
sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus) that drain
directly into the floor of the oral cavity.

27. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY

28. SALIVA CLASSIFIED AS(Kasayuki .K, Taizo .H)
PRESENTATION TITLE
CLASS FLOW IN
STIMULATED SALIVA
FLOW IN
UNSTIMULATED
SALIVA
Class I Normal quantity and
quality of saliva.
1–2 mL per minute 0.3– 0.4 mL per
minute
Class II Excessive saliva. More than
3mL/minute
more than
1.0 mL/minute
Class III Xerostomia less than 0.5–0.7 mL less than 0.1 mL per
minute

29. SIALORRHEA
DEFINITION:- Sialorrhea (hypersalivation or ptyalism) is defined as excessive salivation
and is the result of either increased saliva production or decreased saliva clearance.
SIALORRHEA
PRIMARY
SIALORRHEA
True salivary hyperfunction
resulting in drooling.
SECONDARY
SIALORRHEA
Drooling due to impaired
neuromuscular control
CAUSE
MEDICATION
• CHOLINESTERASE
INHIBITORS like
Prostigmine
•ADRENERGIC
STIMULATING DRUGS
like epinephrine
•SIALAGOUGES like
Pillocarpine, Cevimiline
NEUROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
• Parkinson’s disease
• Wilson’s disease
• Down syndrome
• Autism
HEAVY METAL
• Arsenic
• Iron
• Lead
OTHER CAUSES
• Organophosphate
poisoning
• Ill fitting dentures

30. Control of Saliva during Impression for Removable Partial Denture Using
Irreversible Hydrocolloid
MOUTH RINSE
PRESENTATION TITLE
Saliva can be controlled by having the patient rinse the mouth with an astringent mouthwash and
then with cold water.
If a mouthwash is not handy, the problem may be overcome by employing the “ Tandem”
impression technique.
USE OF GAUZE
In the maxillary arch, one gauze strip should extend from the posterior portion of the right buccal
vestibule to the posterior portion of the left buccal vestibule. The patient should be instructed to
hold a second strip against the tissues of the palate.
In the mandibular arch, one gauze strip should extend from the right buccal vestibule to the left
buccal vestibule. A second gauze strip should be positioned in the lingual sulcus by having the
patient raise the tongue, placing the gauze, and then having the patient relax the tongue. The
gauze should be gently removed immediately before the impression is made.
EMPTYING OF
PALATINE GLANDS
The palate may be massaged to encourage the glands to empty
 Warm gauze pads may be used to milk palatal glands, followed by cold pads to constrict gland
opening.

31. XEROSTOMIA

32. ONCOLOGICAL THERAPY:-
Head and neck radiotherapy
XEROSTOMIA- ETIOLOGY
PRESENTATION TITLE
MEDICATIONS -
 anticholinergics
 antihistamines
 antihypertensives
 anti parkinson's drugs
 anti seizure
 sedatives
 tricyclic antidepressants
OTHER CONDITIONS -
 alzheimer's disease
 dehydration
 diabetes mellitus
 sjogren's syndrome
 thyroid disorders
 congenital malformation
(agenesis ,hypogenesis of
salivary glands)
ORAL CONDITIONS:-
bacterial and viral
infections
salivary gland
obstructions
traumatic lesions
neoplasms

33. )
SIGNS &
SYMPTOMS
Decreased
saliva in
the oral
cavity
Dryness of
all oral and
pharyngeal
mucosal
surfaces
Difficulty in
chewing,sw
allowing
,speech
Altered
taste
sensation
Painful
burning oral
mucosa(sens
itive to spicy
and coarse
food)
Cracked
atophic
tongue
Pale
corrugated
buccal
mucosa
Lips stick to
the teeth
Angular
cheilitis,
denture
stomatitis
PRESENTATION TITLE

34. MANAGEMENT OF XEROSTOMIA
PATIENT EDUCATION
• Use of alcohol-free mouthrinse as alcohol can dessicate the oral mucosa and aggravate xerostomic symptoms
• The application of 2.26% fluoride varnish at least biannually is advised.
• Seek advice regarding cessation of tobacco
• Use of sodium lauryl suphate (SLS) free toothpastes. For example, Biotene is recommended. The absence of SLS
increases the permeability of the oral mucosa.
CONSERVATIVE APPROACH
•Maintain adequate hydration – eight to 10 glasses of water daily.
• Use a humidifier at night
• At home, patients can keep ice chips in the mouth for moisture.
• Use salivary flow stimulants – sugarless chewing gum, sugarless hard candies.
• Limit caffeine intake.
SALIVA SUBSTITUTES/ORAL LUBRICANTS
•These are non-prescription agents and are available as solutions, dentrifices, sprays or gels.
• Formulations have carboxymethyl or hydroxymethycellulose, electrolytes and flavouring agents
• Most salivary substitutes provide relief for a limited amount of time
• Most useful when used just before meals, bedtime or speaking.
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT WITH SALIVARY STIMULANTS
• Cevimeline and Pilocarpine are commonly used
• Pilocarpine is a parasympathetic drug that increases secretion of the salivary glands. Pilocarpine 5mg/three times
per day before meals and before bed is advised for patients who have some saliva-producing capacity.
• This medication should not be used in patients with narrow angle glaucoma or respiratory disorders such as
asthma.
PRESENTATION TITLE

