Salary basics

3. SALARY
Payment received by an employee from the present employer or the past
employer. It should be in connection with the employment.
Section 15 – 17 of Income tax Act deals with the salary.
These sections are applicable only if there is an employer employee relationship.
SALARY includes
Wages
Gratuity
Annuity or pension
Fees, commissions, perquisites or profits in lieu of or in addition to any salary or wages
Salary Advance
Leave encashment
Annual accretion to the balance of Recognized Provident Fund
Transferred balance in a recognised provident fund
Contribution by the Central Government

4. Characteristics of Salary
Relationship of employer and employee:
For a payment to fall under the head salaries the relationship of employer and employee must
exist between payee and the receiver of the salary. Every kind of payment to every kind of
servant, public or private, however high or low placed he may be, is covered under the provisions
of this act.
Salary from more than one employer:
Any amount of salary received or due from one or more than one employer shall be taxable under
this head. Such situation may arise when an employee is working with two employers
simultaneously or has worked with one employer and later on serves with another employer after
leaving service with the first employer, salary from both the employers shall be taxable under this
head.
Salary from present, past or prospective employer:
Salary received or due from present, past or future employer is also taxable under this head.

5. Tax free salary
Sometimes, the employer allows an employee to draw tax-free salary, e.g. the employer pays full
salary to the employee and also pays tax on this directly to the department. The employee’s
assessment is to be made not on the amount of salary he is drawing but on gross amount i.e. salary
drawn plus the tax paid by the employer.
Salary received as member of parliament or member of state legislature
A member of parliament or of state legislature is not treated as an employee of the govt. and hence,
salary received by such persons is not taxable under the head salaries. It is taxable as income from
other sources. Any allowance received by them is fully exempted from tax.
Receipts from persons other than employer
Perquisites or benefits or any other remuneration received fro persons other than the employer, would
be taxable not under the head salaries but under the head income fro other sources even if they accrue
to the employee by reason of his employment or while he was discharging his normal duties.
Place of accrual of salary income
Salary accrues at that place where the services are rendered.
Salary or pension received by UNO employees:
It is fully exempted as per circular no. 293 Dt
Salary received by a teacher/researcher from a SAARC member State :Exempted up to 2 years.

6. Income of Advocate General
In CIT v. Govinda Swaminathan, Court held that Advocate General is not an employee of
Government. He serves a professional service. He holds office on Governor’s wish. His earning
will be taxable under the head of ‘Profits and Gains from Business and Profession’.
Income of Judges
In Justice Nandan Agarwala v. UOI, Court held that, the Judge’s salary is taxable under the head
‘Salary’, even if there exist no employer of a Judge. Article 125 and 221 of the Indian
Constitution, express their earning as Salary.
Salary paid to a partner by a firm
Any salary, bonus, commission or remuneration by whatever name called due to or received
by partner of a firm shall not be regarded as salary.
The same is to be charged as income from profits and gains of business or profession as such
payments are appropriation of profits.
This is primarily because the relationship between the firm and its partners is not that of an
employer and employee.

7. Income of MLAs, MPs, etc.
The income of MLAs, MPs, etc, comes under the heading of “Income from other
sources”.
Movie Actors / Actresses
The employment of Actors and Actresses are based on Contracts. Their employment
is of particular tenure.
In case of CIT v. Mrs. Durga Khote, where the actress entered into various Contracts
for the relevant year. Contractually she would become free from any obligations, if
the terms of the Contract ends. Court held that, based on the nature of work, she will
charged tax on her earning from profession and not from salary.
• In CIT v. Navtoj Bai Tata, Court held that:
•Merely having office doesn’t prove the existence of Employer-Employee
Relationship.
•A director may have office of his own but he is not servant or employee of the
Company
•Director’s earning is taxable under Section 56 of the Income Tax Act. (Income from
other sources)

8. Employer-employee relationship under salary :
Before an income can become chargeable under the head ‘salaries‘, it is vital that there
should exist between the payer and the payee, the relationship of an employer and an
employee. Consider the following examples:
(a)Sujatha, an actress, is employed in Chopra Films, where she is paid a
monthly remuneration of Rs 2 lakh. She acts in various films produced by various
producers. The remuneration for acting in such films is directly paid to Chopra Films
by the different producers. In this case, Rs 2 lakh will constitute salary in the hands of
Sujatha, since the relationship of employer and employee exists between Chopra Films
and Sujatha.
(b) In the above example, if Sujatha acts in various films and gets fees f rom
different producers, the same income will be chargeable as income from profession since
the relationship of employer and employee does not exist between Sujatha and the
film producers.

9. Receipts treated as Profit in Lieu of Salary [Section 17(3)] for Computing Salary Income
Section 17(3) gives an inclusive definition of "Profits in lieu of salary". As the name
suggests, these payments are received by the employee in lieu of or in addition to
salary or wages. These payments include the following:
(1) Terminal Compensation:
The amount of any compensation due to or received by an assessee from his employer
or former employer at or in connection with the termination of his employment or the
modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto is regarded as profits in lieu
of salary.
The termination may be due to retirement, premature termination, resignation or
otherwise.

10. 2. Payment from an Unrecognised Provident Fund or an Unrecognized Superannuation Fund:
• Total employer's contribution till date and interest on such employer's contribution would
both be taxable.
• Employer's contribution and interest thereon and interest on the employee's contribution are
not taxed during the period of employment.
• When the accumulated balance of such a fund is paid to the employee either on retirement or
on termination of service, the untaxed portion, i.e. the employer's contribution and interest
thereon is taxed as 'profit in lieu of salary'.
• The interest on employee's contribution is taxed as 'Income from other sources'.

11. (3) Payment under Keyman Insurance Policy:
Any payment due to or received by an employee, under a Keyman Insurance Policy
including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy, will also be regarded as
profit in lieu of salary.
(4) Any amount due or received before joining or after cessation of employment:
Any amounts due to or received, whether in lump sum or otherwise by any assessee
from any person—
(A) before his joining any employment with that person; or
(B) after cessation of his employment with that person.

12. Key person insurance is a life insurance policy that a company purchases on the life of an
owner, a top executive, or another individual considered critical to the business. The company is
the beneficiary of the policy and pays the premiums. This type of life insurance is also known as
"key man (or "keyman") insurance," "key woman insurance," and "business life insurance."
The Process of Key Person Insurance
 For key person insurance, a company purchases a life insurance policy on certain employee(s),
pays the premiums, and is the beneficiary of the policy.
 In the event of the person's death, the company receives the policy's death benefit.
 That money can be used to cover the costs of recruiting, hiring, and training a replacement for the
deceased person.
 If the company doesn't believe it can continue operations, it can use the money to pay off debts,
distribute money to investors, provide severance benefits to employees, and close the business
down in an orderly manner.

13. Who can be a Keyman?
 Anybody with specialized skills, whose loss
can cause a financial strain to the company
are eligible for Keyman Insurance.
 For example, they could be:
1. Directors of a Company
2. Key Sales People
3. Key Project Managers
4. People with Specific Skills

14. (5) Any other sum received by the employee from the employer:
 All other payments made by an employer to an employee, would be brought
under the head "Profits in lieu of salary".
 This is a comprehensive provision by virtue of which all payments made by
an employer to an employee whether made in pursuance of a legal obligation
or voluntarily are brought under profit in lieu of salary.