ABSTRACT : The aim of the study was to explore how socio –cultural norms influence the practice of child
marriage. A clear understanding of the problem of child marriage is essential to understand the proliferation of
the practice in Rushinga District that stands at 50 percent. The theory used to explore the practice is the Social
Norms Theory by Bicchaerri (2006). The premise of the theory looks closely at social cultural factors and how
they influence the practice of child marriage thus, the practice is embedded in the social structures in the
families and communities. For instance, the desirable age of marriage and conformity to practice of child
marriage is rooted in community values and social expectations. The study used qualitative case study approach
and the advantage is that the empirical inquiry of a phenomenon is done within its real-life context. Of critical
importance to this study is that the case study method is particularly suitable for answering questions that start
with how, who and why with regard to prevalence of child marriages in communities. The study reveals that
child marriage practice is embedded in the social interactions and how communities deal with issues such as
poverty. For instance, marriage entails bride price payment which becomes a livelihood option for a family in
dire straits. Consequently, child brides‟ lives are entangled in abusive relationships embedded in the norms
surrounding masculinity in families. The panaceas identified in the study end the practice of child marriage
include the provision of educational opportunities for girls as well as advocacy and dialoguing with opinion
leaders.
KEY TERMS: child marriage, norms, initiation ceremony.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Child marriage legitimizes human rights violations and abuses of girls under the guise of culture, honor, tradition, and religion. It continues a sequence of discrimination that begins at a girl’s birth and is reinforced in her community, in her marriage and which continues throughout her entire life. Child marriage, therefore, is a way of dealing with the perceived problems that girls represent for families, the problems that arise from the low value given to women and girls.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Media coverage of violence against children in JamaicaTaitu Heron
This paper looks at how the Jamaican print media (the Observer, the Gleaner and the Star) depicts children who suffer from sexual abuse. It aims also to respond to the following question - How is the newspapers’ understanding of children and sexual violence against children informed by a current prevailing gender order, discourses on sexuality, and cultural attitudes and practices towards children?
Chigadza mapfihwa and kuroodzera are practices that are deeply embedded in African culture, as a
way for the elders to accumulate young wives in exchange of cattle and grain. This article was focusing at how
children’s rights have been infringed through these forced marriages. Previous studies on this concept have not
voiced the echo of children in such unions. Yet, it is clear that children exposed to intergenerational atrocities
are suffering daily yet they are not being listened to.The paper was based on a field research conducted on
interpretivism basis/ qualitative design. A sample of fifty (50) participantswas drawn using purposive and chain
referral sampling. Data was gathered through forty (40) interviews and as a way to enrich the data gathered,
three focus group discussions were conducted. Data presentation was through thematic content analysis. From
the field researchpoverty and lack of sustainable livelihoods is the main cause of these cultural practices. The
participants lamented coercion through restricted access to family finances, often reprimanded that they are
just consumption agents who parasitically devours on patriarchal income, yet alone the reason for their
deprivation is the same source of their oppression which is kuroodzera and chigadza mapfihwa
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Child marriage legitimizes human rights violations and abuses of girls under the guise of culture, honor, tradition, and religion. It continues a sequence of discrimination that begins at a girl’s birth and is reinforced in her community, in her marriage and which continues throughout her entire life. Child marriage, therefore, is a way of dealing with the perceived problems that girls represent for families, the problems that arise from the low value given to women and girls.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Media coverage of violence against children in JamaicaTaitu Heron
This paper looks at how the Jamaican print media (the Observer, the Gleaner and the Star) depicts children who suffer from sexual abuse. It aims also to respond to the following question - How is the newspapers’ understanding of children and sexual violence against children informed by a current prevailing gender order, discourses on sexuality, and cultural attitudes and practices towards children?
Chigadza mapfihwa and kuroodzera are practices that are deeply embedded in African culture, as a
way for the elders to accumulate young wives in exchange of cattle and grain. This article was focusing at how
children’s rights have been infringed through these forced marriages. Previous studies on this concept have not
voiced the echo of children in such unions. Yet, it is clear that children exposed to intergenerational atrocities
are suffering daily yet they are not being listened to.The paper was based on a field research conducted on
interpretivism basis/ qualitative design. A sample of fifty (50) participantswas drawn using purposive and chain
referral sampling. Data was gathered through forty (40) interviews and as a way to enrich the data gathered,
three focus group discussions were conducted. Data presentation was through thematic content analysis. From
the field researchpoverty and lack of sustainable livelihoods is the main cause of these cultural practices. The
participants lamented coercion through restricted access to family finances, often reprimanded that they are
just consumption agents who parasitically devours on patriarchal income, yet alone the reason for their
deprivation is the same source of their oppression which is kuroodzera and chigadza mapfihwa
The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.
Over the past two decades, there has been increasing recognition that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) constitute a vulnerable population that faces a multitude of problems while away from home and, often, difficulties of equal magnitude in the homes they have left. Many of these youth are thought to have been victimized by sexual abuse and to have left home as a means of escaping abusive families. Although risky behaviors are now well documented, relatively little is known about the scope and prevalence of sexual abuse among the families of origin of RHY, the extent to which such abuse may exceed that of comparable youth in the general population, and the role that sexual abuse plays in the youth‘s decision to leave home. The overall purpose of the study was to begin to delineate the scope of the problem, to stimulate further discussion, and to make recommendations concerning research and policy. This report presents the results of each of these initiatives, synthesizes findings, and presents recommendations. The directed study aims to look into the issues related to sexual abuse in adolescents and recommend remedial and preventive measures.
