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Indicatore                           Mortalità



 Con ipotensione ortostatica (Silverstein)               13,6%
      Senza ipotensione ortostatica                      8,7%
                Con shock                                29,7%
               Senza shock                                9%
Con pressione sistolica <80 mmHg (Shiller)               32%
               80-99mmHg                                 17%
                100mmHg                                  7%
             Con ematemesi                               13,4%
              Con melena                                 9,4%
Incidenza di risanguinamento

FI           Sanguinamento attivo



       Ia    A zampillo (spurting)   85-100% (Wara , Fleisher , Johonson) . Necessita di
                                     intervento chir. nel 50%


       Ib    A nappo (oozing)



FII          Stimmate di recente
             sanguinamento




       IIa   Vaso visibile           35-55% . Necessita di intervento chir. nel 40%



       IIb   Base nera               5-10%



FIII         Assenza di stimmate     Quasi 0
TAB.1 TRATTAMENTO MEDICO
Autore               Gravità emorragia         Successo della   Mortalità      Risanguinamento   Operati
                     Tipo di terapia           terapia

Walt                 FIb – FII                                  6,2% (5%       23,9% (25%
                     Anti H2                                    placebo)       placebo)


Torres               PA <100 ,F >100 Hct<30%   90%
                     Somatostatina


Del Vecchio-Blanco   Tutte le emorragie        92,3%             0%
Thon                 Anti-H2                   86%              11%
Arora                                          86%                0%
Delle Cave
Melita

Melita               Tutte le emorragie        95%
                     Anti-H2 somatostatina


Pera                 Emorragie severe          90%
Kayasseh             Somatostatina             80%
Coraggio                                       95%
Magnusson                                      89%

Basile               Tutte le emorragie        95%
Antonioli            Somatostatina             93%
Torres                                         90%

Christiansen         Emorragie gravi           80%                             0
1986                 Octreotide


Hwai-Jeng Lin        Spurting                  80% NS           4,76% (2/42)
                     Oozing                    92% p<0,05       +endoscopia
                     FIII                      79% NS
                     Totale                    83% p<0,05
                     Octreotide

Christiansen 1989    Tutte le emorragie        70%              2,6%
                     Octreotide
Jenkins      Emorragie massive da foci   100% (5/5)
             multipli
             Somatostatina
             Octreotide




Cardì        F Ib                        95,2%                           4,8%    5%(1/20)
             Omeprazolo


Cardì        F Ib                        70,8%                           29,2%   8,33%(2/24




Goletti      Emorragie severe            100%                                    0
             Omeprazolo



Goletti      Emorragie severe            90%                                     10%
             Ranitidina



Gabbrielli   Sanguinamenti severi        91%(10/11)        9,09%(1/11)
             Omepreazolo



Khuroo       F Ia                                          9,1%          72,7%   54,5%
             F Ib                                            0%          11,1%    5,6%
             F Iia                                         5,9%          11,8%    5,9%
             F Iib                                          0%              0%      0%
             Omeprazolo


Hasselgren   Omeprazolo in infusione     91%(failure 9%)   6,9%          3,1%    4%
             continua
Autore       Tecnica              Successo del      Mortalità post   Risanguinament   Chirurgia dopo   Mortalità
                                  trattamento       trattamento      o                emostasi         complessiva
             endoscopica          endoscopico       endoscopico                       endoscopica      (endoscopia
             Gravità emorragia                                                        [mortalità]      +chirurgia)
Halasy       Atossisclerol        92,9% (142/153)   4,92%            9,15%            7,1% (11/153)    6.5%
             Forrest I                                                                [27%]
Ekhauser     Nd:yag               87,5% (35/40)     8,6%             11% (4/35)       12,5% (5/40)     12,5%(ndt)
             Pa<100                                                                   [40%(2/5)]
             F II
             HcT ca.24%

Lipschitz    Adrenalina           77%(40/52)        NR               NR               NR               NR
             Pa<100
             Stigmate di
             sanguinam.