35. Artificial saliva
Human saliva has non-Newtonian viscoelastic properties, which is attributed to salivary
glycoproteins, mainly mucins.
The shear forces produced during normal oral function are 60 to 80 N/m2 for speaking and
swallowing.
Thus, the efficacy of artificial saliva as a lubricant is partially dependent on its viscosity and how this changes with
shear rates. An artificial saliva without or with lower viscoelastic properties cannot adhere and therefore cannot
protect oral tissue surfaces.
Based on composition it can be of two types:-
a) Carboxymethyl cellulose
b) Xantham gum
c) Mucin containing
Importance of Rheological properties:-

36. Commercially available products:-
PRESENTATION TITLE
LUBORANT:-
 Carboxymethyl cellulose
based.
 It contains lactose
peroxidase which increases oral
defence mechanism
GLANDOSAME:-
 Carboxymethyl cellulose
based.
 It has a pH of 5, hence only
indicated in denture wearers
else it will cause
demineralization in dentulous
patients
WET MOUTH:-
 Carboxymethyl
cellulose based.
 Most commonly
used artificial
saliva.
SALIVA ORTHONA:-
 It is an oral spray containing porcine
mucin.
 It is also available in lozenge form.
ORAL BALANCE/BIOTENE:-
 Available as mouth rinse and gel.
 It contains several components like polyglycerol
methacrylate, lactoperoxidase & glucose
oxidase.
 It diminishes the sensation of oral dryness

37. ELECTROSTIMULATION
PRESENTATION TITLE
A miniaturised electronic stimulator that has a signal
generator power source and conduction circuit. The
electrodes are located on the third molar area mucosa to
permit stimulation of the lingual nerve
The distance between the surfaces of the electrodes
and the lingual nerve can vary between 1-5mm.
A handheld remote
infrared remote
control is used to
turn the device on
and off
NERVES OF THE SALIVARY REFLEX ARCH THAT ARE EXCITED BY THE
STIMULATING GENNARINO ARE:
Taste buds of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Lingual nerve
Facial nerve
Salivary center, from which efferent fibres can follow
three pathways:
Facial nerve
Lingual nerve
Submandibular and
sublingual glands
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Parotid gland
Nerves to all
minor salivary
glands
Gennarino (Saliwell)

38. Intraoral view of
maxillary salivary
reservoir complete
denture with salivary
substitute.
Polished surface of
maxillary salivary
reservoir complete
denture with salivary
substitute.
Finished and polished
complete denture with
reservoir walls and lid rim
on the palatal aspect of the
denture.
Trial denture after
dewaxing (view from
the cope of flask).
Wax-up of reservoir
walls and lid rim
with sprue wax.
Palatal contours recorded
at the try-in
appointment.
Joseph AM, Joseph S, Mathew N, Koshy AT. Functional salivary reservoir in maxillary complete denture–technique redefined. Clinical case reports. 2016 Dec;4(12):1082.
SALIVARY RESERVOIR IN MAXILLARY COMPLETE DENTURE
Reservoir lid fabricated
with 2-mm flexible
thermoplastic sheet on
duplicated cast of the
denture.

39. 3 pieces of Lego are placed
on the denture base, and
the interocclusal distance
is checked on the
articulator
MANDIBULAR SPLIT SALIVARY RESERVOIR DENTURE
Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Treatment and Problem Solving / Yasemin K. Özkan - - Springer (2018)
The mandibular base
plate fabricated from
transparent acrylic
The transparent
acrylic is placed on
the articulator
PVS impression made
from the transparent
acrylic
The stone duplicate of
the transparent base
The stone duplicate
and the interocclusal
distance are checked
The teeth are adapted on
the duplicated model and
the waxup is finished
The inner and outer view
of the transparent acrylic
base and the acrylic part
with teeth
The appearance of the
reservoir filled with red
wax
The appearance of
finished mandibular
denture with reservoir
holes.

40. SALIVARY SENSOR FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF XEROSTOMIA IN
EDENTULOUS PATIENTS
Vasudevan Karthikeyan, A salivary sensor for the management of xerostomia in edentulous patients THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY, 2018, 32(4)
The sensor unit consists of 3layers.
The base layer contains a battery sealed within the denture
The middle layer is made up of medical-grade silicone. The silicone is in the form of a
sponge-like structure so that it can absorb the saliva substitute. 20 mL of artificial saliva
substitute is injected through the tube connected to the silicone pouch
The outermost layer of the sensor unit consists of a salivary pressure transducer which
converts the mechanical stimuli of the tongue into electromagnetic stimuli when the
tongue is pressed against the sensor

