Mumbai Esplanade Project Connects Churchgate and CST
1. MUMBAI
` 200
AUG 2012
VOL 25 (12)
ARCHITECTURE
The Author’s Residence in Lavasa &
Goa Institute of Management:
Dr. Brinda Somaya
Kadju House: Pradeep Kodikara
Architecture
INTERNATIONAL
Cutty Sark: Grimshaw Architects LLP
URBANISM
The Mumbai Esplanade Project:
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4. 120
Smart Growth: A Modern Urban Principle
The concept of Smart Growth proponents’ compact, transit-oriented, walkable surroundings that incorporates
mixed land use pattern, including neighbourhood schools, retail and commercial spaces, community institutions,
and a wide variety of housing types and styles, within close proximity of one another. It has been bestowed
in various urban and suburban areas throughout the United States and has been found to beneficially affect
natural habitats, air and water pollution, and the preservation of land.
The ideas and principles of Smart Growth are to gain a particular function of community and place; expand
the range of transportation, employment, and housing choices; equally distributing the costs and benefits of
development; preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources; and promote public health.
Introduction
S mart Growth is a wide urban-generated planning and transportation theory
that imparts growth in the centre of a city to decrease urban sprawl; and
creates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including
neighbourhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a
huge range of housing choices.
Smart Growth recognises connections between development and quality of life. It
leverages new growth to improve the community. The features and idea of Smart
Growth in a community differ from place to place. In a general scenario, Smart
Growth invests time, attention, and resources in the community and provides
Components of Smart Growth
new life to city centres and older deteriorated areas. New Smart Growth is more Smart Growth America, a national coalition of multiple smart growth advocacy
influenced towards a town-centred policy, transit and pedestrian-oriented, and groups, lists the following six goals of Smart Growth:
has a greater mix of housing, commercial and retail uses. It also preserves open 1. Neighbourhood liveability
space and many other environmental amenities. 2. Better access/less traffic
3. Enabling pre-existing cities, suburbs, and towns to thrive
Why is Smart Growth Needed? 4. Shared benefits
These days, cities are facing new challenges in accomplishing economic 5. Lower costs/lower taxes
growth, increasing wealth, and improving quality of life for residents. Growth 6. Preserving open space
and development both are very necessary for developing communities. They
enhance a new life and impart vitality to the complete scenario. Growth and In accordance with these six goals, the Smart Growth Network has developed
development, if managed improperly, can negatively affect a community’s quality ten basic principles to achieving smart growth:
of life, leading to congestion, pollution, pedestrian-hostile neighbourhoods, 1. Mix land-uses
and sprawl. To accommodate an increasing population and demand for housing, 2. Take advantage of compact building design
services and infrastructure, there is an urge for a complete revolutionised Smart 3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices
Growth technique without upsetting the qualities that make their communities 4. Create walkable neighbourhoods
pleasant places to live and work. 5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place
6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical
“Smart Growth” is a very broad and vast term. It is a bunch of various land environmental areas
uses and set of principles that provide a guideline to enhance our quality of 7. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities
life, preserve the natural environment and financial monitoring. The growth 8. Provide a variety of transportation choices
maintains a connection between development and quality of life after 9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective
implementing the Smart Growth principles. The Smart Growth principles covers 10. Encourage community and stakeholder-collaboration in development
six goals and 10 set of principles which a part of this article. decisions
Indian Architect & Builder - Aug 2012
5. comment 121
These goals and principles of Smart Growth as presented to the general public Mixed-Use Developments
and planners may vary by context and location, thoughts and respective Mixed-use developments include a complete designed lot which enables a
views, however several themes keeps on emerging which includes a range of: variety of different activities within the same defined area or vicinity. These
preservation of open space, protection of environmentally sensitive areas, and developments often include a combination of residential, commercial, industrial,
support for further development of existing urban areas . retail, educational, institutional, and recreational uses, and can vary in size
from a single building to a large-scale planned community. The main motive
The three commuting forces behind the idea of Smart Growth are the creation of mixed-use developments is to decrease the large travel distance; activities
of compact neighbourhoods, a successful combination of multiple uses, and an should be in proximity to one another. In recent years, many large communities
emphasis on transit-oriented development. have focussed on creating new “town centres” mixing multi-family residences,
retail shops, and office spaces in order to maximise the use and profitability
of land and increase the tax base of their municipalities.
Transit-Oriented Developments
Transit-oriented developments are basically built around major transportation
nodes; most frequently rail stations, but primary access between buses,
highways, and park-and-ride lots as well. In addition to their focus on
mass transit forms (i.e. commuter rail, light rail, bus rapid transit, etc.)
which are more environment-friendly than personal automobile travel,
transit-oriented developments are also heavily oriented around biking
and walking, which also reduce harmful pollution overall. Pedestrian and
bicycle-friendly improvements include narrower streets, bicycle lanes, an
urban bike-trail system, bicycle parking, an emphasis on pedestrian crossings,
and separated walking paths.