In Africa, the concept of Guidance and Counseling although relatively new in educational systems, has been embraced by most governments. Although most African countries recognize the essential role of organized Guidance and Counseling Programmes, there are limited researches studies conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programmed services being implemented to improve the student’s decision making processes that lead to improved future benefits. Research is yet to identify gender specific strategies to positive psychosexual development in boys and girls that can promote safe reproductive health. A wide spread ignorance on the subject of sex is due to the fact that the subject has been surrounded with mystery and beclouded by dark silence. The result has increased curiosity and desire to acquire more knowledge on this forbidden subject; yet, the people entrusted with the responsibility of educating the adolescents on the subject have not made appropriate information readily available. The study investigated effectiveness of guidance and counselling programmes on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 52 guiding and counselling teachers. A sample of 16 participants was selected using, using 30% of Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) and randomly selected from 52 schools. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights teacher counselling and peer counselling were the most effective strategies in guidance and counselling as compared to students suspension and corporal punishment. More than half of guidance and counselling teachers asserted that schools had inadequate policy and manual procedures and code of ethics and regulation governing sexual behaviour. This paper points at need of guidance and counselling departments to develop policies and manual procedures on sex and relationship education that acts as a reference point to all members of the school. In addition, the Government should set up reproductive health institutions for the youth, promote peer counseling, talks by health providers in schools which has a bearing on students’ performance.
TEENAGE PREGNANCY 1
TEENAGE PREGNANCY 5
Liberty University
HSCO 500
Introduction to Human Services Counseling
Author: Shawnreco Washington
Date: October 15, 2016
Introduction
Teen pregnancy is a term used to refer to girls who become pregnant before reaching the legal age of adulthood. These pregnancies are usually unplanned since many of them ignore the fact that pregnancy can occur once a girl starts ovulating from as early as thirteen years old. Teen pregnancy often encounters health issues to both the mother and child if proper prenatal care is not adhered to. Apart from health issues, there are other factors which affect pregnant teen mothers such as socioeconomic and psychological impacts to the mother and her family. Teen pregnancy, therefore, has to be addressed so as to minimize the rates of school dropouts due to pregnancy.
Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
Sexual abuse in the form of rape is one of the leading causes of teenage pregnancy. Teenage girls can undergo this ordeal when they are manipulated or forced by adult males or even boys their age to have sex against their will. Many rape cases have led to pregnancies and even fatal instances among teenage girls.
Lack of proper parental advice is also a cause of this social problem. Some parents are often held up by their work and avoid advising their teenage children about sex. Parents are responsible for molding their children in the right path, and this includes talking to them about sexual intercourse. When this issue is neglected, teenage children may not find it too wrong to experiment on having sex. Misinformed teens can often take part in sex and therefore can lead to teenage pregnancies.
Peer pressure is one of the leading causes of many social issues in the society. Teenagers often try to impress their friends so as to make them feel that they fit into the group. Sex for teens may be considered to be the perfect way to fit into a group of friends (Kearney & Levine, 2015). This may in turn influence many individuals to take part in sexual intercourse so as to impress the friends. When friends influence others decisions, they do that without taking consideration of the possible consequences of having sex such as unplanned pregnancies. Peer pressure propels this social problem since many teenagers do not want to ridicule by their peers if they fail to live up to their expectations.
Poverty can be a cause of this social dilemma. Teenage girls who come from poor backgrounds do not often have the opportunity to have a proper education. Education is necessary for developing teens since they can be educated about their sexuality and impacts of having unprotected sex. When teens are deprived of this opportunity, they lack the proper knowledge about sex and are likely to have uninten ...
! 1Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, Calif.docxmayank272369
! 1
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
A Case Study of Youth in the City of Oxnard, CA
XXXXX
! 2
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
Literature Review
Background of Study
There have been several studies conducted on juvenile delinquency in recent years.
Different factors have been studied to determine what causes youth to become involved in
delinquency, in order to create early intervention programs for those individuals in hopes of
steering them away from delinquency. There is good evidence that early interventions in
childhood (e.g., nurse home visiting, preschool intellectual enrichment programs, and parent
management training) are effective in preventing delinquency (Loeber,Farrington, and Petechuk,
2013). Fomby and Sennott (2013) hypothesized that where family structure transitions are
related to changes in residences and school enrollments, youth will be more likely to develop
negative peer networks that are associated with a higher likelihood of problem behavior. Here,
changes in the family structure can have a negative impact on the youth’s behavior. Schroeder,
Osgood, and Oghia (2010) state that family structure transitions can be detrimental to children’s
well-being and family functioning and have the potential to contribute to juvenile delinquency.
Studying family structure is an important factor in order to determine what in that factor causes
youth to become involved with delinquency.
Data has shown that a substantial proportion of children now spend time in single or
cohabiting parent households and these households tend to be less stable than marriages (Fomby
and Sennott, 2013). As a result, much of the effect of family instability on children and
adolescent behavior has been attributed to economic stress and changes in parenting behavior
(Fomby and Sennot, 2013) after a change in family structure. In addition, according to Theobald,
Farrington, and Piquero (2012), conflict between parents can also have deleterious effects on the
! 3
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
children where they can experience inconsistent parenting, reduce affection and warmth, and
reduced supervision, all which have been found to be predictive of late delinquency.
Economic stress can also be an indicator why youth become delinquent. It has always
been assumed that youth who have low socioeconomic status are more vulnerable to be involved
in delinquent acts. Agnew, Matthews, Bucher, Welcher, and Keyes (2008) explain that these
youth experience frustration with their status and as a result may turn to delinquency to achieve
economic success, to make themselves feel better, to seek revenge against those who frustrate
them or to achieve status in the eyes of their peers. Economic stress can also be triggered by the
neighborhood these youth reside in. As stated by Sampson (1986), lower class areas ...
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
More Related Content
Similar to Socio –Cultural Norms and Their Influence on the Practice of Child Marriage. A Case of Rushinga District (Zimbabwe).
The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.
