The document discusses various topics related to research methodology including research, types of research, research design, data collection, measurement, and sampling. It defines key terms, compares different research approaches, and outlines the steps in conducting research and collecting primary data through methods like observation and interviews. The document is formatted as a textbook or reference material on research methods.

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MODULE I
Research
Research simply refers to in-depth study about a
particular topic by using scientific methods.
Business research
It refers to systematic collection and analysis of
data with the purpose of finding answers to the
problem faced by the management.
Features of business research
1. It is systematic and objective. 2. It has a clear
objective. 3. It is multidisciplinary. 4. It determine
profitability of the business. 5. It is flexible in nature.
6. It is most often demand driven.
Importance/Significance/Benefits of business
research
1. Information for economic planning 2. It helps to
solve operational and planning problems. 3. It helps
in business decision making. 4. It helps in demand
forecasting. 5. It helps in formulating government
policies. 6. It helps in decision making of large
business. 7. It helps in SWOT analysis. 8. It helps in
growth and expansion of business.
Types of research
1. Basic research
Basic research is a type of research which is
undertaken out of intellectual curiosity or
inquisitiveness. It is also known as pure research,
fundamental research.
Features of basic research
1. It is related with principles, laws or rules.
2. The aim is to attainment of knowledge and truth.
3. It try to find out cause and effect relationship of a
social phenomenon. 4. It is problem oriented. 5. It is
original type of research.
2. Applied research
It refers to scientific study and research that help to
solve practical problems.
Features of applied research
1. It find out solution to a real life problem. 2. It is
based on pure research 3.Its problem/goal oriented
4.It integrate previously existing knowledge 5. It
seeks solution to immediate problems.
3. Exploratory research
Its a research used to investigate a problem which is
not clearly defined.its also called formative research
Objectives/Features of exploratory research
1. To generate new ideas. 2. To make an exact
formulation of the problem. 3. To clarify concepts. 4.
To determine the feasibility of the study. 5. To
increase researchers familiarity with problem.
Exploratory research methods
• Experience survey • Secondary data analysis
• Case study • Pilot study • Focus group
4. Descriptive research
It refers to the methods that describes the
characteristics of the variable under study. It is also
known as statistical research.
5. Experimental research
It is a scientific investigation conducted by using two
sets of variables.Its also called casual research
6. Diagnostic research
It is a type of research conducted to identify the
cause of a problem.
Steps in research process/Phases of research
1.Tentative selection of the topic 2.Initial survey of
literature 3.Finalization of research problem
4.Formulation of the problem 5.Extensive literature
survey 6.Formulation of hypothesis 7.Preparation of
research design 8.Preparation of sample design
9.Collection of data and execution of project
10.Analysis of data 11.Testing of hypothesis
12.Generalization and interpretation 13.Preparation
of research report
Research problem
It refers to some kind of problem which a researcher
experiences in the context of theoretical or practical
situations.
Criteria for good research problem
1. It should be original. 2. It should be solvable. 3. It
should be feasible 4. It should be innovative. 5. It
should be cost effective. 6. It should be interesting.
Proposition
It is a declarative statement that is either true or
false but not both.
Difference between pure research and applied
research
Pure research Applied research
It is original type of
research
It is based on pure
research
It is knowledge
oriented
It is problem or goal
oriented
Theoretical and
exploratory in nature
Practical and
descriptive in nature
Reports are in
common language
Reports are in
technical language
Hypothesis
It is the tentative assumption of the
relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
1. It should be related to a body of theory. 2.
It should be clear and precise. 3. It should be
capable of verification 4. It should be simple
& specific 5.It shouldbe capable of being
tested
Types of hypothesis
• Descriptive hypothesis :- It describe the
characteristics of a variable.
• Relational hypothesis :- It establishes the
relationship between two or more variables.
• Statistical hypothesis :- Association of two
or more variables are hypothesed
• Null hypothesis :- is a hypothesis, which
point out there is no differences between two
populations in respect of same property.
• Alternative hypothesis :- When we reject the
null hypothesis, we can accept another
hypothesis is called alternative hypothesis.
Non directional hypothesis
It is a type of alternative hypothesis used in
statistical significance testing.
Case study
It is an in-depth comprehensive study of a
person, a process, situation or any other
social units.
