periodontal disease

2.  JOHN.M.LAST(1988)- the study of the
distribution and determinants of health
related events in a specified populations,
and the applications of this study to the
control of health problems

3.  Describe the health status of populations
 Elucidate the etiology of diseases
 Identify risk factors
 Forecast diseases occurrence
 Assist in disease prevention and control

4.  Epidemiological triad:

5. Agent
Environmen
t
Host

6.  AGENT:
- Plaque and calculus
 HOST:
- Age,Gender,Diet,Habits,Systemic
factors, Anatomy
ENVIORNMENT:
- Geographic variation, cultural
factors,psychological factors

7.  Greene in 1960
Bombay, India- Atlanta, Georgia - 1,613
males,aged eleven, thirteen, fifteen, and
seventeen, in India and 577 males -in
Atlanta. 63 Indian males, eighteen to thirty
years of age- rural area near Bombay.
 Periodontal disease- more severe in India
than in Atlanta. Oral calculus – India,
oral debris - Atlanta

8.  The rural persons -more severe periodontal
disease, calculus,debris
 The language, religion, method of cleansing
the teeth, materials used in cleansing the
teeth, and frequency of cleansing

9.  Dutta in 1965
 Survey on 1424 Boys and Girls in Calcutta
 Age group: 6-12 years
 Results: 89.8% affected with gingivitis

10.  Mehta and Sanjana in 1956
 Survey on 1640 children in Bombay city School
 Age group: 11-16 years
 Results: 96.9% affected with gingivitis
 Ramfjord in 1961
 Study on boys in rural and urban areas of Bombay
 Results:
 Urban (1161)- 100 % gingivitis
 2.2% resorption
 Rural (159)-100% gingivitis
 42.4% resorption

11.  Gupta(1962)- 11-50 yrs – trivandrum-
periodontal disease 100% after 30 yrs – 90%
between- 11- 30 yrs
 Ramachandra etal(1973)- tamilnadu-
periodontal disease in rural and urban- 95.3%
and 95.5%

12.  Anil etal 1990- 15-44 yr old in trivandrum-
calculus and bleeding more frequent in 15-
19%,shallow pockets- 80% of subjects- 25-29
yrs, deep pockets more than 6mm -33% 0f
35-44years
 Sequeira etal 1999- 287 institutionalized
elderly- 60 yrs and above – mangalore-
shallow pockets in 32.29% of dentate
subjects

13.  Srikanth g etal- 2000- 300 subjects – 15 yrs
and above – fisherman community- udupi
district- prevalance of periodontal disease
was 91% and there was dominance of
calculus .

14.  National Oral Health Survey and Fluoride
Mapping 2002-2003
 Percent subjects with periodontal disease in
India by age
 12 years-57
 15 years- 67.7
 35-44 years- 89.6
 65-74 years- 79.9

15.  National Oral Health Survey and Fluoride
Mapping 2002-2003
 Percent subjects with loss of attachment in
India by age
 15 years- 6.9
 35-44 years- 41.2
 65-74 years- 60.7


16.  A community-based study in North India
showed that periodontal disease experience
was correlated with age, oral hygiene
practices and possibly the presence of
cardiac disease( shah etal-2003)

17.  In the endemically fluorosed area of
Davangere, fluorosis was shown to be
associated with a lower prevalence and
severity of periodontal disease.( Anuradha
etal 2002)

18.  However, a later study, also from Davangere,
suggested a strong positive association
between fluorosis and periodontitis, but a
negative association for gingivitis.( Vandana
etal 2007)

19.  In Chennai, Southern India, application of
the Community Periodontal Index
methodology to all surfaces of all teeth in
HIV-seropositive patients and age-matched
controls revealed a high association between
periodontitis and immunosuppression and
oral candidiasis. (Ranganathan etal 2007)

20.  Parmar etal( 2008)-Chewing quid containing
areca nut and tobacco has adverse effects on
periodontal tissues
 Sumanth et al.( 2008)-Although betel nut
chewing has an adverse effect on periodontal
tissues, addition of tobacco to the pan has a
synergistic effect on periodontal conditions

21.  Rosamma etal( 2009) - provides evidence for
a greater prevalence and severity of
periodontal disease among patients with
renal disease. The periodontal health of all
patients with renal disease needs to be
carefully monitored.

22.  There should be a general representative
survey of atleast all the districts of india to
understand true prevalence of periodontitis.
The identification of disease burden will help
to judiciously utilize the limited resources
avaliable for periodontal health.