Over the past two decades, there has been increasing recognition that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) constitute a vulnerable population that faces a multitude of problems while away from home and, often, difficulties of equal magnitude in the homes they have left. Many of these youth are thought to have been victimized by sexual abuse and to have left home as a means of escaping abusive families. Although risky behaviors are now well documented, relatively little is known about the scope and prevalence of sexual abuse among the families of origin of RHY, the extent to which such abuse may exceed that of comparable youth in the general population, and the role that sexual abuse plays in the youth‘s decision to leave home. The overall purpose of the study was to begin to delineate the scope of the problem, to stimulate further discussion, and to make recommendations concerning research and policy. This report presents the results of each of these initiatives, synthesizes findings, and presents recommendations. The directed study aims to look into the issues related to sexual abuse in adolescents and recommend remedial and preventive measures.
In Africa, the concept of Guidance and Counseling although relatively new in educational systems, has been embraced by most governments. Although most African countries recognize the essential role of organized Guidance and Counseling Programmes, there are limited researches studies conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programmed services being implemented to improve the student’s decision making processes that lead to improved future benefits. Research is yet to identify gender specific strategies to positive psychosexual development in boys and girls that can promote safe reproductive health. A wide spread ignorance on the subject of sex is due to the fact that the subject has been surrounded with mystery and beclouded by dark silence. The result has increased curiosity and desire to acquire more knowledge on this forbidden subject; yet, the people entrusted with the responsibility of educating the adolescents on the subject have not made appropriate information readily available. The study investigated effectiveness of guidance and counselling programmes on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 52 guiding and counselling teachers. A sample of 16 participants was selected using, using 30% of Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) and randomly selected from 52 schools. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights teacher counselling and peer counselling were the most effective strategies in guidance and counselling as compared to students suspension and corporal punishment. More than half of guidance and counselling teachers asserted that schools had inadequate policy and manual procedures and code of ethics and regulation governing sexual behaviour. This paper points at need of guidance and counselling departments to develop policies and manual procedures on sex and relationship education that acts as a reference point to all members of the school. In addition, the Government should set up reproductive health institutions for the youth, promote peer counseling, talks by health providers in schools which has a bearing on students’ performance.
TEENAGE PREGNANCY 1
TEENAGE PREGNANCY 5
Liberty University
HSCO 500
Introduction to Human Services Counseling
Author: Shawnreco Washington
Date: October 15, 2016
Introduction
Teen pregnancy is a term used to refer to girls who become pregnant before reaching the legal age of adulthood. These pregnancies are usually unplanned since many of them ignore the fact that pregnancy can occur once a girl starts ovulating from as early as thirteen years old. Teen pregnancy often encounters health issues to both the mother and child if proper prenatal care is not adhered to. Apart from health issues, there are other factors which affect pregnant teen mothers such as socioeconomic and psychological impacts to the mother and her family. Teen pregnancy, therefore, has to be addressed so as to minimize the rates of school dropouts due to pregnancy.
Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
Sexual abuse in the form of rape is one of the leading causes of teenage pregnancy. Teenage girls can undergo this ordeal when they are manipulated or forced by adult males or even boys their age to have sex against their will. Many rape cases have led to pregnancies and even fatal instances among teenage girls.
Lack of proper parental advice is also a cause of this social problem. Some parents are often held up by their work and avoid advising their teenage children about sex. Parents are responsible for molding their children in the right path, and this includes talking to them about sexual intercourse. When this issue is neglected, teenage children may not find it too wrong to experiment on having sex. Misinformed teens can often take part in sex and therefore can lead to teenage pregnancies.
Peer pressure is one of the leading causes of many social issues in the society. Teenagers often try to impress their friends so as to make them feel that they fit into the group. Sex for teens may be considered to be the perfect way to fit into a group of friends (Kearney & Levine, 2015). This may in turn influence many individuals to take part in sexual intercourse so as to impress the friends. When friends influence others decisions, they do that without taking consideration of the possible consequences of having sex such as unplanned pregnancies. Peer pressure propels this social problem since many teenagers do not want to ridicule by their peers if they fail to live up to their expectations.
Poverty can be a cause of this social dilemma. Teenage girls who come from poor backgrounds do not often have the opportunity to have a proper education. Education is necessary for developing teens since they can be educated about their sexuality and impacts of having unprotected sex. When teens are deprived of this opportunity, they lack the proper knowledge about sex and are likely to have uninten ...
! 1Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, Calif.docxmayank272369
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Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
A Case Study of Youth in the City of Oxnard, CA
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Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
Literature Review
Background of Study
There have been several studies conducted on juvenile delinquency in recent years.
Different factors have been studied to determine what causes youth to become involved in
delinquency, in order to create early intervention programs for those individuals in hopes of
steering them away from delinquency. There is good evidence that early interventions in
childhood (e.g., nurse home visiting, preschool intellectual enrichment programs, and parent
management training) are effective in preventing delinquency (Loeber,Farrington, and Petechuk,
2013). Fomby and Sennott (2013) hypothesized that where family structure transitions are
related to changes in residences and school enrollments, youth will be more likely to develop
negative peer networks that are associated with a higher likelihood of problem behavior. Here,
changes in the family structure can have a negative impact on the youth’s behavior. Schroeder,
Osgood, and Oghia (2010) state that family structure transitions can be detrimental to children’s
well-being and family functioning and have the potential to contribute to juvenile delinquency.
Studying family structure is an important factor in order to determine what in that factor causes
youth to become involved with delinquency.
Data has shown that a substantial proportion of children now spend time in single or
cohabiting parent households and these households tend to be less stable than marriages (Fomby
and Sennott, 2013). As a result, much of the effect of family instability on children and
adolescent behavior has been attributed to economic stress and changes in parenting behavior
(Fomby and Sennot, 2013) after a change in family structure. In addition, according to Theobald,
Farrington, and Piquero (2012), conflict between parents can also have deleterious effects on the
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Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
children where they can experience inconsistent parenting, reduce affection and warmth, and
reduced supervision, all which have been found to be predictive of late delinquency.
