Global Health Issues final edited.pptx

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT ON
GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUES
By :-Walwlign Mengistu =ID-GSR/056
:-Kassahun Lemma
Dec.2020
Mizan-Aman
12/26/2022 1
By Walelign & Kassahun

Presentation outline
GLOBAL HEALTHE ISSUES
• Globalization and health
• Global cooperation in international health
• SDGs and health
• Climate change and health
12/26/2022 2

Objectives
At the end of this session you should be able to:-
Define and use correctly all of the key words.
Describe the Globalization and health
Explain the Global cooperation in international health
Describe the SDGs and health
Explain the Climate change and health
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 3

GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization means the speedup of movements and
exchanges of all over the planet.
– human beings, goods, and services, capital,
technologies or cultural practices.
• It promotes and increases interactions between different
regions and populations around the globe.
12/26/2022 4

Globalization cont’d--
• According to WHO, globalization can be defined as” the
increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples
and countries.
• It is generally understood to include two inter-related
elements:
– The opening of international borders to increasingly fast
flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas;
– And the changes in institutions and policies at national and
international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”
12/26/2022 5

How Does Globalization Relate to Health?
• It is not difficult to imagine how increases in
international commerce and in the movement of
people—two defining features of globalization—might
influence health.
– More goods go more places today than at any point in
history.
– More people travel farther, more frequently, and
come in contact with more people and goods, than at
any point in history.
12/26/2022 6

Cont’d----
• This increased movement of both goods and people
increases opportunities for the spread of disease around
the world.
• And it’s not just goods and services that can travel across
oceans and state borders—so can diseases like AIDS,
malaria, or tuberculosis and know a day corona.
12/26/2022 7

Cont’d-----
• How globalization is promoting both the rapid spread and the
effective treatment of highly contagious diseases.
• The growing debate over the use and future of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs).
• Four diseases in particular have become extremely important
concerns throughout the world.
– Two of these diseases, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB),
are found across the globe;-
– The other two, cholera and malaria, primarily afflict
poorer countries.
12/26/2022 8

Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
• The most important ways that infectious diseases are
affected by globalization include:
– Increased Global Travel
– Increased Trade in Goods
– Food-borne Illnesses
– Urbanization
12/26/2022 9

Cont’d-----
– Climate Change
– Other Environmental Concerns
– Microbial Drug Resistance
– Breakdowns in Public Health Systems

Increased Global Travel
• In 1980, it was estimated that 227 million people crossed
international borders on airplanes.
• By the year 2012, international tourist arrivals reached an
estimated 1,035 million people.
• This was a four percent increase from 2011.
• In the same way that ancient caravans and seagoing vessels
carried illnesses from city to city, modern transportation
systems do the same thing, only at a vastly greater speed.
12/26/2022 11

Cont’d-----
• According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), by
2030, the number of people crossing international borders
is expected to increase even more, exceeding 1.8 billion
per year.
• An example of this rapid diffusion could be seen in the
early 1990s, when a particularly dangerous strain of
streptococcus pneumonia, first detected in Spain, was
subsequently tracked to have spread throughout the world
within only a few weeks .
12/26/2022 12

Cont’d---
• Increased international travel is also believed to have
played a major role in the spread of HIV/AIDS.
• Some virologists suspect that the HIV virus originated
in West Africa.
• Global travel is a factor not only because of the
increased dispersion of contagions, but also because
transit itself often contributes to the spread of disease.
12/26/2022 13

Increased Trade in Goods
• In the same way that increased global travel makes it
easier for pathogens to spread quickly around the world,
the increased transit of goods also creates new
opportunities for the transmission of disease.
• The tropical disease dengue, which causes severe pain in
the bones, high fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and
severe exhaustion, infected 2.2 million people in the
Americas, South-east Asia and Western Pacific, a major
increase from the 1.2 million reported cases from this
area in 2008.
12/26/2022 14