Pilot study
It is a small scale preliminary investigation to
determine the feasibility of a larger study.
Variables
Variables are concepts that are measured,
manipulated or controlled in a study.
Classifications of variables
1. Dependent variables :- A variable whose
value depends on the value of another
variable or variables is known as dependent
variable.
2. Independent variable :- A variable whose
value does not depend on the value of
another variable or variables is known as
..........
3. Moderating variable :- It is a variable, the
presence of which, modifies the original
relationship between the independent and
dependent variable.
4. Intervening variable :- It is a hypothetical
variable used to explain casual links between
other variables.
5. Extraneous variable :- Extraneous variables
are undesirable variables that influences the
relationship between variables an
experimenter is examining.
Theory
It is a set of logically interrelated statements
in the form of empirical assertions about
properties of infinite class of events.
Requisites/ criteria of theory
1. They must be logically consistent. 2. They
must be interrelated. 3. The statement must
be exhaustive. 4. The proposition should be
mutually exclusive. 5. They must be capable
of being tested.
Induction
It is a process of reasoning from a part to the
whole, from particular to general or from
individual to universe.
Deduction
Its a process of drawing generalization
through inference from the general to
particular
Difference between induction and deduction
Induction Deduction
General to
particular
approach
Particular to
general approach
Method of
verification
Method of
discover
Very quick
method
Very slow method
Downward
movement
Upward
movement
MODULE II
Research Design
It is the planned sequence of the entire process
involved in conducting a research study
Features of research design
1. The means of obtaining information. 2. It is an
activity and time based plan. 3. It is a plan based
on the research question. 4. It comprises the
time and cost budget. 5. It is depend upon the
purpose of research. 6. It is a guide for selecting
sources and types of information needed.
Stages of Research Design
1. Selection of a problem. 2. Review of existing
literature. 3. Sources of the information to be
utilized. 4. Nature of study. 5. Objectives of
study. 6. Geographical area to be covered.
7. Socio cultural context of the study. 8. Period
of study. 9. Dimension of study. 10. Basis for
selecting the data. 11. Technique of study.
12. The control of error.
Merits of research design
1. It helps to save time, money and energy of
researcher. 2. It helps the researcher to
document the research activities. 3. It ensure
proper time schedule for the implementation of
the project 4.it provide confident to the researcher
for completing research work. 5. It provide sense
of success at every stage of work.
Types of research design
1. Exploratory research design 2. Descriptive
research design 3. Causal research design
4. Experimental design
Exploratory research design
Exploratory research design are thosde design
which is conducted to clarify ambiguous
situations or discover ideas that maybe potential
business opportunities.
Features of exploratory research design
1.Its a preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem
2. It is flexible and very versatile 3. Cost for
conducting the study is less. 4. It does not make
use of any earlier theoretical model. 5. It used to
finalize questionnaire.
Exploratory research design methods
1. Experience surveys
It means researcher interact with a person who
have experience in the subject.
2. Secondary data analysis
Secondary data are those data which have
already been collected, tabulated and presented
by someone for some other purposes.
3. Case analysis
4. Piolet study
Descriptive research design
Descriptive research design are those design
which is designed to gain more information
about characteristics of individuals, groups or
situations.
Casual research design
Casual research design seeks to find cause and
effect relationship between variables.
Experimental research design
It is are those design which study the casual
inferences about the relationship between the
independent and dependent variable.
Measurement
It is a systematic way of assigning numbers or
names to objects and their attributes.
Scaling
It is a device used for measuring various things.
It is the procedure for determining the
quantitative measure of abstract concept.
Types of measurement scales
1. Nominal scale :- It simply refers to assigning
numbers or categories to events in order to label
them.
2. Ordinal scale :- It is a measurement scale,
used for variables in ranked order.
3. Interval scale :- These are numerical scale in
which it allow not only the order but also the
exact difference between the values.
4. Ratio scale :- It is the highest measurement
scale. It is possess the characteristics of
nominal, ordinal and interval scale.
Sources of errors in measurement
•Respondent reluctance • Situational factors
•Fault with interviewer • Defective measurements
Features of a good measurement
•Validity • Measurability • Reliability
•Unidimensionality • Practicability • Accuracy
Criteria for the good measurement/ Essentials
of the measurement scale
• Test of validity • Test of practicability • Test of
reliability
Approaches related with construction of scale
1. Arbitrary approach 2. Consensus approach 3.
Item analysis approach 4. Cumulative scale
approaches 5. Factor analysis approach
Likert scale
Rensis Likert developed a summated rating scale
based on item analysis. It is extremely popular
for measuring attitudes.