Economic stress can also be an indicator why youth become delinquent. It has always
been assumed that youth who have low socioeconomic status are more vulnerable to be involved
in delinquent acts. Agnew, Matthews, Bucher, Welcher, and Keyes (2008) explain that these
youth experience frustration with their status and as a result may turn to delinquency to achieve
economic success, to make themselves feel better, to seek revenge against those who frustrate
them or to achieve status in the eyes of their peers. Economic stress can also be triggered by the
neighborhood these youth reside in. As stated by Sampson (1986), lower class areas ...
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
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How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
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The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
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Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
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Socio –Cultural Norms and Their Influence on the Practice of Child Marriage. A Case of Rushinga District (Zimbabwe).
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
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American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-6, Issue-11, pp-47-55
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Socio –Cultural Norms and Their Influence on the Practice of
Child Marriage. A Case of Rushinga District (Zimbabwe).
Jonathan Mrewa
ABSTRACT : The aim of the study was to explore how socio –cultural norms influence the practice of child
marriage. A clear understanding of the problem of child marriage is essential to understand the proliferation of
the practice in Rushinga District that stands at 50 percent. The theory used to explore the practice is the Social
Norms Theory by Bicchaerri (2006). The premise of the theory looks closely at social cultural factors and how
they influence the practice of child marriage thus, the practice is embedded in the social structures in the
families and communities. For instance, the desirable age of marriage and conformity to practice of child
marriage is rooted in community values and social expectations. The study used qualitative case study approach
and the advantage is that the empirical inquiry of a phenomenon is done within its real-life context. Of critical
importance to this study is that the case study method is particularly suitable for answering questions that start
with how, who and why with regard to prevalence of child marriages in communities. The study reveals that
child marriage practice is embedded in the social interactions and how communities deal with issues such as
poverty. For instance, marriage entails bride price payment which becomes a livelihood option for a family in
dire straits. Consequently, child brides‟ lives are entangled in abusive relationships embedded in the norms
surrounding masculinity in families. The panaceas identified in the study end the practice of child marriage
include the provision of educational opportunities for girls as well as advocacy and dialoguing with opinion
leaders.
KEY TERMS: child marriage, norms, initiation ceremony.
I. INTRODUCTION
Much interest has grown over the years on the issues pertaining child marriage as evidenced by a
number of studies (for example, Clark, 2004; Nour, 2004; UNICEF, 2013). According to UNICEF (2007) “more
than 60 million girls aged 20-24 years were married before their 18th
birthday”. In addition, the Health
Demographic Survey (2010) posits that “31 percent of the girls in Zimbabwe were married before they reached
the age of 18 years and about 15 percent of these girls were married before they reached 15 years”.
In the Zimbabwean context, The Women Parliamentary report in Zimbabwe (2016) identified child
marriage as one of the perverse and endemic problems affecting Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the Zimbabwe
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey report (2014) indicates that child marriages cases by province are as follows;
Mashonaland Central 50 percent, Mashonaland West 42 percent, Masvingo 39 percent, and Mashonaland East
36 percent, Midlands 31 percent, Manicaland 30 percent, Matabeleland North 27 percent, Harare 19 percent,
Matabeleland South 18 percent and Bulawayo 10 percent. Such prevalence has generated interest to undertake
further research on the proliferation of child marriage and in particular, Rushinga District with a record of 60
percent incidences of child marriage cases.
In the case of Zimbabwe, literature to date tends to focus on generic causes and educational outcomes
of child marriage with little attention to the social and cultural factors triggering the proliferation of the practice.
Previous studies, for example, point out that child marriage has been a result of deficiencies in the laws and
enforcement, and extreme poverty (Hanzi, 2006; Sibanda, 2011; Nyamadzawo, 2015). A careful analysis of
literature reveals that little attention and recognition has been given to understand the social and cultural factors
in Rushinga District despite the highest prevalence of 60 percent as indicated by the Women Parliamentary
report (2016). National Committee on Traditional Practices in Ethiopia (NCTPE) (1997) notes that studies on
child marriage available make an oversight to incorporate the family system, community and traditional
practices in exploring the proliferation of child marriage. A clear understanding of the problem of child marriage
is essential to bridge the knowledge gap on the proliferation of the practice of child marriage in Rushinga
District. The study is unique as it explores the social and cultural context of communities in dealing with the
problem of child marriage. It questions how social and cultural practices fuel the practice and subsequently, it
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adds another dimension towards the interpretation of the causes and mitigation of the practice of child
marriage.Thus, the overall objective of the study is to critically explore the embedded social and cultural norms
underpinning the practice of child marriage.
To address the overall objective of the study, the following questions are to be addressed:
1. What is the nature and contest of social norms that promote or discourage marrying off girls in Rushinga
District?
2. What is the attitude of the community towards child marriage in Rushinga District?
3. What sorts of interventions, if any, exist or have existed or can be employed to deal with the practice of child
marriage?
II. CONCISE LITERATURE REVIEW
A comprehensive analysis of socio-cultural practices such as sexual dalliance, lobola payment,
appeasement of spirits, and pledging of girls give a clearer picture of their influence on the practice of child
marriage that commoditises and objectifies the girl child. This justifies the argument for the need to understand
socio-cultural impetus towards the practice of child marriage. Indeed, social - cultural norm practices are simply
a mirror image of factors that are attributed to influence the practice of child marriage, and many of the factors
draw a greater deal from socio-cultural influences (NCTPE, 1997). It is imperative to highlight that there has
been general and little appreciation of the influence of socio-cultural influence on child marriage, both at global
and local context, and yet, they are the casus belli on the practice in many communities. Research has tended to
segment the causes without much focus on analysing how socio-cultural factors permeate through a number of
factors attributed to the proliferation of child marriage. (Azizi & Meloney, 1985; Chowdhury, 2004).
Marrying off children under the age of 18 years is determined by circumstances that prevail in the
family and the community. In Bangladesh, as an example, they have a proverb that says a girl is brought up in
family and when the time comes, the girl is handed over in marriage to another family (Azizi & Meloney, 1985).