Cont’d-----
• More than 2.5 billion people worldwide are at risk,
approximately 40 percent of the world's population.
• The World Health Organization estimates that there are
50-100 million dengue infections worldwide every year.
12/26/2022 15

Urbanization
• The percentage of the world's population that lives in
urban settings has increased explosively in recent years.
• In 1950, less than 30 percent of the world's population
lived in urban areas. According to the World Bank, in
2003, that proportion had grown to 48 percent.
12/26/2022 16

Cont’d---
• The Population Reference Bureau predicts that by the
year 2050, roughly 70 percent of the world's population
will live in urban areas.
• Because urban populations are characterized by much
higher densities of people—meaning that more people
are sharing the same spaces—diseases are much more
easily transmitted.

GLOBAL COOPRATION IN
INTERNATIONAL HEATH
• The important pace of globalization has increased the
cross-cutting nature of health threats and demonstrated
the shared benefits of universal access to quality care.
• Addressing health as a global public good requires
coordinated worldwide mobilization of all actors engaged
in international cooperation.
12/26/2022 18

Cont’d----
• It also aims to strengthen the fight against emerging
and re-emerging infectious diseases which could
compromise international health security.
12/26/2022 19

Coordinating health governance actors
• Global health governance is characterized by a
proliferation of initiatives and actors including;-
– International organizations,
– Governments,
– Non-governmental organizations and
– The private sector.
12/26/2022 20

Cont’d----
• Coordination has become vital to promoting
synergies, effectiveness and joint action to
support health development.

Cooperation among countries
• Cooperation among countries can help to solve joint
problems, and share knowledge and best practices.
• Many county experience similar health challenges and
concerns.
• Cooperation among countries can be an effective tool to
strengthen, share and accelerate health development
with in countries and across region.
12/26/2022 22

Cont’d----
• It involves creating, adopting, transferring and sharing
knowledge and experiences to improve health-while also
making the most of existing resources and capacities.
• WHO facilitates cooperation among countries around their
shared challenges and concerns to achieve public health
solution.
• Over the years, many have made important strides in
addressing shared health goals through cooperation with
others.
12/26/2022 23

Development cooperation effectiveness
• The objective of development cooperation is not
foster dependence on donor-to-recipient.
• But instead to focus on national ownership, partner
acting together and alignment with national plans and
priorities.
12/26/2022 24

The benefits cooperation
• At the national level, cooperation among countries can
support and reinforce national efforts for health
development and
• Also enrich perspectives on best practices and lessons
learnt in other countries.
• These exchanges have the potential to impact sub
regional and regional integration processes as well as
global health policy debates.
12/26/2022 25

Country and regional cooperation
• Countries and regions have established a number of
cooperation models to share knowledge and experiences to
address similar health challenges.
• A few include;
– South-south and triangular cooperation
– Cooperation among BRICS countries
– Health cooperation in Small Island developing states.
12/26/2022 26

South-south and triangular cooperation
• This refers to the exchange of expertise in developing
nations.
• In the health sector, it promotes equitable inter-country
and inter-regional development, and combats common
health sector challenges.
• South-South cooperation refers to the exchange of
expertise between actors (governments, organizations and
individuals) in developing countries.
12/26/2022 27

cont’d-----
• “The best aid aims to eliminate the very need for aid. It
does so by building the capacities that move countries
towards self-reliance. Countries want capacity, not
charity.”
• Through this model of cooperation, developing countries
help each other with knowledge, technical assistance,
and/or investments.
12/26/2022 28

Cont’d---
• Developing countries are the agents of action in South-
South cooperation – not just as partners, but as leaders of
the development process.
• This process moves away from the paradigm of cooperation
as a one-way assistance from donor to recipient – towards a
model where emphasis is firmly placed on capacity
building, self-reliance, and the sustainable development of
countries from the global South.
12/26/2022 29

Cont’d----
• Triangular cooperation refers to development partners,
countries, and international organizations providing
financial or technical support to facilitate development
activities between 2 developing countries.
12/26/2022 30