Steps in construction of Likert scale
1. Collection of statements 2. wording 3. Pilot
study 4. Scrutiny and editing 5. Final selection
Merits of Likert scale
1. It is relatively easy to construct. 2. It is
considered more reliable 3. Less time is required
to construct scale. 4. It is easy to understand.
5. Easy to use.
Validity:- Validity refers to accuracy of a measure
Reliability Reliability refers to consistency of a
measure
MODULE III
Data
Data are facts and statistics collected together
for reference or analysis.
Collection of data
The process of gathering information or data is
called data collection.
Classification of data / Sources of data
Primary data Secondary data
Primary data are
those data which
are collected for
the first time and
these are original
in character
Secondary data are
those data which
have beencollected
by some other
person for his
purpose&published
Merits of primary data
1. Original in character 2. Greater control 3. Data
are current. 4. Secrecy can be maintained. 5.
Better data interpretation 6. Relevant data.
Demerits of primary data
1. High cost. 2.Time consuming. 3.Feedback.
4.High cost of labor.
Merits of secondary data
1. Ease of access. 2. Low cost. 3. Time saving.
4. Variety of sources.
Demerits of secondary data
1. Outdated data. 2. Inaccurate. 3. Need not be
adequate.
Sources of Primary data
1. Observation. 2. Interview. 3. Questionnaire. 4.
Schedule. 5. Experimentation. 6. Simulation. 7.
Use of telephone. 8. Focus group. 9. Mail survey
Sources of Secondary data
1. Official reports of central, state and local
government. 2. Technical journal, newspapers,
books, periodicals etc. 3. Publications of
research organizations. 4. Internet.
Difference between primary and secondary data
Primary data Secondary data
Original in
character
Not original in
character
It is in the shape
of raw material
It is in the shape of
finished goods
It is adequate and
suitable
It is need not ample
& apposite
It is expensive. It is less expensive
It is time
consuming
It is less time
consuming.
It is collected
from real time
It is collected from
past
It has a specified
coverage
It has a wider
coverage
It require more
efforts
It require less effort
Observation
It is a classical method of scientific enquiry. It is
the active acquisition of the information from a
primary source.
Objectives/ features of observation
1. It is a physical and mental activity. 2. It is
purposive and not informal. 3. It is selective.
4. It should be exact. 5. It study collective
behavior and complex situations.
Interview
It is one of the powerful tool for collecting
primary data. It is a direct method of inquiry. In
interview there is a face to face communication.
Process of interview
1. Preparation 2. Introduction 3. Developing
rapport 4. Carrying the interview 5. Recording the
interview 6. Closing the interview
Types of interview
1. Personal interview 2. Group interview
3. Formal interview 4. Informal interview
5. Focused interview 6. Unstructured interview
7. Diagnostic interview 8. Treatment interview

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Questionnaire
It is a list of question send to a number of persons
for them to answer.
Questionnaire design process
1. Define the objective of the study. 2. Deciding on
the information required. 3. Determining the sample
group. 4. Choose method of reaching target group.
5. Writing the questionnaire. 6. Administrating the
questionnaire. 7. Piloting the questionnaire.
8. Development of the final questionnaire.
Guidelines for the preparation of questionnaire
1. It should be attractive. 2. Avoid long words.
3. Avoid ambiguous words. 4. Avoid biased
questions 5. Question should be limited to single
idea.
6. It should be designed in simple language.
Merits of questionnaire
1. It is economical. 2. Uniformity. 3. Free from bias.
4. Reliable results. 5. Respondent get enough time to
answer the questions.
Schedule
It is a set of questions which are asked and filled by
the interviewer in a face to face situation with
another person.
Difference between questionnaire and schedule
Questionnaire Schedule
Responses are filled
by respondents
Responses are filled
by enumerators
It is useful only to
literate
It is useful to both
literate and illiterate
people
No direct contact
with respondents
Direct contact with
respondents
It has large coverage It has less coverage
Questionnaires
response rate is low
Schedules response
rate is high
Sample
It is a small representation of a large unit.
