Infection control

1. Hospital acquired infections(HAIs)
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2. Hospital acquired infection (HAIs) (Nosocomial infection)
Definition:
Infection acquired by a patient attending any medical center or unit
not just hospitals.
HAIs are most commonly spread by the hands of health care
workers, patients, and visitors , they spread about 80% of all HAIs.
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3.  The most important types of hospital infections are:
1. Wound infections with
- staphylococci,
- streptococci,
- clostridium tetani and
- clost. welchii.
2. Respiratory infection as common cold, influenza, sore
throat.
3. Gastrointestinal infections as dysenteries, diarrheas and food
poisoning.
4. Skin and eye infection.
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4. The mode of transmission may be:
a) Direct contact with discharges or excreta of
other patients.
b) Solid articles and dressings of other patients.
c) Medical staff, through soiled hands carrying
infection from one patient to another, might
even be a carrier and disseminate infection.
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5. Prevention of HAIs:
1. Upon admission : Patients should be examined before admission to discover
any communicable disease that needs isolation.
2. Isolation
3. Visit hours : restricted to special hours and limited number.
4. Staff members:-Should be examined.
-Any one with ear, nose, and throat infection should be excluded from working
and treated.
-Tuberculin negative members should be B.C.G. vaccinated.
-Continuous hand washing for the nursing staff.
5. PPE: Masks should be worn by the staff members.
- sterile gloves and use sterile techniques in handling of wounds and discharges to avoid
cross infection.
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6. 5. Every patient should have special thermometer, towels etc…
6. Prevention of droplet infection
Ventilation of wards,
bed spacing (8 feet from head to head) and
dust control.
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7.  Hand-washing is considered the most important single procedure for preventing
and controlling the spread of infection.
 types of hand-washing
1. ROUTINE used:
A. When coming on duty
B. Before and after eating
C. Before and after using the restroom
D. Before going off duty
2. ANTISEPTIC is used:
A. After contact with contaminated objects
B. After contact with patient specimens, particularly “Blood and Body Fluid
Precaution” specimens
C. After removal of protective gloves
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9. The required PPE
1. Fluid impermeable nylon surgical gowns.
2. Surgical or examination gloves
3. Eye goggles
4. Polyethylene disposable aprons
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10. All health care professionals should have
their vaccinations :
1-BCG vaccine for Tuberculin negative
reactors
2- Hepatitis B vaccine (0,1,6 months intervals)
3- Seasonal Influenza vaccine
4- Tetanus vaccine
5- Meningococcal vaccine
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11. Needle stick injury
Blood borne diseases transmitted by a needlestick especially
1- Human Immunodeficiency virus HIV (0.2-0.5%)
2- Hepatitis C virus(3-10%)
3- Hepatitis B virus(40%)
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12. What to do after needlestick
1-Wash area with water and soap
2- Flush splashes to the nose , mouth or skin with
water
3- Report to your supervisors
4- Laboratory investigations after 4-6 months
Post exposure prophylaxis
• Hepatitis B
• HBIG within 24 hours and a booster dose for
Hepatitis B vaccine
• HIV treatment
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