Thus, a girl has no permanent place in her maiden home and subsequently she is expected to be married off and
start her own family. The age at which she can be married off can be determined by the suitors to come to ask
for her hand in marriage. This makes the girls vulnerable to the practice of child marriage as they are expected
to fulfil the family and societal expectations. Similarly, in Zimbabwe, traditional practices such as chiramu
(sexual dalliance) a practice whereby the husband of a sister or aunt has privileges to play sexual games with
young sister or niece causes girls below the age of 18 years sometimes lead girls to be impregnated resulting in
child marriage. According to Bulla (2014), for example, in the Shona and Ndebele context, in Zimbabwe, the
cultures accommodate the practice of sexual „games‟ whereby girls are exposed to sexual socialisation by
elderly men through the custom of chiramu. This practice involves fondling of a girl‟s buttocks and breasts
without necessarily engaging in sexual intercourse. Such flirtation may lead to pregnancy and when it happens,
the perpetrator is forced to marry the impregnated girl.
Coontz (2005) points out that girls are attached to an economic value tag that makes them vulnerable as
they become objects of exchange. Girls are attached more value when they are married off at a tender age and
they can fetch more rewards for the family in terms of lobola. Thus, girls play productive and reproductive role
in the family and the society. Consequently, because of expected gifts, rewards and family loyalty girls often
find themselves coerced into marriage below the age of 18 years (Posner & Rasmusen, 1999; UNICEF, 2011).
Hence, through the social norms that prevail in the communities that practice child marriage, girls are married
off below the age of 18 years because girls are regarded as commodities worth for exchange. Consequently, the
preparedness of a girl for marriage is vindicated by the initiation ceremonies that act as litmus paper to establish
if the girl is old enough to get married. As an example, Shoko (2006) points out that in Waremba tribe
(Zimbabwe), girls are initiated through the komba initiation ceremony. When a girl starts to menstruate,
normally at the age of 12 years, they are enlisted in an initiation school. At the school, girls are taught how to
manage a home; taking care of the husband; children, and sexuality lessons. When the girls have undergone the
training, they are declared ready for marriage and a rite of passage ceremony held whereby the girls are paraded
for all to see at such ceremony, this is whereby the girls are exposed to the men who will compete on their own
coerce the young girl below the age of 18 years into married.
Norms in society have a cultural face that shapes the way people interact in society. Culture entails
“habits and values of society that endows human beings with additional extension anatomical apparatus, with
protective armour of defences and safeguards and with mobility and speed” (Malinoski, 1931:08).
Consequently, such practices are passed on from generation to generation and they shape the behaviours of
people in the community. Such norms influence how people value practices that include marriage. It is worth
noting that norms provide cumulative a bedrock to support patterns and behaviours in the community that result
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in the sustainability of the practices (Darlington, 2001). Child marriage as a traditional practice is self-sustaining
because communities condone the practice based on the rewards that come along with the practice (UNICEF,
2015).
Wadesango, et al (2011) further argue that other traditional practices such as Female Genital Mutilation
(FGM) that involves partial removal of the sensitive genital organs such as the clitoris and excision of labia
minora provides a conducive opportunity for child abuse to take place leading to child marriage. UNICEF
(2009) further points out that FGM ceremony marks a transitional stage from childhood into adulthood for a
girl. Thus, girls are made susceptible to marriage and such initiation rites open flood gates that makes the girls
assume adult roles and are coerced into marriage due to societal expectations and pressures. Children Dignity
Forum (2008) reports that in Mwanza and Nira regions in Tanzania, at puberty stage usually at the age between
9 and 12 years, the girls undergo FGM ceremony. When a girl undergoes this ceremony, she is regarded as an
adult and consequently, she is expected to marry and starts her own family regardless of the fact that she will be
under the age of 18 years.
According to Islam (2001) cultural beliefs on sorcery and witchcraft provide a push to marry off girls
below the age of 18 years. In a case study of Bangladesh villages, people are frightened by sorcery that uses
magic to resurrect evil spirits to harm others. Villagers consult pir-fakir (saints) and jin-sadhak (devotees of a
supernatural being) for spiritual guidance (Islam, 2001; Chowdhury, 2014). Thus, when a man proposes to a girl
and the girl or the family refuses to ascend to the proposal, there is a belief among the people that the man might
evoke witchcraft that might render the girl unmarriageable in the future. Hence, this forces the family of the girl
to marry off their daughter fearing bad omen to happen to the girl later in life.
Wadesango, et al (2011) argue that cultural beliefs and practices hold the community together and are
reproduced over time. Practices such as virginity testing have been blamed for sexual abuse of girls and families
bargain higher bride price when the girl is a virgin. Moffett (2006) maintains that the practice is done to control
the sexuality of girls. It is perpetrated by family structures that place men as heads of household and advocate
for the subordination of women through cultural and tribal rituals. Virginity testing is carried in the community
by elderly women. In a case study, Chief Makoni in Zimbabwe spearheaded the practice in his jurisdiction
where five thousand girls went through the process at Osborne Dam in 2002 and in 2004; four thousand girls
went through the same process. This attracted the attention of other chiefs, whereby in 2005; some traditional
leaders in Zimbabwe intensified the call for communities to practise virginity testing (Herald, 2005). Similarly,
the practice of ukuhlolwakwezintombi (virginity testing) in South Africa is practiced in the Zulu communities
(Scorgie, 2002). Subsequently, the practice provides an atmosphere that makes the girls vulnerable because in
the eyes of the community, these girls will have matured and ready start families.