Sampling
It is a process of selecting sample from the
population.
Sampling design
It is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a
given population.
Steps in sampling design
1. Define population 2. State the sampling frame 3.
Identify the sample unit 4. State the sampling
method
5. Determine the sample size 6. Spell out the
sampling plan 7. Select the sample
Features of a good sample design
1. It must be a truly representative sample. 2. It
should not cause more errors. 3. It should be viable
on the basis of budget constraints. 4. It is able to
control systematic bias effectively.
Principles of Sampling
1. Principle of statistical regularity 2. Principle of
inertia of large numbers
Types of sampling design (Methods / Techniques
of sampling)
A. Probability sampling (Random sampling)
It is defined as the kind of sampling in which every
element in the population has an equal chance of
being selected.
Types of probability sampling
a. Simple random sampling :- Every member of the
population has the same probability of inclusion in
the sample.
b. Systematic sampling :- It is a statistical method
involving the selection of
elements from an ordered sampling frame.
c. Stratified sampling :- It is a sampling method in
which population is divided into homogeneous
groups and sample is randomly taken from the
group.
d. Cluster sampling :- It is a sampling method
wherein the members of the population are selected
at random from naturally occurring group called
cluster.
e. Multistage sampling :- It is a type of sampling and
draw a sample from population using smaller and
smaller groups at each stage.
f. Sequential sampling :- It is a sampling technique
which involves evaluation of each sample taken
from a population to see if it fits a desired
conclusion.
B. Non-Probability sampling
It is a sampling method in which not all members of
the population have an equal chance of participating
in the study.
.
Types of non-probability sampling
A. Convenience sampling :- It is a sampling
method in which it attempts to obtain
sample from convenient elements.
B. Purposive sampling :- It is a sampling
method in which researcher intentionally
select the sample based on some previous
knowledge about the population
C. Accidental sampling :-It is a nonprobability
sampling that involves the sample being
drawn from that part of the population that is
close to hand.
D. Quota sampling :- It is a sampling method
where in data is collected from a
homogenous group.
E. Snowball sampling :- It is a special non-
probability method used when the desired
sample characteristics is rare.
Sample size
It refers to number of participants or
observations include in a study.
Determinants of optimum sample size
1. Nature of population 2. Number of classes
proposed. 3. Nature of study. 4. Types of
sampling 5. Degree of accuracy 6. Availability
of finance.
Sampling error
The errors which arises due to the use of
sampling survey are known as sampling
errors.
Non-sampling errors
These are the errors which can impact the
final survey estimates caused by problems in
data collection, processing, etc.
MODULE IV
Data Processing
It is a process of classification and
summarization of data in order to make
ready for analysis.
Data processing stages
1. Editing 2. Coding 3. Classification
4. Tabulation
Editing
It is a process of examining the data
collected to detect the errors and omission
and correct to these as far as possible.
Coding
It is a process of reducing data in to small
number of classes.
Classification
It is a process of grouping of a related facts
on the basis of certain common
characteristics.
Types of classification
1. Qualitative classification :- Data are
classified on the basis of some quality such
as sex, literacy, religion etc.
2.Quantitative classification:-Classification of
data according to some characteristics that
can be measured such as height, weight, etc.
3. Geographical classification :- Data
classified on the basis of geographical area
or location.
4. Chronological classification :- Classified
on the basis of period of time.
5. Dichotomous classification :- Where only 2
classes are formed is called dichotomous
classification.
Tabulation
It is an orderly arrangement of raw in data in
columns and rows.
Features of tabulation
1. It helps to simplify complex data. 2. It
facilitates comparison. 3. It gives an identity
to data. 4. It helps to detect errors. 5. It helps
to find omissions.
Principles of tabulation
1. The table should be suit to the size of the
paper. 2. The table should have a clear title.
3. To avoid unnecessary details. 4. Do not
use ditto marks. 5. Table should be clear,
accurate and simple. 6. The unit of
measurement should be clearly defined.
Data entry
It is the process of computerizing the data.
Validity of data
It refers to how accurately a method
measures what it is intended to measure.
Uses of graphs and diagrams
1. It helps in presenting data in simple and
clear. 2. It makes the whole data readily
intelligible. 3. It is used for comparison. 4. It
save time in understanding data. 5. It is
useful in analyzing complect economic
situations. 6. It is understood without doing
mathematical calculations.
