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RELATIVE PRONOUNS
John married a woman
John married a woman who works in his office.
'who' ya da 'that' kişi belirten bir sözcükten (woman) sonra
kimden söz edildiğini belirtmek için kullanılır. Bu sözcüklerin
içinde yer aldığı 'who works in his office' gibi yapılara ilgi
cümleciği (relative clause) who ve that sözcüklerine de ilgi
zamiri (relative pronoun) denir. İlgi zamirleri bize kendisinden
önce gelen isim hakkında daha fazla bilgi vermek için kullanılır.
Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyelim:
Have you met Jackie? She is the girl that sits next to Mike in
class. (Hangi kız? -Mike'ın yanında oturan kız)
The people who live downstairs are from Scotland.(Hangi
insanlar? -Alt katta oturan insanlar)
Cümlede bir cisim veya hayvandan söz ediliyorsa, 'which' ya
da 'that' ilgi zamirleri kullanılır.
He took the job which paid the highest salary.(Hangi iş? -
Maaşı en yüksek olan iş)
Animals that live in the desert must conserve water.(Hangi
hayvanlar? -Çölde yaşayan hayvanlar)
'whose' ilgi zamirine bakalım :
I know a man whose wife won a million pounds on the lottery.
Bu yapılarda his, her, their vb. yerine 'whose' (-ki onun)
kullanılır. Ancak bu zamir nesnelerle değil yalnızca insanlar,
ülkeler ve kurumlardan söz ederken kullanılır ve aitlik anlamı
taşır:
The man whose dog bit me didn't apologize.
Yanlış olan kullanımlar:The man who's dog bit me ...
The man the whose dog bit me ...
'where' ilgi zamiri ilgi cümleciklerinde bir yer tanımlanırken
kullanılır.
I know a good restaurant where you can eat very cheaply.
I know a good restaurant where you can eat very cheaply there
(bu kullanım yanlıştır, 'where' ilgi zamirinin kullanıldığı cümlede
'there' kullanılmaz).
Yer tanımlamak için kullanılan ilgi cümleciklerinde 'where'
yerine bir edat ile birlikte 'that' veya 'which' kullanılabilir.
The shop where he works is going to close.
The shop (that) he works in is going to close.
Aşağıdaki cümleleri inceleyerek ilgi zamiri 'who' nun
hangisinden çıkarılıp çıkarılamayacağına bakalım:
Jane is the woman who came for dinner.
Jackie is the girl who you met last week.
Birinci cümlede 'who' ilgi cümleciğinin öznesidir ve cümleden
çıkarılamaz. Diğerinde ise ilgi cümleciğindeki fiilin nesnesidir,
'who,that, which' zamirleri nesne olarak kullanıldıklarında
cümleden çıkarılabilirler.
'whom' ilgi zamiri
Bazen 'who' yerine bir edat ile birlikte (to whom) cümlenin
nesnesi olarak kullanılabilir, ancak bu oldukça resmi bir
kullanımdır.
She is the girl whom you met.
I think I know the girl to whom you were talking.
SECOND CONDITIONALS
IF + PAST SIMPLE + WOULD/COULD
 Bu kalıp şu andan söz edip farklı bir durum hayal ederken
kullanılır.
I would buy a new car if I had enough money.
If he worked harder, he would do better.
If more people used public transport, there wouldn't be so
much pollution.
If I didn't have other plans, I could come with you.
 If ' den sonra I/he/she/it zamirleri ile 'were' kullanılabilir.
If I were a racing driver, I'd drive for Ferrari.
If he were taller, he could join the police.
'was' günlük ingilizcede daha yaygındır.
'if I were you' (yerinde olsam) ifadesi tavsiyelerde bulunurken
kullanılır.
If I were you, I would go to the police. ('if I was you' kullanımı
YANLIŞTIR).
COULD I/COULD YOU ?
 'Could' bir şey isterken, ricada bulunurken kullanılır.
Could + I/you/we + have ... ?
Could we have two tickets, please? ('could' yapısı istek ve
ricalarda kullanılan 'can' yapısına göre daha resmi ve kibar bir
kullanımdır.
Could we look at your map, please?
 'Could you' bir kimseden bir şey yapması konusunda ricada
bulunurken kullanılır.
Could you buy me a newspaper?
Could you help me?