Steele       Adrenalina           94% (50/53)       NR               12% (6/50)ndt    17%(9/53)        NR
             FI                                                                       [40%(4/9)]
Waring       Heat probe e         95%               14%              25%
             sclerosi
             FI e FII
Hui          FI                                                      10-19%           7-13%



Laine        Tutte le emorragie   90%                                                 14%



Swain        Tutte le emorragie   80-93%



Soehndra     FI-FII               85%                                25%



Puglisi      Adrenalina           85,5%
             polidocanolo+ome
             prazolo
             FI-FIIa-b
Fontana      Scleroterapia        85%
Rev. Lett.   F1                   88%
             F2
TAB.3 TRATTAMENTO CHIRURGICO

    Autore     Gravità emorragia     Mortalità postoperatoria        Risanguina-
                                                                        mento


   Ovaska              FI                     15%



    Kuttila            NR                     12%                2%(mortalità 50%)

     Hunt              FI                   10-12%



    Braun       Chirurgia elettiva            7,3%
  Demartines                                  6,0%
  Campanelli                                  3,0%


    Thon           Chirurgia                  11%
  Demartines       d’urgenza                  22%
    Melita                                    5,0%


   Boutelier   Chirurgia d’urgenza            17%               Il 27% dei risanguina-
                                                                     menti muore
ANNO     Totale emorragie gastro-   Totale Gastro-resezioni              %
         duodenali                  U.O.C. Chirurgia -Termoli
1987     39                         3       (2 BII-              7,69%
                                             1 Roux)
1988     37                         7       (5 BII -            18,91%
                                             2 Roux)
1989     48                         6       (3 BII -            12,5%
                                             3 Roux)
1990     40                         3       (2 BII -            7,5%
                                             1 Roux)
1991     60                         10 (4 BII -                 15,5%
                                        6 Roux)
1992     54                         9       (5 BII –            16,6%
                                             4 Roux)
1993     75                         6       (2 BII –             8,0%
                                             4 Roux)
1994     30                         3       (2 BII-             10%
                                             1Roux)
1995     41                         4       (3 BII -             9,75%
                                             1 Roux )
1996     58                         10 (7 BII –                 17,2%
                                        3 Roux)
1997     43                             5   (4 BII-             11,32%
                                             1 Roux)
Totale   531                        66                          12,42%
ANNO           Successo della terapia   Risanguinamento      Mortalità postoperatoria
               chirurgica.              (entro 10 giorni )   Entro un mese dall’intervento.
               Arresto emorragia

               U.O.C. TERMOLI




1994           100%                     1                    1( CID)

1995           100%


1996           100% 1 fistola                                1


1997           100%                     1                    1 (Coagulopatia da
                                                             insufficienza epatica da cirrosi)




Totale paz.=                            2                    4,6%
172
Rischio di sanguinamento




Ulcera peptica                        15%


Gastrodigiunostomia sec.Billroth II    7%


Gastrodigiunostomia                    4%
sec. Roux

                                      U.O.C. CHIRURGIA
                                      TERMOLI
TRATTAMENTO          SUCCESSO arresto   Risanguina   Mortalità     LIMITI                COMPLICANZE
                     emorragia          men                                              DIRETTE
                                        to




Medico               80%(Chwai-         NR           4,76%         Nessuna
(somatostatina ,     Jeng)              NR           NR
H2bloccanti,PPI      92%(Hwai)          4,8%         NR
F1a                  95%(Cadì)
F1b                  95%(Melita)
F1b                  95%(Basile)
Tutte le emorragie   93%(Antinoli
                     90%(Torres)




Endoscopico          92%(Halasy         9,15%        4,92%         Emorragie             1% perforazione
F1a                  85%(Fontana Rev.   12%          NR            abbondanti, lesioni   20% induzione di una
F1                   Lett.)             11%          8,6%          non accessibili       emorragia arteriosa,
F1b                  94%(Steele)        10,1%        NR            Coagulopatie gravi    aritmie,pneumopatie
F1b                  87%(Ekhau                                     e incorreggibili,     da aspirazione ,
Tutte le emorragie        ser)                                     ulcerazioni estese.   ipotensione.
                         (Hui)
                     90%(Laine)
                     80-93% (Swain)
                     85%(Puglisi)
                     85%(Puglisi)