Cooperation among BRICS countries
• The influence of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia,
India, China and South Africa) in the international arena
has risen enormously in recent decades.
• WHO’s cooperation in and with BRICS is evolving to
accommodate the specific needs, priorities and
capacities of these countries and their people.
12/26/2022 31

Health cooperation in SIDS
• Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a distinct
group of developing countries facing specific social,
economic and environmental vulnerabilities.
• Countries with small, geographically disparate
populations and/or limited health workforces are
particularly vulnerable to the burden of disease.
12/26/2022 32

SIDS and non-communicable diseases
• WHO is working with the larger UN system to address
health challenges.
• Especially non-communicable disease (NCDs).
• A number of partnerships dedicated to NCDs have been
established in recent years, especially in the Pacific and
Caribbean regions.
12/26/2022 33

Cont’d---
• The partnerships require whole-of-society, multi-sectoral
and inter-regional approaches to cooperation to improve
public health outcomes
• In September 2014, WHO contributed to the Third
International Conference on Small Island Developing
States through the multi-stakeholder partnership dialogue
on social development in SIDS, Health and NCDs, youth
and women.
12/26/2022 34

Cont’d----
• The work reaffirmed the United Nations’
commitment to support the efforts of SIDS in
health and NCDs.

SDGs and health
• Globally, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
adopt a systems approach that depends critically on
comprehensive and integrated economic and social
policies.
12/26/2022 36

Cont’d…
• The proposed goal three of the global Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations aims to :-
– Ensure healthy lives
– Promote well-being for all at all ages and
– To address domestic and global inequalities by 2030.
12/26/2022 37

Cont’d…
• also by 2030, to ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health services, including
information and education and
the integration of reproductive health into national
strategies and programs
12/26/2022 38

Cont’d…
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
• Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at
all ages
• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Cont’d-----
• Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls
• Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
• Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all

Cont’d---
• Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all
• Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Cont’d----
• Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
• Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
• Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts

Cont’d…
Health Targets of SDG3
• 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global MMR to less than 70 per
100 000 live births
• 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and
children under five years of age, with all countries aiming
to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per
1000 live births and under-five mortality to at least as
low as 25 per1000 live births
• 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis,
malaria and NTDs and combat hepatitis, waterborne
diseases and other communicable diseases

Cont’d-----
• 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality
from non-communicable diseases through prevention and
treatment and promote mental health and well-being
• 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance
abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of
alcohol
• 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and
injuries from road traffic accidents

Cont’d--------
• 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health-care services, including for family
planning, information and education, and the integration
of reproductive health into national strategies and
programs
• 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial
risk protection, access to quality essential health-care
services and access to safe, effective, quality and
affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
• 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths
and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water,
and soil pollution and contamination

Cont’d---
• 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health
Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
in all countries, as appropriate
• 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and
medicines for the communicable and non communicable
diseases that primarily affect developing countries.

Cont’d---
• 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the
recruitment, development, training, and retention of the
health workforce in developing countries, especially in
least-developed countries and small island developing
States
• 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular
developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction
and management of national and global health risks

Cont’d…
• Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for Sustainable development
• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss

Cont’d-----
• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels.
• Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize
the global partnership for sustainable development

Climate change and health
• Humans are sensitive to an extraordinary
environmental and climate change, which can lead to a
general deterioration of state of health lead to a general
deterioration of state of health and well-being.
12/26/2022 50

Cont‘d…..
• Global climate change directly and indirectly
contributes to the spread of diseases and premature
mortality.
• Three main groups of factors –physical, biological and
economic factors –affect human well-being, health and
ability to survive in any conditions, but climate change
will escalate intensity of impact.
12/26/2022 51

12/26/2022 52

Health effects:
Direct effect
1. Thermal extremes effect: (heat waves)
• The skin, CNS and Circulatory system the most
affected:
• Thermo-regulation disturbance;
• Heat exhaustion,
• Decreased male fertility,
• Cerebro-vascular stroke.
12/26/2022 53

