Then we have buses, trucks, taxis and the other light industrial and commercial vehicles. There are also a few work boats and commercial boats and one day there will be commercial electric aircraft but this is really a story about the burgeoning demand for off-road industrial vehicles and on-road commercial vehicles. In particular, industrial electric vehicles make industry more efficient and commercial electric vehicles reduce congestion. Both of them greatly reduce pollution and align closely with government objectives concerning industry and the environment, yet they minimally depend on subsidy, in contrast with some other electric vehicle types.

1. Industrial and Commercial Hybrid & Pure Electric Vehicles 2013 - 2023: Forecasts, Opportunities, Players
Those selling components for electric vehicles and those wishing to make the vehicles themselves must seek
where the majority of the money is spent and will be spent. That must lead them to industrial and commercial
electric vehicles because today these represent 60% of the value of the electric vehicle market. Indeed, this
sector is set to grow 4.2 times in the next decade. Industrial and commercial electric vehicles include heavy
industrial vehicles, the term referring to heavy lifting, as with forklifts.
Then we have buses, trucks, taxis and the other light industrial and commercial vehicles. There are also a few
work boats and commercial boats and one day there will be commercial electric aircraft but this is really a
story about the burgeoning demand for off-road industrial vehicles and on-road commercial vehicles. In
particular, industrial electric vehicles make industry more efficient and commercial electric vehicles reduce
congestion. Both of them greatly reduce pollution and align closely with government objectives concerning
industry and the environment, yet they minimally depend on subsidy, in contrast with some other electric
vehicle types. This report covers the technical and market trends for industrial and commercial vehicles
whether hybrid or pure electric, putting it in the context of electric vehicles overall and including the activities
of a host of manufacturers of the vehicles and their components and even providing future technological
development roadmaps. The market for electric industrial vehicles is already large because, by law, forklifts
have to be electric when used indoors. Little growth remains in this market but outdoors almost all
earthmoving and lifting vehicles use the conventional internal combustion engine. That is about to change
dramatically because hybrid electric versions reduce cost of ownership and exposure to price hikes with fossil
fuels. Hybrids increasingly perform better as well, with more power from stationary, ability to supply
electricity to other equipment and other benefits including less noise and pollution. On the other hand,
airports, often government owned or funded, are under great pressure to finish converting their Ground
Support Equipment GSE to pure electric versions both on and off the tarmac partly using federal grants. Yet
another industrial trend is for use of electric vehicles to replace slow and often dangerous manual procedures.
Sometimes a self-powered indoor crane replaces scaffolding. An electric stair climber replaces human effort
and possible injury. On the other hand, sit-on floor cleaners in buildings, sit-on ice cleaners in ice rinks,
outrider vehicles carried on trash collection trucks and a host of similar solutions speed processes and reduce
injuries and costs. Buses, trucks, taxis and the other light industrial and commercial vehicles are going
electric for similar reasons but we must add the desire of national and local governments, who buy many of
them, to go green, even where there is no payback. However, the size and growth of the industrial and
commercial sector is less dependent on government funding and tax breaks than the more fragile market for
electric cars, particularly pure electric ones. Excitingly, most of the electric vehicle technologies are changing
and improving hugely and innovation often comes here before it is seen in the more publicised electric vehicle
sectors such as cars.
Asynchronous traction motors were first widely used on forklifts: their benefits of longer life, less
maintenance, low cost and freedom from magnet price hikes and heating problems are only later being seen in
a few cars. Ultracapacitors otherwise known as supercapacitors permit very fast charging of buses whether by
the new Level 3 charging stations or regenerative braking and they release huge surges of power when the bus
is full and starting on a hill. Gas turbine range extenders have been on some buses for 12 years but they are
Industrial and Commercial Hybrid & Pure Electric Vehicles 2013 - 2023: Forecasts, Opportunities, Players

2. only now being planned for cars. Fuel cells will be viable in fleets where the expensive hydrogen distribution
is manageable - not for cars across the world. Energy harvesting shock absorbers about to hit the market will
be very viable on buses and trucks where they can put up to 12 kW into the battery whereas such devices on
cars will take longer to prove. Nevertheless, it is important to look at industrial and commercial electric
vehicles as part of all electric vehicles out there - as we do - because it is increasingly true that one company
will produce EVs for many end uses and even make key components. This achieves the product reliability and
cost advantages that come from highest volume manufacture based on standardisation and shared research.
table Of Contents
1. Executive Summary And Conclusions
1.1. Scope Of The Report
1.2. Categories And Trends
1.3. Forecasts 2012-2023
1.4. Market Drivers
1.4.1. Synergies
1.4.2. Importance Of Battery Price
1.5. Numbers Of Manufacturers
1.6. Full Circle Back To Pure Evs
1.7. Key Components
1.7.1. Batteries
1.7.2. Motors
1.7.3. Power Trains
1.8. Winning Strategies
1.9. Many Options Just For Urban Buses
1.10. Electric Futures For Transport Conference London 7 March 2013 - Lessons Learned
1.11. Why Pure Electric Commercial Vehicles Succeed: Cars Do Not
2. Introduction
2.1. Definitions And Scope Of This Report
2.1.1. Learning From The Past
2.1. Hybrid And Pure Electric Vehicles Compared
2.2. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
3. Market Drivers For Industrial And Commercial Evs
3.2. Trends For All Types Of Vehicle
3.2.1. Peak Car And Light Truck - Different Electric Vehicles Needed
3.2.2. Market Drivers For Electric Industrial And Commercial Vehicles
3.3. Hybrid Market Drivers
3.4. Advantages Of Electric Commercial Vehicles
Industrial and Commercial Hybrid & Pure Electric Vehicles 2013 - 2023: Forecasts, Opportunities, Players