Chirurgico           100%                                 5%       Coagulopatie
                                                     Urg.15%
                                                     Dopo tratt.
                                                     End.27-40%
Il risanguinamento diminuisce in maniera significativa dopo emostasi endoscopica
                                     (dall’85 al 10-25%).
Non decresce invece il numero dei pazienti da sottoporre ad intervento chirurgico (13%
                                            circa ).
   I pazienti risanguinanti dopo emostasi endoscopica che vengono operati hanno una
                           mortalità che si aggira tra il 30 e il 40%
I pazienti sottoposti ad intervento chirurgico come prima opzione terapeutica hanno una
                    mortalità postoperatoria che si aggira intorno al 5%.
Le emorragie non ben dominabili sono quelle derivanti dall’erosione di un grosso vaso
            che non può essere fermato da una emostasi non chirurgica.
  Questo spiega come mai la percentuale di ricorso all’intervento chirurgico rimanga
stabile anche dopo emostasi endoscopica e come mai tali valori (10-15%) siano stabili
                                 da circa 40 anni.
Amedeo Marra  emorragie gastroduodenali .termoli 2005
Amedeo Marra  emorragie gastroduodenali .termoli 2005

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Amedeo Marra emorragie gastroduodenali .termoli 2005

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  • 11. Indicatore Mortalità Con ipotensione ortostatica (Silverstein) 13,6% Senza ipotensione ortostatica 8,7% Con shock 29,7% Senza shock 9% Con pressione sistolica <80 mmHg (Shiller) 32% 80-99mmHg 17% 100mmHg 7% Con ematemesi 13,4% Con melena 9,4%
  • 12. Incidenza di risanguinamento FI Sanguinamento attivo Ia A zampillo (spurting) 85-100% (Wara , Fleisher , Johonson) . Necessita di intervento chir. nel 50% Ib A nappo (oozing) FII Stimmate di recente sanguinamento IIa Vaso visibile 35-55% . Necessita di intervento chir. nel 40% IIb Base nera 5-10% FIII Assenza di stimmate Quasi 0
  • 13. TAB.1 TRATTAMENTO MEDICO Autore Gravità emorragia Successo della Mortalità Risanguinamento Operati Tipo di terapia terapia Walt FIb – FII 6,2% (5% 23,9% (25% Anti H2 placebo) placebo) Torres PA <100 ,F >100 Hct<30% 90% Somatostatina Del Vecchio-Blanco Tutte le emorragie 92,3% 0% Thon Anti-H2 86% 11% Arora 86% 0% Delle Cave Melita Melita Tutte le emorragie 95% Anti-H2 somatostatina Pera Emorragie severe 90% Kayasseh Somatostatina 80% Coraggio 95% Magnusson 89% Basile Tutte le emorragie 95% Antonioli Somatostatina 93% Torres 90% Christiansen Emorragie gravi 80% 0 1986 Octreotide Hwai-Jeng Lin Spurting 80% NS 4,76% (2/42) Oozing 92% p<0,05 +endoscopia FIII 79% NS Totale 83% p<0,05 Octreotide Christiansen 1989 Tutte le emorragie 70% 2,6% Octreotide
  • 14. Jenkins Emorragie massive da foci 100% (5/5) multipli Somatostatina Octreotide Cardì F Ib 95,2% 4,8% 5%(1/20) Omeprazolo Cardì F Ib 70,8% 29,2% 8,33%(2/24 Goletti Emorragie severe 100% 0 Omeprazolo Goletti Emorragie severe 90% 10% Ranitidina Gabbrielli Sanguinamenti severi 91%(10/11) 9,09%(1/11) Omepreazolo Khuroo F Ia 9,1% 72,7% 54,5% F Ib 0% 11,1% 5,6% F Iia 5,9% 11,8% 5,9% F Iib 0% 0% 0% Omeprazolo Hasselgren Omeprazolo in infusione 91%(failure 9%) 6,9% 3,1% 4% continua