In Zimbabwe, traditional practices such as kuzvarira (pledging of girls into marriage of a girl) whereby
a girl child is married off even before birth is one example (Chinyoka, 2011; Matsika, 2013; Guvamombe,
2016). This practice is prevalent where economic problems exist and the child is given away once the family
feels that she is capable to perform her duties as a wife especially at puberty stage. Hanzi (2006) identifies
another practice called kuripangozi (appeasing avenging spirit). The ritual is done to compensate for the death of
person who might have been murdered by a family member. In most cases, the belief is that if a wife is not
given as compensation, the family and clan might end up experiencing a spell of misfortunes and deaths as the
spirit of the aggrieved victim will come to avenge until a girl is pledged. In a milestone research, Inter Press
Service (2018) claims that in Honde valley in Zimbabwe, five girls were forced out of school and became wives
in 1999 as compensation for the a murder of man called Kapesa. The five girls were hand over at the ages
between 7 and 15 years to Kapesa family. In a similar incident, Zimbabwe Daily (2017) reported a story that a
girl aged 4 years from Hambari family, was pledged to Nyakuriwa family in Sahumani village in Manicaland
province. This incident occurred after countless deaths in one Hambari family and it was alleged that it was
because of avenging spirits. It is important to understand that the traditional practice of appeasing avenging
spirits result in young girl as early as 6 years been pledged to the family of a murdered person and become a
wife of the male member of the that family. This suggests that such traditions have fuelled the practice of child
marriage and in most cases, some of the transactions are done secretly and family members are sworn to secrecy
in fear of unforeseen consequences.
Theoretical framework
The study adopts the social norms theory by Bicchaerri (2006), to examine the patterns of social
interactions in the communities that creates conducive atmosphere for the practice of child marriage. The term
social norm depicts behaviours and attitudes displayed in the community in relation to the practice of child
marriage. Bicchierri advances that social norms are constructed from the desires and beliefs of individuals in a
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reference group. It is through the process of interactions that individuals internalise the social norms that are
within their communities.
According to Bicchierri (2006) social norms develop in close knot groups and are internalised
cognitively. At the same time, in smaller groups, individual members monitor the behaviour of each other in
relation to practices that happen within their society. Consequently, the practice is held in default mode and it
can persist over generations and generations and can become a normative behaviour. Deviance from a particular
norm is met with sanctions and ostracism from the mainstream society (Sherif, 1936). Subsequently, norm
compliance is maintained through sanctions and individual members are expected to make a cost benefit
analysis because deviance is met with consequences that are sometimes dire. The checks and balances that are
imposed means that people are expected to follow what is regarded as normal within the society, in Ethiopia, as
an example, some communities dictates that once a girl loses her virginity or has a child out of wedlock,
regardless of age, she is regarded as an adult or woman. Therefore, it forces families to marry off daughters as a
means to control and deter girls falling pregnant out of wedlock as well as promoting strengthening families ties
(Nguyen & Wodon, 2012).
Mackie, et al (2012) place importance on the role of social norms to sustain and maintain certain
behaviours and practices in a community. Such conformity is instilled through social expectations based on the
belief that one has over what others do and their expectations (reference groups). Reference groups have a far
reaching impact on an individual and their expectations, override individual opinions about certain phenomenon
such as child marriage. As an example, among the Waremba people in Zimbabwe, the Komba initiation
ceremony that denotes the rite of passage is highly rated such that girls are expected to partake as early as 11
years (Shoko, 2012). Such ceremonies mark the transition of girls from childhood into adulthood. Graduates
from the intuition schools are regarded as ready for marriage despite the fact that they are below the age of 18
years.
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For this study, the researcher used qualitative design approach and instruments to explore the
phenomenon of child marriage. The approach provided the researcher with the opportunity to understand people
in their natural environment. The use of case study and adoption of semi- structured interviews generated data
on the lived experiences of the people about their perceptions, and attitudes about the practice of child marriage
using the social – cultural lens. The framework for data collection allowed an interactive contact between the
researcher and participants to explore the practice of child marriage through the eyes of the research participants
(Snape & Spencer, 2005; Bryman, 2011). Thus, the use of case study provided the researcher with the chance to
make an analysis of data and interpretation on the influence of socio-cultural factors towards the practice of
child marriage.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The scope of the study was to establish the influence of socio-cultural factors in the proliferation of the
practice of child marriage. The discussion centred on the influence of these factors in the practice of marriage
off girls below the age of 18 years. Results from the discussion are outlined in the discussion that ensues.
Cultural practices: sexual dalliance and pledging of girls
One of the social cultural impetus in the practice of child marriage lies in the traditional practices and
cultural beliefs. People in the community who believe in such practices as chiramu (sexual dalliance with
sister’s husband), kuzvarira (betrothal of child before age) or kuripa ngozi(pledging of girls to appease
avenging spirits) fuel this practice.
Some responses are noted below:
“The other challenge is that the system like chiramu is prevalent and under this act of flirting with young
sister of wife result in pregnancies and it promotes Levite marriage, after the death of an aunt or
sister.”(Female, 35 years, NGO Officer).
“The other factor that I has seen in our community is the practice of kuzvarira (betrothal of child before
age) where parents can betroth their daughter when she is still very young, when she starts to grow and
develop around 10 years, the family of the man can claim her leading her to become a wife. In our area we
also have churches that are coercing children into marriage, for example, the apostolic sect; children are
getting married as early as 12 years.”(Female, 30 years, Teacher).
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With regards to participants‟ responses above, it can be argued that socio-cultural practices in the community
create conducive atmosphere that promotes the practice of child marriage. Such views are corroborated in
literature review. According to Bulla (2014), African traditional cultures accommodate the practice such as
sexual „games‟ whereby girls are exposed to sexual socialisation by elderly men through the custom of chiramu
(sexual dalliance). This practice involves fondling of a girl‟s buttocks, breasts and private parts without
necessarily engaging in sexual intercourse. Such flirtation may lead to sexual intercourse that eventually causes
pregnancy and when it happens, the perpetrator is left with no option except to marry the girl.
Low prioritisation and valuing of Girls’ education
One social and cultural factor that promotes child marriage is the low prioritisation and valuing of
Girls‟ education. In Rushinga District, the value attached to education and especially for girls‟, is low. Such a
scenario triggers loss of significant role models in the community to motivate girls to remain in school.