Cont’d….
2. Weather instability and natural calamities:-
draught, flooding, etc.
3. Effect on the respiratory organs: due to poor air
quality persons with chronic diseases like asthma,
bronchitis, cardiovascular are the most affected.
12/26/2022 54

Cont’d…
Indirect effect:
1. Vector borne diseases
2. Waterborne diseases
3. Sea-level rise:-
o damages fresh water,
o affects soil salinity,
o affects fish productivity
o Sinking islands, coastal lands
12/26/2022 55

Cont’d…
4. Declining Agricultural productivity:
o Reduced rainfall; increased pests; decreased soil
fertility; decreased farming land, etc.;
o Affects both staple foods & horticulture
harvesting ; and animal husbandry.
o Food shortages and malnutrition;
5. Air pollution impact: increased pollen; and
concentration of pollutants;
12/26/2022 56

Cont’d…
6. Impacts to socio-economic development:
loss of infrastructures
stress
mental illness,
draught
 poverty
diseases
mortality
increased cost of health care
12/26/2022 57

Who is most affected by climate change?
(Climate vulnerability)
• Older people
• Children, Women
• People with compromised health status
• People with lower income
• Homeless people
• People with disabilities
• Pastoralists (cattle & sheep Vs goat and camel
12/26/2022 58

Impacts of Climate Change in Ethiopia
Introduction
Climate change is expected to increase:-
• The surface temperature of the Earth and the oceans
• Raise sea levels
• Alter the global distribution of rainfall
• Affect the direction of ocean currents and major airstreams
• And increase the intensity and frequency of extreme
weather events.

Introduction cont’d--
• Climate change is already causing loss of life, damaging
property and affecting livelihoods in many parts of the
world, and it is expected to continue to do so in the future.
• Climate change will affect all nations, but the impact will
be higher on low-income countries, such as Ethiopia,
which have limited capacity to cope with the effects of a
changing climate.

Climate change impacts on human health
 Climate change can impact human health in many
different ways, both positively and negatively.
Health problem Flood Drought
Faecal-oral, waterborne
and water-washed diseases
Contamination of the home
and living environment
Disruption of water and
sanitation facilities
Shortage of water for hygiene
and food preparation; use of
untreated water sources;
inadequate sanitation
Vector-borne diseases Altered breeding conditions for
mosquitoes; rodents taking
refuge in houses
Altered breeding conditions
for mosquitoes; human
population movements
Malnutrition Crop damage and loss of
subsistence food; disruption of
food supplies; disruption of
livelihood/income
Loss of subsistence food or
income; regional food
shortages; use of nutrient-
deficient alternative foods

Climate change impacts on the environment
• Climate change has several impacts on the environment
in addition to the disruption to water resources we have
just described.
• Increased heavy rainfall as a result of climate change can
cause soil erosion, crop damage and waterlogging, which
makes the land difficult or impossible to cultivate for
agriculture.
• It is estimated that Ethiopia loses more than 1.5 billion
tons of fertile soil each year through heavy rain and
flooding; this lost soil could have increased the country's
crop production by an estimated 1.5 million tons

Cont’d----
• Climate change is also expected to affect biodiversity
significantly,
• Because it will change the environment and climatic
conditions where plants and animals live.
• The average global surface temperature is about 15 ºC and
it is estimated that if the global average temperature
increases by 1.5 ºC to 2.5 ºC, many species will not be
able to survive in the warmer environment.

Climate change effects on agriculture,
livestock and the Ethiopian economy
• Climate change poses huge challenges to the global
economy and to social development.
• Its impacts will disproportionately affect sub-Saharan
African countries such as Ethiopia because their
economies are highly dependent on climate-sensitive
activities such as rain-fed agriculture.

Cont’d---
• In Ethiopia, agriculture contributes about 47% of the
country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and more
than 70 million people (85% of the Ethiopian
population) depend on agriculture directly or indirectly
for their livelihoods.
• Therefore, any effect on agriculture will significantly
affect the Ethiopian economy.