  • 15. Autore Tecnica Successo del Mortalità post Risanguinament Chirurgia dopo Mortalità trattamento trattamento o emostasi complessiva endoscopica endoscopico endoscopico endoscopica (endoscopia Gravità emorragia [mortalità] +chirurgia) Halasy Atossisclerol 92,9% (142/153) 4,92% 9,15% 7,1% (11/153) 6.5% Forrest I [27%] Ekhauser Nd:yag 87,5% (35/40) 8,6% 11% (4/35) 12,5% (5/40) 12,5%(ndt) Pa<100 [40%(2/5)] F II HcT ca.24% Lipschitz Adrenalina 77%(40/52) NR NR NR NR Pa<100 Stigmate di sanguinam. Steele Adrenalina 94% (50/53) NR 12% (6/50)ndt 17%(9/53) NR FI [40%(4/9)] Waring Heat probe e 95% 14% 25% sclerosi FI e FII Hui FI 10-19% 7-13% Laine Tutte le emorragie 90% 14% Swain Tutte le emorragie 80-93% Soehndra FI-FII 85% 25% Puglisi Adrenalina 85,5% polidocanolo+ome prazolo FI-FIIa-b Fontana Scleroterapia 85% Rev. Lett. F1 88% F2
  • 16. TAB.3 TRATTAMENTO CHIRURGICO Autore Gravità emorragia Mortalità postoperatoria Risanguina- mento Ovaska FI 15% Kuttila NR 12% 2%(mortalità 50%) Hunt FI 10-12% Braun Chirurgia elettiva 7,3% Demartines 6,0% Campanelli 3,0% Thon Chirurgia 11% Demartines d’urgenza 22% Melita 5,0% Boutelier Chirurgia d’urgenza 17% Il 27% dei risanguina- menti muore
  • 17. ANNO Totale emorragie gastro- Totale Gastro-resezioni % duodenali U.O.C. Chirurgia -Termoli 1987 39 3 (2 BII- 7,69% 1 Roux) 1988 37 7 (5 BII - 18,91% 2 Roux) 1989 48 6 (3 BII - 12,5% 3 Roux) 1990 40 3 (2 BII - 7,5% 1 Roux) 1991 60 10 (4 BII - 15,5% 6 Roux) 1992 54 9 (5 BII – 16,6% 4 Roux) 1993 75 6 (2 BII – 8,0% 4 Roux) 1994 30 3 (2 BII- 10% 1Roux) 1995 41 4 (3 BII - 9,75% 1 Roux ) 1996 58 10 (7 BII – 17,2% 3 Roux) 1997 43 5 (4 BII- 11,32% 1 Roux) Totale 531 66 12,42%
  • 18. ANNO Successo della terapia Risanguinamento Mortalità postoperatoria chirurgica. (entro 10 giorni ) Entro un mese dall’intervento. Arresto emorragia U.O.C. TERMOLI 1994 100% 1 1( CID) 1995 100% 1996 100% 1 fistola 1 1997 100% 1 1 (Coagulopatia da insufficienza epatica da cirrosi) Totale paz.= 2 4,6% 172
  • 19. Rischio di sanguinamento Ulcera peptica 15% Gastrodigiunostomia sec.Billroth II 7% Gastrodigiunostomia 4% sec. Roux U.O.C. CHIRURGIA TERMOLI
  • 20. TRATTAMENTO SUCCESSO arresto Risanguina Mortalità LIMITI COMPLICANZE emorragia men DIRETTE to Medico 80%(Chwai- NR 4,76% Nessuna (somatostatina , Jeng) NR NR H2bloccanti,PPI 92%(Hwai) 4,8% NR F1a 95%(Cadì) F1b 95%(Melita) F1b 95%(Basile) Tutte le emorragie 93%(Antinoli 90%(Torres) Endoscopico 92%(Halasy 9,15% 4,92% Emorragie 1% perforazione F1a 85%(Fontana Rev. 12% NR abbondanti, lesioni 20% induzione di una F1 Lett.) 11% 8,6% non accessibili emorragia arteriosa, F1b 94%(Steele) 10,1% NR Coagulopatie gravi aritmie,pneumopatie F1b 87%(Ekhau e incorreggibili, da aspirazione , Tutte le emorragie ser) ulcerazioni estese. ipotensione. (Hui) 90%(Laine) 80-93% (Swain) 85%(Puglisi) 85%(Puglisi) Chirurgico 100% 5% Coagulopatie Urg.15% Dopo tratt. End.27-40%
  • 21. Il risanguinamento diminuisce in maniera significativa dopo emostasi endoscopica (dall’85 al 10-25%). Non decresce invece il numero dei pazienti da sottoporre ad intervento chirurgico (13% circa ). I pazienti risanguinanti dopo emostasi endoscopica che vengono operati hanno una mortalità che si aggira tra il 30 e il 40% I pazienti sottoposti ad intervento chirurgico come prima opzione terapeutica hanno una mortalità postoperatoria che si aggira intorno al 5%.
  • 22. Le emorragie non ben dominabili sono quelle derivanti dall’erosione di un grosso vaso che non può essere fermato da una emostasi non chirurgica. Questo spiega come mai la percentuale di ricorso all’intervento chirurgico rimanga stabile anche dopo emostasi endoscopica e come mai tali valori (10-15%) siano stabili da circa 40 anni.