Consequently, most girls and families do not place any value in education and for the girls; in particular,
marriage becomes an alternative as they will be motivated to start their own families. Such response is crucial as
it corroborates with literature review whereby lack of critical role models in communities has been attributed to
the practice of child marriage.
One participant said,
“I got married because I was impregnated by this man when I was 15 years. I had no option except to elope
to him despite the fact that he has a wife. What caused me to be in a relationship with this man was that I
come from a very poor family. My parents were not able to fend for us and sending us to school as the total
number of my siblings is 9. We had very little at home and this man promised to look after me since I was
always in and out of school because my parents were failing to pay for my schooling. It was now an
embarrassment to be asked to go home every day due to non-payment of school fees.”(Female, 21 years,
married off as child).
It can be noted that due to social belief that may exist in the community on the value attached to girls‟
education, families may choose to remove their girls from school thereby causing the girls to be redundant
at home and eventually marry off as an escape route from idleness at home as well as an opportunity to
start own family.
Religious Practices
At the same time, the influence of religion precipitates the proliferation of child marriage. This stems
from the traditions within some religious sects. During the interviews, participants highlighted religion is a key
factor that causes the practice of child marriage. Religion carries a social face and participants during the semi
structured interviews highlighted that some sects are permissive to the practice of child marriage (Human Rights
Watch, 2015).
One participant notes:
“Religion takes a centre stage especially among the apostolic sects; a man can claim a girl from the
church. They use various tricks such as saying the girl has been found to be promiscuous, hence, the person
who is accused to have defiled the girl is supposed to take her as a wife.”(Male, 45 years, NGO Staff
member.)
The influence of traditions within the sects reflects the social face on the practice of child marriage as
communities become accustomed to the marriage of children below the age of 18 years. As an example, girls
between the ages of 12 and 16 years are considered mature and ready for marriage in the apostolic sects (Human
Rights Watch, 2018).
Stigma, family honour and vulnerabilities
The influences of culture and belief systems are manifested through the family institution. This is a
result of societal believes on the issues centred on stigma, honour and vulnerabilities. Persistence and survival of
the practice of child marriage emanates from the family system whereby families try to maintain some ties
through marriages. Marriage of child becomes permissible in order to maintain family relations.
One participant said,
“Some people are aware of bad practice of child marriage. They will be trying to protect the man who will
have impregnated the girl; they conceal the case, because they will be avoiding court cases. This is done to
maintain social relationship. Once you make the man arrested, the problem will still remain with family of
the girl to look after the baby.”(Number 11, female, 40 years, Teacher).
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One may comment that the practice of child marriage becomes a communal norm in that people in a community
through their reference networks see nothing wrong in the marriage of girls below the age of 18 years.
Subsequently, lack of the proper community reporting mechanisms makes the whole process receptive. Families
are incentivised to marry off their daughters below the age of 18 years because the intention is to maintain
family honour. As such, loss of virginity before marriage is viewed as an act of shame and humiliation. Such
views generated during data collection can be corroborated in literature review. In Iran, as an example, marriage
of girls is regarded in high esteem because it is a fulfilment of societal expectations and it is a form of identity
(Montazeri, et al, 2016). In addition, marriage is given high priority because the provision of dowry and any
proposal to marry off a daughter is received with both hands without questioning.
Traditional leaders’ role in the practice of child marriage
In line with the socio-cultural norms, traditional leaders who are the gate keepers of the traditions and
practices in the community play a significant role in maintaining and survival of the practice of child marriage.
Their influence can be enforced through deliberate supporting the practice and sometimes administering of
selective justice pertaining to the practice of child marriage. The practice of child marriage is happening in
communities of Rushinga District and yet traditional leaders are aware of the practice but to them, it is a normal
practice as long as the case is not brought before their traditional courts. Where there is an altercation between
the family and man who would have impregnated a girl and is refusing responsibility that is when the case is
solved at the court. The man is fined and forced to pay damages.
Participants said that,
“If a man impregnates a girl and refuses responsibility, this is when the case comes to light and the culprit
is brought for trial. Normally, the culprit is forced to pay damages in form of cattle. As long as the girl is
saying she was not raped the case can be solved at chief’s court.”(Male, 52 years, Village Head).
“As long as the issue is not reported as a police case or rape, the case can be resolved quietly among the
families. If a boy and a girl decide to get married after a pregnancy, there is no problem. In most cases, the
family of the girl is afraid that if it reports about the issue, the boy will dump their daughter who is
pregnant.”(Female, 44 years, village head).
It can be observed that traditional leaders being custodians of the community and gatekeepers, they sometimes
deliberately pay a blind eye to the practice of child marriage in the community. For most of traditional leaders,
they take the practice as a normal and in line with the way of life of the people in their jurisdiction (Wesley,
Perkins & Allan, 2005). Consequently, violation of children‟s rights may be treated as normative in the
community. Some chiefs view marriage as a cultural undertaking and it can happen at any point in life as long as
the issue is not brought to their courts and in most cases, the perpetrator is asked to pay fine or to marry the girl
in case of pregnancies. High level tolerance of the practice by traditional leaders is an indication of the
contradiction in the legal system in Zimbabwe. According to Musiiwa (2016) traditional leaders rely more on
Customary Marriage Act that does not stipulate the age of marriage and hence, in most cases because of the
need to uphold culture, the traditional chiefs align themselves to Customary Marriage Act, thereby sanctioning
the marriage of girls below the age of 18 years.
Intervention strategies to deal with the practice of child marriage
Discussion with community members yielded a number of possible solutions to the problem of child
marriage. The proposed intervention strategies zeroed on the family, community and national level to address
the socio-cultural factors that create conducive environment in the proliferation of child marriage.