Types of chart
Charts or line graphs
It displays information in a series of data points
that each represents an individual measurement
or piece of data.
Bar charts
It is a common type of graphs which consists of
parallel bars or rectangles with lengths that are
equal to the quantities that are occur in a given
data set.
Histogram
It is a graph of frequency distributions. It is a set
of vertical bars whose are proportions to the
frequencies.
Frequency polygon
It is a graph of frequency distribution.
Frequency curve
A continuous frequency distribution can be
represented by a smooth curve is known as
frequency curve.
Ogive
Smoothed frequency curves drawn for the two
cumulative series are called ogive.
Pie diagram
It is a circle divided into sections which each
display the size of a relative piece of information.
Pictogram
Is an ideogram that conveys its meaning through
pictorial resemblance to a physical object
Analysis of data
It is a critical examination of data for studying
the characteristics of object under study.
Types of data analysis
Descriptive analysis
These are used to describe the basic features of
data in a study. It provides simple summary
about sample and measure.
Univariate analysis
It involves describing the distribution of a single
variable including its central tendency and
dispersion.
Bivariate analysis
It is one of the simplest form of quantitative
analysis. It involves the analysis of two variables
for the purpose of determining the empirical
relationship between them.
Multivariate analysis
In multivariate analysis, multiple relations
between multiple variables are examined
simultaneously.
Factor analysis
It is a technique that is used to reduce a large
number of variables into fewer number of factors
Inferential analysis
Its concerned with various tests of significance
for testing hypothesis in order to determine what
validity data canbe set to indicate some
conclusions
Types of measures of central tendency
1. Mean 2. Geometric mean 3. Harmonic mean
4. Median 5. Mode
Arithmetic mean (AM)
The most commonly used measures of central
tendency. Mean is the sum of the values divided
by the total number of items in the set.
Merits of AM
1. It is easy to calculate 2. It is simple to follow 3.
It is finite 4. It is based on the all observations. 5.
It is rigidly defined. 6. It is an algebraic
treatment.
Demerits of AM
1. It is highly affected by extreme values. 2. It
cannot be compute accurately. 3. It is not a
suitable average for highly skewed distributions.
4. It cannot average the ratios. 5.It cannot
average the percentage.
Geometric mean (GM)
Geometric mean is the nth positive root of the
product of 'n' positive given values.
Harmonic mean (HM)
Harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the
arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the given
set of observations.
Median
Median is the most middle value in the arrayed
data.
Mode
Mode is the most frequently occurring value in
the data set.
Range
Range is defined as the difference between the
values of the extreme items of a series.
Mean deviation
Mean deviation is defined as the mean of the
absolute deviations of observations from some
suitable averages like mean median mode.
Tools and statistical measures for analysis
a. Descriptive statistics
1. Measures of central tendency 2. Measures of
dispersion. 3. Measures of correlation. 4.
Regression analysis. 5. Index numbers. 6. Time
series analysis.
1. Measures of central tendency
Average tends to indicating the center of the
distribution is called.......
2. Measures of dispersion
The degree to which numerical data tend to
spread about an average value is called
dispersion or variation.
3. Correlation
Correlation is a statistical technique which can
be used to study the relationship between two or
more variables.
4. Regression
It is the measure of the average relationship
between two or more variables in terms of
original units of the data.
5. Index numbers
Index number is a statistical device for
measuring the statistical changes in group of
related variables over a period.
6. Time Series
It refers to arrangement of data according to the
time of occurrence.
Standard deviation
The standard deviation is defined as the positive
square root of the mean of the square deviations
taken from arithmetic mean of the data.
Simple index numbers
Simple index numbers are those numbers in
which all items are treated as equally.
Weighted index numbers
Weighted index numbers are those numbers it is
based onthe weight of the selected commodities
Consumer price index number
It represents the average change in prices over a
period of time paid by the consumer for goods
and services.
Type I Error
It means rejection of hypothesis which should
have been accepted.
Type II Error
It means accepting the hypothesis which should
been rejected.
Parametric test
The statistical tests based on the assumption
that population or population parameter are
normally distributed is called parametric test.
Important parametric test
• Z-test • T-test • F-test
Non Parametric test
Non-parametric test are method of testing
hypothesis when the nature of the distribution
are unknown. It is also called distribution free
statistics.