Cont’d----
• It is predicted that changes in climate will lead to
recurrent droughts and heavy rainfall in different parts of
Ethiopia,
• Reducing the amount of land that can be used for
agriculture and decreasing crop productivity.

Cont’d-----
• For example, the 2006 flood in Gambela region
damaged about 1650 hectares of maize and reduced crop
productivity by 20% as a result of water logging of
farmland.
• This meant a loss of income for the country and also
exacerbated food shortages and malnutrition problems
in the region.

Cont’d----
• The impacts of climate change on the environment
could also reduce the national income from the export of
agricultural products such as coffee, pulses and flowers.
• Of particular concern is the possible impact on
Ethiopia’s famous Arabica coffee, which is exported all
over the world.

Cont’d----
• Ethiopia is home to Africa’s largest livestock population,
and is the world’s tenth-largest producer of livestock and
livestock products which make up about 10% of the
country’s foreign currency earnings.
• Frequent and extensive droughts in the country have a
considerable effect on Ethiopia’s livestock because
decreased rainfall shrinks available water resources and
reduces the productivity of grassland and rangeland.

Cont’d----
• The main causes of livestock deaths in Ethiopia are shortages
of water and food during drought.
• Changes in rainfall and warmer temperatures may also
increase the geographical distribution and survival of vectors
like flies and mosquitoes that transmit infectious diseases to
livestock.
• These impacts on livestock are already being felt in Ethiopia;
in the past two decades in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia,
there have been losses of livestock associated with drought.

Climate change impacts on water resources
• Climate change leading to increased
• Surface temperatures,
• Melting of snow and glaciers,
• Rise in sea level and
• An increase in extreme weather events such as
droughts and floods, can significantly affect water
resources.

Cont’d------
• Global warming increases the evaporation of water into
the atmosphere and changes the patterns of major
airstreams and ocean currents.
• This in turn alters the distribution of precipitation, so
some regions experience greater rainfall and flooding
while others become more prone to droughts.

Cont’d----
• More frequent and longer periods of drought reduce the
amount of run-off into rivers, streams and lakes; also the
water table drops, so there is less groundwater to supply
springs and shallow wells.
• During droughts, rural people – particularly women and
children – may have to walk for up to six hours to collect
water from unprotected water sources such as ponds.

Cont’d-----
• In drought-stricken rural areas, a higher priority is given to
collection of water than to other activities, which can cause
children to drop out of school because their labour is needed
for water collection.
• In urban areas, poor people may be forced to use unclean
water or to buy water from vendors at high prices.
• The extra money they spend on buying water could have
been used for other purposes such as food, fuel and health
care.

Cont’d----

Climate change impacts on sanitation
and hygiene
• Flooding due to climate change is expected to affect
sanitation.
• During flooding, the flood water can burst sewer lines.
• Sanitation facilities in urban and slum areas are highly
vulnerable to flooding.
• Because they are often poorly designed and constructed.

Cont’d-----
• In rural areas where the latrine coverage is low.
• Even where latrines exist, they often have slabs made of
wood and mud, which are much more vulnerable than
concrete slabs if there is a flood.

Cont’d----
• The health problems caused by flooding are
aggravated when people are displaced by the flood
into overcrowded refugee camps with poor sanitation
facilities and water supplies.
• Drought and water shortages also have considerable
impact on sanitation and hygiene.

Why agriculture impact is most important
in Ethiopia?
• 85% live on it
• Contributes 50% of national GDP
• Generates 88% of the export earnings
• Provides 73% of raw materials for the agro-based
industries
12/26/2022 80

REFERENCES
• Climate change and human health Risks and responses
,world health organization Geneva 2003
• https://www.who.int/country-cooperation/what-who-
does/inter-country/en/
• Sustainable Development Goals: A SRHR CSO guide for
national implementation
• Health and Globalization http://www.globalization101.org
• The Open University :Study Session 11 Impacts of
Climate Change in Ethiopia(2016)
12/26/2022 81

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