Compact Neighbourhoods
There are many theories and assumptions behind the Smart Growth concept but How Do Governments Affect Smart Growth?
according to Smart Growth theorists, creating compact, liveable and workable Local governments affect Smart Growth development by local policies and zoning
urban neighbourhoods will attract more residents and businesses; it will act as ordinances. Through zoning regulations, new development can be specified to
a key element for reducing urban sprawl and protecting local environments and a certain areas and land use can be regulated by location. Zoning laws can also
climates. This concept is often gained by including a number of factors which reduce the amount of parking required to be built with new development, and
are mixed-use development, the inclusion of affordable housing, public park can be used to mandate land to be utilised for parks, recreation space, and other
and recreation space (to encourage pedestrian activity), and restrictions design community amenities.
forms (such as detached homes, private lots, large backyards, strip malls, and
expansive surface parking lots). By concentrating activity in smaller, denser Another popular approach is the use of environmental impact assessments (EIA),
areas, smart growth preserves open spaces, reuses already-developed land in often required of prospective developers by state and/or local governments. These
a more productive and refined manner, and harbours cleaner air, water supplies reports bind the physical and social impact which new development will have on
and other day-to-day utilities. the surrounding communities and environment and how they can be minimised.
Indian Architect & Builder - Aug 2012
6. 122
Environmental Benefits of Smart Growth
References
The United States Environmental Protection Agency claims, “Smart
[1] Wikipedia: Smart Growth
Growth principles can minimise air and water pollution, encourage
[2] Litman, Todd. Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth. Victoria Transport
Brownfield’s clean-up and reuse, and preserve natural lands.”
Policy Institute. 24 September 2007
[3] Conflicts Between Smart Growth and Housing Affordability
A number of EPA studies performed across the United States have shown
[4] O’Toole, Randall. The Folly of “Smart Growth” Thoureau Institute
that applying Smart Growth principles to pre-existing communities has
[5] Smart Growth and Its Effect on Housing Markets: The New Segregation.
improved air quality (by reducing automobile mileage and emissions),
(National Center for Public Policy Research)
improved water quality (by minimising paved surfaces and enabling
[6] Burchell, Robert W., David Listokin, and Catherine C. Galley. Smart
natural rainwater filtration devoid of contamination), and preserved a
Growth: More Than a Ghost of Urban Policy Past, Less Than a Bold New
significant amount of open space and natural lands. Such case studies
Horizon. Housing Policy Debate. Rutgers, the State University of New
and evaluations have taken place in locations including Sacramento,
Jersey (821-879)
Nashville, Atlanta, Southern New Jersey, Seattle, Denver, San Francisco/
[7] About Smart Growth (U.S. EPA)
Oakland, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Providence, Northern Virginia, Orlando,
[8] Environmental Benefits of Smart Growth (U.S. EPA)
and Chicago.
[9] Effects of Different Development Types on the Environment (U.S. EPA)
[10] This is Smart Growth: Featured Communities
Obstacles to Smart Growth
[11] Moglen, Glenn E., Steven A. Gabriel, and Jose A. Faria. A Framework
Also, Smart Growth developments are often far more costly
for Quantitative Smart Growth in Land Development. Journal of the
(financially) for developers than typical suburban communities. There
American Water Resources Association. August 2003 (947- 959)
is more dependency on automobiles rather than being a pedestrianised
[12] What is Smart Growth? (Smart Growth America)
environment. The availability of a chunk of land as per feasibility and
[13] Knaap, Gerrit-Jan. A Requiem for Smart Growth? National Center for Smart
location is also in more deficient ratio. Therefore, much Smart Growth
Growth Research and Education. University of Maryland Arlington
often occurs in the form of urban infill or urban redevelopment, which is
County, Virginia (U.S. EPA)
often expensive and controversial. Pre-existing neighbourhood residents
[14] Miller, Nancy A. and Jeff Miller. Defining Mixed-Use Development.
also often protest massive new developments. Furthermore, mass
University of Minnesota
transit growth and expansion is similarly controversial and expensive.
In addition, many critics claim that the rigidity of Smart Growth plans
Further Readings:
increases personal regulations and reduces freedom, and that the density
[1] Smart Growth America
of Smart Growth developments may actually increase traffic congestion.
[2] Coalition for Smarter Growth
[3] Bullard, Robert D. (ed.) (2007). Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable
Conclusion
Communities, Environmental Justice, and Regional Equity. The MIT
Ultimately, the design and development of an area are correlated
Press. ISBN 978-0-262-524704
and it has a wider range of effects on many other aspects such as the
[4] “Urban Alchemy” Article about the need for efficient transit to serve
environment, sustainability, consumption, transportation, population
smart growth
and lifestyle. A well-designed town with the needs of residents in mind
can create a more stable and equitable area. Additionally, and important
External Links:
lesson which should be always kept is that the shape of communities
[1] Smart Growth Planning
and Smart Growth can be transformed by the residents. People want
[2] Smart Code 7.0 A model for New Urbanism Planning Codes in PDF Format
to live in an environment and a world capable of sustainability. “Smart
[3] Smart Growth America organization
Urban Growth” offers a better design that also benefits the environment,
[4] Coalition for Smarter Growth
ecology, economy, equity, which can help provide better lives for the
[5] Smart Growth Online
entire nation and the world, leading to a complete “liveable community”.
About the authors:
Ar. Ritu Shrivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, MANIT, Bhopal
Ritu has graduated from MITS, Gwalior and pursued Masters in Urban and Development Planning (MUDP) from MANIT, Bhopal. Her core expertise reflects
in urban planning projects and in teaching as a faculty.
Ar. Anubhav Aggarwal, Architect, Arkiplan International Pvt, Ltd. New Delhi
Anubhav has completed his B.Arch. degree from Vaastu Kala Academy, New Delhi. He is currently working as an architect in Arkiplan International Pvt, Ltd,
a Dubai-based architectural firm in New Delhi. His expertise evolves from architectural projects and independent project-handling.
Indian Architect & Builder - Aug 2012