Anova
It is a statistical technique that is used to
compare groups on possible differences in the
average of a quantitative measure.
Chi-square test
It is a statistical measure used in the context of
sampling analysis for comparing a variance to
theoretical variance.
Interpretation
It refers to technique of drawing inference from
collected data.

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MODULE V
Research report
A research report is a systematic, scientific and
consistent presentation of the entire process of
research.
Functions of research report
• It serve as a reference material for future.
• It reveals the research ability of the researcher.
• It is useful for policy makers and administrators
• Its used to judge the quality of the research
work • It is used to evaluate competency of the
researcher.
Features/ Characteristics/ Qualities/ Essentials
of a good report
• Clarity • Size • Validity • Orderliness • Simple
language • Attractive • Free from mistakes
• Interesting • Accurate • Use familiar words
Importance/ Significance/ Purpose of research
report
• It helps the researcher to evaluate the success
of report. • It reveals the ability of the researcher.
• It is useful to policy makers and administrators.
• It is guided by management decisions. • It is the
presentation of findings. • It examine the validity
of the generalizations. • It is the inspiration for
further research.
Types of Report
Oral Report
It is a type of report which is not in written
format. This is reporting verbally in person.
Written Report
It is a type of report which is in written format
describing the finding of the report.
Popular report
It is a type of report meant for general public. It
is prepared in simple language.
Technical report
It is a report prepared for specialists who are
interested in understanding the technical
aspects of research methodology.
Report submitted to administrator
It is intended for taking decisions. It includes
some technical data and supporting data.
Stages/ Steps/ Procedure of report writing
• Understanding the subject matter & its logical
analysis • Preparing the final outline of the report
• Preparing the rough draft or first draft
•Finalizing the report
Comprehension
It is the ability to understand and get meaning
from spoken and written languages. It measure
whether a user can understand the intend
meaning of a text and can draw the correct
conclusion
Readability
It is the ease with which a reader can understand
a written text. It
depend on its content and presentations.
Tone
It is the writers voice in written work. It is what
the reader might
perceive the writers attitude.
Title of the report
The title of the report summarizes main idea of
the study. A good title contains fewest possible
words and adequately describe the purpose of
the research.
Bibliography
A bibliography is a detailed list of all the sources
consulted and cited in a research paper & project
Types/ Kinds of bibliography
• Working bibliography :-Its a type of bibliography
formed at the starting stage of the enquiry. It
maybe prepared before the selection of research
problem. It helps the researcher to understand
the problem.
• Final bibliography :-It is a type of bibliography
after the completion of research report. It helps
to verify the facts and statements in the report. It
helps the researcher who are interested tofurther
study of the problem.
Role of audience
The audience of the research includes experts,
technician, executives, non-specialists, etc.
Executive summary
It is a thorough overview of a research report.
Need for executive summary in research report
• Objectives of the research report • Nature of the
decision problem • Key results • Conclusion
• Recommendation for action
Abstract
An abstract is a summary of the research report. It
describe the topic, the scope, the principal findings and
the conclusions.
Glossary
A glossary is a short dictionary giving definitions and
examples
Footnote
An additional piece of information printed at the bottom of
a page is called foot note.
Ethics in research
Ethics in research means the application of fundamental
ethical principles to research activities. It involves
requirements on daily work,
the protection of dignity of subjects and population of the
information in research.
Ethical principles followed by a researcher
• Honesty • Objectivity • Confidentiality
• Carefulness • Integrity • Openness • Social responsibility
• Legality • Competence
Difference between objectivity and subjectivity in
research
Objectivity Subjectivity
It is personal
impartiality
It is judgement
based on individual
It is based on facts It can vary from
person to person
It cannot be
influenced
personal values
and biases
It can be influenced
It canbe
interpreted as
mind-independent
It consists of
statements of
judgement,
assumption etc
It cannot be altered
based on personal
opinion
It can be altered
Used in decision
making process
May or may not use
in decision making
Format / Layout / Content of a research report
The Preliminaries The Text
The Preliminaries The Text The
Reference
material
Title Page Abstract Bibliography
Letter of
transmittal
Introduction Appendix
Acknowledgment Research
procedure
Index (if
any)
Letter of
authentication
Results
Table of contents Discussions
List of tables Conclusion
List of figures summary