41. RETENTION OF
COMPLETE
DENTURE

42. INTERFACIAL FORCE
Interfacial force is the resistance to separation of two parallel surfaces that
is imparted by a film of liquid between them.
Zarb-Bolender Prosthodontic Treatment for edentulous patient, 12th edition
INTERFACIAL
FORCE
INTERFACIAL
SURFACE
TENSION
VISCOUS
TENSION
 Interfacial surface tension results from a thin layer
of fluid that is present between two parallel
planes of rigid material.
 It is dependent on the ability of the fluid to wet
the rigid surrounding material.
 Interfacial viscous tension refers to the force holding two
parallel plates together that is due to the viscosity of the
interposed liquid

43. INTERFACIAL SURFACE TENSION
Zarb-Bolender Boucher Prosthodontic Treatment for edentulous patient, 12th edition
SURROUNDING
MATERIAL
ORAL
MUCOSA
SURROUNDING
MATERIAL
ORAL
MUCOSA
<
<
=
=
Fluid will maximize its contact with the material thereby
wetting it readily and spreading out in a thin film.
Fluid will minimize its contact with the material resulting
in formation of beads on the material’s surface.
• Have higher surface tension than oral mucosa.
DENTURE BASE MATERIALS
• Surface tension of denture base materials is reduced which
promotes maximize contact between liquid and base.
ROLE OF SALIVARY PELLICLE

44. CAPILLARITY
Zarb-Bolender Boucher Prosthodontic Treatment for edentulous patient, 12th
edition
Capillarity is what causes a liquid to rise in capillary tube because in this physical setting the liquid will maximize
its contact with the walls of the capillary tube thereby rising along the tube wall at the interface between liquid
and glass.
CAPILLARY ACTION IN DENTURE RETENTION
When the adaptation of the denture base to the
mucosa on which it rests is sufficiently close.
The space filled with a thin film of saliva acts
like a capillary tube.
The liquid seeks to increase its contact with
both the denture and mucosal surface.
In this way, capillarity will help to retain the
denture.

45. VISCOUS TENSION
Zarb-Bolender Boucher Prosthodontic Treatment for edentulous
patient, 12th edition
Viscous surface tension is described by STEFAN’S LAW(for two parallel circular plates):-
F= Force necessary to pull the plates apart in a perpendicular direction.
K= viscosity of the liquid
R= radius of circular plate
H= thickness
V= Velocity

46. ADHESION
It is the property of remaining in close proximity, as that resulting from the physical
attraction of molecules to a substance or molecular attraction existing between the surfaces
of bodies in contact. –GPT-9
Zarb-Bolender Boucher Prosthodontic Treatment for edentulous patient,
12th edition
SALIVARY
GLYCOPROTEINS
ACRYLIC RESIN IN
DENTURE BASE
SURFACE
EPITHELIUM OF THE
MUCOUS
MEMBRANE
ADHESION BETWEEN DENTURE BASE AND
MUCOUS MEMBRANE(in xerostomia
patients)
Such adhesion is not very effective for retaining dentures and
predisposes to mucosal abrasions and ulcerations because of
the lack of salivary lubrication.

47. COHESION
It is a molecular attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout their mass. –GPT-9
Zarb-Bolender Boucher Prosthodontic Treatment for edentulous patient,
12th edition
It is a retentive force because it occurs within the layer of fluid that is
present between the denture base and mucosa and works to maintain the
integrity of the interposed liquid.
COHESIVE FORCES IN RETENTION OF DENTURE
Normal saliva is not very cohesive so that most of the retentive force of the
denture- mucosa interface comes from adhesive and interfacial factors
unless the interposed saliva is modified.

48. Summary
 The components of saliva act as a
mirror of the body’s health.
 The multi factorial role of salivary
components continue to represent a
focused area of dental research.
 The knowledge of normal salivary
composition, flow & function is
extremely important for
prosthodontic treatment.
 Whenever saliva occurs in quantities
large or small, recognition should be
given to the many contribution it
makes to the preservation &
maintenance of oral & systemic
health.

49. REFERENCE
PRESENTATION TITLE
Sachdeva S, Noor R, Mallick R, Perwez E. Role of saliva in complete dentures: an overview. Ann dent spec.
2014;2(2):51-4.
Jacob SA, Gopalakrishnan A. Saliva in prosthodontic therapy-all you need to know. J Dent Sci. 2013;1(1):13-25.
Naeem A, Pankaj K, Ali F, Sajid S, Barun K, Taseer B. Saliva and its Prosthodontic Implications. World Journal of
Medical Sciences. 2014;11(4):483-5.
Łysik D, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Bucki R, Tokajuk G, Mystkowska J. Artificial saliva: Challenges and future
perspectives for the treatment of xerostomia. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019 Jan;20(13):3199.
Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of medical physiology. JP Medical Ltd; 2012 Sep 30.
Joseph AM, Joseph S, Mathew N, Koshy AT. Functional salivary reservoir in maxillary complete denture–
technique redefined. Clinical case reports. 2016 Dec;4(12):1082.
Verma K, Gowda EM, Pawar VR, Kalra A. Salivary reservoir denture–A novel approach to battle xerostomia.
Medical Journal, Armed Forces India. 2015 Jul;71(Suppl 1):S190.

50. Thank you
Presenter Name | Email | Website
PRESENTATION TITLE