Could you give me a glass of water?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS

  • 2.
  • 3. John married a woman John married a woman who works in his office. 'who' ya da 'that' kişi belirten bir sözcükten (woman) sonra kimden söz edildiğini belirtmek için kullanılır. Bu sözcüklerin içinde yer aldığı 'who works in his office' gibi yapılara ilgi cümleciği (relative clause) who ve that sözcüklerine de ilgi zamiri (relative pronoun) denir. İlgi zamirleri bize kendisinden önce gelen isim hakkında daha fazla bilgi vermek için kullanılır.
  • 4. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyelim: Have you met Jackie? She is the girl that sits next to Mike in class. (Hangi kız? -Mike'ın yanında oturan kız) The people who live downstairs are from Scotland.(Hangi insanlar? -Alt katta oturan insanlar)
  • 5. Cümlede bir cisim veya hayvandan söz ediliyorsa, 'which' ya da 'that' ilgi zamirleri kullanılır. He took the job which paid the highest salary.(Hangi iş? - Maaşı en yüksek olan iş) Animals that live in the desert must conserve water.(Hangi hayvanlar? -Çölde yaşayan hayvanlar)
  • 6. 'whose' ilgi zamirine bakalım : I know a man whose wife won a million pounds on the lottery. Bu yapılarda his, her, their vb. yerine 'whose' (-ki onun) kullanılır. Ancak bu zamir nesnelerle değil yalnızca insanlar, ülkeler ve kurumlardan söz ederken kullanılır ve aitlik anlamı taşır: The man whose dog bit me didn't apologize. Yanlış olan kullanımlar:The man who's dog bit me ... The man the whose dog bit me ...
  • 7. 'where' ilgi zamiri ilgi cümleciklerinde bir yer tanımlanırken kullanılır. I know a good restaurant where you can eat very cheaply. I know a good restaurant where you can eat very cheaply there (bu kullanım yanlıştır, 'where' ilgi zamirinin kullanıldığı cümlede 'there' kullanılmaz).
  • 8. Yer tanımlamak için kullanılan ilgi cümleciklerinde 'where' yerine bir edat ile birlikte 'that' veya 'which' kullanılabilir. The shop where he works is going to close. The shop (that) he works in is going to close.
  • 9.
  • 10. Aşağıdaki cümleleri inceleyerek ilgi zamiri 'who' nun hangisinden çıkarılıp çıkarılamayacağına bakalım: Jane is the woman who came for dinner. Jackie is the girl who you met last week. Birinci cümlede 'who' ilgi cümleciğinin öznesidir ve cümleden çıkarılamaz. Diğerinde ise ilgi cümleciğindeki fiilin nesnesidir, 'who,that, which' zamirleri nesne olarak kullanıldıklarında cümleden çıkarılabilirler.
  • 11. 'whom' ilgi zamiri Bazen 'who' yerine bir edat ile birlikte (to whom) cümlenin nesnesi olarak kullanılabilir, ancak bu oldukça resmi bir kullanımdır. She is the girl whom you met. I think I know the girl to whom you were talking.
  • 12. SECOND CONDITIONALS IF + PAST SIMPLE + WOULD/COULD  Bu kalıp şu andan söz edip farklı bir durum hayal ederken kullanılır. I would buy a new car if I had enough money. If he worked harder, he would do better. If more people used public transport, there wouldn't be so much pollution. If I didn't have other plans, I could come with you.
  • 13.  If ' den sonra I/he/she/it zamirleri ile 'were' kullanılabilir. If I were a racing driver, I'd drive for Ferrari. If he were taller, he could join the police. 'was' günlük ingilizcede daha yaygındır. 'if I were you' (yerinde olsam) ifadesi tavsiyelerde bulunurken kullanılır. If I were you, I would go to the police. ('if I was you' kullanımı YANLIŞTIR).
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16. COULD I/COULD YOU ?  'Could' bir şey isterken, ricada bulunurken kullanılır. Could + I/you/we + have ... ? Could we have two tickets, please? ('could' yapısı istek ve ricalarda kullanılan 'can' yapısına göre daha resmi ve kibar bir kullanımdır. Could we look at your map, please?
  • 17.  'Could you' bir kimseden bir şey yapması konusunda ricada bulunurken kullanılır. Could you buy me a newspaper? Could you help me? Could you give me a glass of water?