Promotion of girls’ education
One of the panaceas to curb the practice of child marriage is the provision of education and
opportunities for girls. Such education should be inclusive of guiding and counselling sessions that teaches life
skills lessons as well as reproductive health issues to curb incidences of girls falling pregnant while at school
and below the age of 18 years.
One participant said,
“My advice is that girls should go to school. Where we live, we have cases of girls who are getting married
at a tender age. So, in my case, I counsel my child using the examples of those who married earlier.”(Male,
35 years, ordinary member of the community).
It can be commented that an educational policy that encourage girls to stay in school and those who drop out of
school because of pregnancies should be accommodated back in the school system after giving birth. Such
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policies will encourage girls to continue to be in school instead of becoming child brides when they fall
pregnant at a tender age. One such policy that needs to be effectively monitored and implemented in Zimbabwe
is P35 Circular that encourages schools to absorb back in class any girl who would have fallen pregnant to
return and continue with her education after giving birth( Education Act, 25.4 Amendment 2020).
Provision of better livelihoods for the communities
One other panacea that came out of the discussions during data collection is the provision of better
livelihoods for families and communities. To curb the practice of domination and exploitation of girls who
married off as children.
One participant said:
So government should come up with a programme to pay school fees for girls whose parents are not able to
provide for them. I also say, government should give people hand-outs of food so that poor households can
have access to food.” (Female, 32 years, ordinary member of the community).
Concerning the same matter, another participant added on by saying:
“I think I need to mention that the government should stop the so called panning in all set ups because these
are our hot spot areas in terms of child marriage. For example, along the Mazoe River, the gold panners
entice young girls with money. When girls meet with these panners, because of their poor background, they
fall for them, engaging in sexual escapades that may lead to early pregnancies.”(Male, 45 years, NGO
officer).
Participants‟ views on the provision of better livelihoods provides a clear testimony on the level of
vulnerabilities of girls in Rushinga District. This is compounded by poor backgrounds and it is imperative for
the government and NGOs operating in the area to support the communities with income generating projects
that reduces high levels of vulnerabilities of the girls as well as help families to be self-sustainable thereby
curbing the proliferation of the practice of child marriage.
Harmonisation of laws that prohibit the practice of child marriage
Discussions with participants in Rushinga District identified another strategy to deal with problem of
child marriage. Participants cited that intervention has to do with harmonisation of laws that a meant to prohibit
the marriage of girls below the age of 18 years. As it stands, some of the laws contradicts the Constitution of
Zimbabwe that outlawed the practice of child marriage in 2013. Such laws include the Customary marriage Act
and the Children‟s Act.
One participant notes:
“There is a contradiction in the laws of Zimbabwe, recently it was announced that the Constitution outlaws
any marriage of anyone below the age of 18 years and yet the customary law is silent on age limit. Worse
still, our parliamentarians are doing nothing during their sitting to harmonise the laws.”(Male, 49 years,
teacher).
In this regard it can be commented that laws in Zimbabwe should be harmonised along the lines of the
constitution. For instance, the customary marriage Act is silent on the age limit to marry while the Children‟s
Act stipulates that person can be regarded as a child up to the age 16 years and can consent to sexual intimacy at
16 years. Conversely, the Constitution of Zimbabwe of 2013 which is supreme law states that anyone below the
age of 18 years is a child and should not get married (Nyamadzawo, 2015; Plan International, 2015; Musiwa,
2018).
Advocacy and empowerment of girls
One emerging remedy to curb the proliferation of child marriage in Rushinga District is to spearhead
advocacy activities for the rights of girls as well as empowerment of the girls. Advocacy should target the
community at large and in particular dialogue should involve traditional leaders who are the gatekeepers of the
traditions in the community. Successively, advocacy through involvement of opinion leaders will ensure that
there is prevention, reporting and prosecution of offences that has to do with child marriage.
One participant said,
“There is need to have dialogue meetings with various groups such as traditional leaders, churches and
ordinary members in the community. Our entry point is traditional leadership such as chiefs; you will see
that if a chief says no to something in the community, that thing cannot be done. Hence, there is need for
these meetings to promote awareness because learning is a process; it cannot happen in a fortnight.
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Someone can justify self, one may say that my grandmother was married at 14 years and she bore many
children but she never contracted any disease like cervical cancer. Dialogue meetings will yield positive
results to deal with myths.”(Male, 55 years, teacher).
In this light it can be argued that advocacy and empowerment of the girls through life skills training at
school and community level will ensure that community members become aware of the dangers associated with
the practice of child marriage. According to Bulla (2014) awareness campaigns are essential to curb the practice
of child marriage and the violation of children‟s rights. One example, is that of Mberengwa District, where Save
the Children (NGO) is training community members at ward level and district level on the rights of children.
Consequently, the organisation is educating traditional leaders and ordinary members in the community about
children‟s rights through the provision of Education Information and Communication (IEC) material targeting
harmful traditional practices such as appeasement of spirits and sexual dalliance that lead to the practice of child
marriage.
V. CONCLUSION
The primary focus of the study was to examine the influence of socio-cultural factors in the spreading
of the practice of child marriage. The views that were generated from the study corroborated with literature
review and validation of the theoretical framework on how socio- cultural factors influence the practice of child
marriage. Responses from the semi structured interviews justified the claim that socio cultural factors such as
pledging of girls, sexual dalliance and appeasement of spirits are key drivers of the practice of child marriage. In
addition, the culture of lobola payment has made the practice spiral as some parents get lobola from marrying
off daughters as a way of generating a livelihood.
In order to curb the practice of child marriage it is important for the government of Zimbabwe to harmonise the
laws such as the Customary Marriage Act, Children Act in line with the constitution so that the inherent
contradictions can be ratified. Accordingly, advocacy at family and community level should target harmful
traditional practices that fuel the practice of child marriage. At the same time education for girls should be taken
seriously and laws such as the Education Act should be enforced to keep the girls in school to escape the noose
of child marriage.
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