3. 4. Heavy Industrial Evs
4.1. What Is Included
4.2. Industry Challenges
4.3. Caterpillar Usa
4.4. Nissan And Mitsubishi Electric Forklifts Japan
4.5. Toyota Japan
4.6. Zheijang Goodsense Forklift China
4.7. Listing Of Manufacturers
4.8. Market Trends
4.9. Market Forecasts 2012-2022
5. Light Industrial And Commercial Evs
5.1. What Is Included
5.1.1. One Quarter Of Commercial Vehicles In Germany Can Be Electric Now?
5.1.2. Guidance From A Recent Uk Event On Industrial And Commercial Evs
5.1.3. Nissan Van Arrives
5.2. Sub Categories
5.3. Trucks
5.3.1. Alte
5.3.2. Azure Dynamics
5.3.3. Balqon Pure Electric Trucks
5.3.4. Beiqi Foton Motor Co China
5.3.5. China Vehicles Company
5.3.6. Daimler Fuso
5.3.7. Epower Engine Systems Usa
5.3.8. Freightliner, Enova, Daimler And Wal-mart Usa
5.3.9. Nano-optonics Energy Japan
5.3.10. Odyne Hybrid Truck Propulsion
5.3.11. Paccar With Eaton
5.3.12. Tyrano Usa
5.3.13. Via Motors Usa
5.4. Evs For Local Services
5.4.1. Ford Azure Dynamics
5.4.2. Ford Quantum
5.4.3. Peugeot Citroën And Mitsubishi Motors
5.4.4. Ups & Nrel
5.4.5. Renault And Dhl
5.5. Airport Evs
5.6. Small People-movers
5.7. Light Industrial Aids
Industrial and Commercial Hybrid & Pure Electric Vehicles 2013 - 2023: Forecasts, Opportunities, Players

4. 5.7.1. Mining - Papabravo Canada
5.8. Listing Of Manufacturers
5.9. Market Forecasts 2012-2023
6. Buses
6.1. History Of Electric Buses
6.2. Pure Electric Buses
6.2.1. Smith - Wanxiang
6.3. Man Hybrid Bus Germany: Supercapacitor Not Battery
6.4. Market Forecast For Buses 2012-2023
7. Taxis
7.1. Electric Taxi Projects In China, Europe, Mexico, Uk, Uk, Japan
7.2. Mitsubishi Taxi Rollout In Japan 2011
7.3. Mexico Taxis Late 2011
8. Key Components For Industrial And Commercial Electric Vehicles
8.1. Types Of Electric Vehicle
8.2. Many Fuels
8.3. Born Electric
8.4. Pure Electric Vehicles Are Improving
8.5. Series Vs Parallel Hybrid
8.6. Modes Of Operation Of Hybrids
8.6.1. Plug In Hybrids
8.6.2. Charge-depleting Mode
8.6.3. Blended Mode
8.6.4. Charge-sustaining Mode
8.6.5. Mixed Mode
8.7. Microhybrid Is A Misnomer
8.8. Deep Hybridisation
8.9. Hybrid Vehicle Price Premium
8.10. Battery Cost And Performance Are Key
8.11. Tradeoff Of Energy Storage Technologies
8.12. Ultracapacitors = Supercapacitors
8.13. Where Supercapacitors Fit In
8.14. Advantages And Disadvantages
8.15. Can Supercapacitors Replace Batteries?
8.16. Supercabatteries Or Bacitors
8.17. What Is A Range Extender?
8.18. What Will Be Required Of A Range Extender 2012-2023
Industrial and Commercial Hybrid & Pure Electric Vehicles 2013 - 2023: Forecasts, Opportunities, Players

5. 8.19. Three Generations Of Range Extender
8.19.1. First Generation Range Extender Technology
8.19.2. Second Generation Range Extender Technology
8.19.3. Third Generation Range Extender Technology
8.20. Fuel Cell Range Extenders
8.21. Big Effect Of Many Modest Electricity Sources Combined
8.22. Energy Harvesting On And In Electric Vehicles
8.23. Trend To High Voltage
8.24. Component Choices For Energy Density/ Power Density
8.25. Trend To Distributed Components
8.26. Trend To Flatness Then Smart Skin
8.27. Traction Batteries
8.27.1. After The Shakeout In Car Traction Batteries
8.27.2. The Needs Have Radically Changed
8.27.3. It Started With Cobalt
8.27.4. Great Variety Of Recipes
8.27.5. Other Factors
8.27.6. Check With Reality
8.27.7. Lithium Winners Today And Soon
8.27.8. Reasons For Winning
8.27.9. Lithium Polymer Electrolyte Now Important
8.27.10. Winning Chemistry
8.27.11. Titanate Establishes A Place
8.27.12. Laminar Structure
8.27.13. Niche Winners
8.27.14. Fluid Situation
8.28. Traction Motors
8.29. Definition And Background
8.30. Traction Motor Trends
8.31. Shape Of Motors
8.32. Location Of Motors
8.33. Born Electric - In-wheel Electric Wheels
8.34. Examples Of Motors In Action
8.35. Ev Market 2012-2023
8.36. Total Change
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Industrial and Commercial Hybrid & Pure Electric Vehicles 2013 - 2023: Forecasts, Opportunities, Players