1. Challenging the Chip:
Labor rights and environmental justice in the
global electronics industry
挑战芯片：
全球电子产业中的劳工权利和环境正义
Organizing and Advocacy for Healthand Environmental Justice
in the High-Tech Industry
为高科技产业中的健康和环境正义而组织呐喊
Presented at Global Production, Economic Development, and labor
standards in the Information Technology Industry
Guangzhou, China
December, 2011
Ted Smith, Founder,
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition;
Electronics TakeBack Coalition; and
International Campaign for Responsible Technology
www.icrt.co

2. Unions 工会
Organizing Silicon Valley„s High Tech Workers
by David Bacon
组织硅谷高科技产业里的工人
http://dbacon.igc.org/Unions/04hitec1.htm
• From the beginning, high tech workers had to face an
industry-wide anti-union policy. Robert Noyce, who
participated in the invention of the transistor, and later
became a co-founder of Intel Corp., declared that
"remaining non-union is an essential for survival for
most of our companies. If we had the work rules that
unionized companies have, we'd all go out of
business. This is a very high priority for
management here. We have to retain flexibility in
operating our companies. The great hope for our nation
is to avoid those deep, deep divisions between workers
and management which can paralyze action."

3. Unions 工会
Organizing Silicon Valley„s High Tech Workers
by David Bacon
组织硅谷高科技产业里的工人
http://dbacon.igc.org/Unions/04hitec1.htm
• 高科技产业里的工人从一开始就面临行业
层面的反工会政策。参与电晶体发明、日
后成为英特尔公司创始人之一的Robert
Noyce曾宣称： " 无工会状态对公司的生
存至关重要。如果我们像那些有工会的企
业一样被工人控制，我们就都玩不下去了
。没有工会是管理的重中之重我们要保留
公司运营的灵活性。这个国家的未来在于
避免劳资双方之间导致无法行动的巨大分
裂。”

4. History of organizing for better conditions
为更好待遇而组织工会的历史
• In the mid 70's, a small group of people started
meeting to discuss concerns over the chemical-
handling aspects of the semiconductor industry
and what might be done to raise these issues
publicly. The group was called ECOSH (later
became SCCOSH). Electronics Committee for
Occupational Safety and Health. ECOSH
members included electronics workers,
occupational nurses, attorneys, industrial
hygienists, engineering and medical students,
labor, environmental and religious leaders.

5. History of organizing for better conditions
为更好待遇而组织工会的历史
• 70年代中期，一部分人开始聚在一起，讨论半导
体行业中的化学处理工序，以及如何提高这些问
题的公共关注程度。这个组织被被称为ECOSH (
后改名为SCCOSH).即电子行业职业安全和健康
委员会。 ECOSH 的成员包括电子产业工人、职
业护士、律师、卫生学家、工科和医科学生、劳
工、环境和宗教领袖。

6. History of organizing for better conditions
为更好待遇而组织工会的历史
• Another early SCCOSH project was Injured Workers
United, a support group for workers already affected by
chemical exposures, trying to secure fair compensation,
decent medical care and retraining. The Silicon Valley
Toxics Coalition (SVTC) also started out as an early
project of SCCOSH in 1982.
• SCCOSH的另一个早期项目是受害工人联合会，这是一
个为已经因为化学接触而感染的工人设立的组织，旨在帮
助其获取赔偿、医疗服务和再培训。硅谷防毒联盟也是
SCCOSH在1982年启动的一个早期项目。

7. 纽约时报New York Times –
November 10, 1984
标题：硅谷大量使用有毒物质引起担忧

8. Clean rooms and miscarriages
清洁厂房与流产
“ new concerns … may prove a potential black eye for
a high technology industry that … sought to portray
itself as clean and with little impact on the
environment.
“新的忧虑在于……人们没有意识到……高科技产业将自己粉饰
为对环境无害的清洁产业。
Women exposed to certain chemicals … in the nation’s
semiconductor factories face a significantly higher risk
of miscarriage, a broad industry-financed study has
found. The study is the 3rd in 4 years to find that …
glycol ethers have toxic effects. “
研究表明，半导体产业中暴露于某些化学物质的女性面临更高
的流产风险。这是4年来第三个发现乙二醇醚有毒的研究。”
Oct 12 and Dec. 4, 1992

9. Chip plants not safe in Scotland
苏格兰的芯片工厂不安全
Wall Street Journal 华尔街杂志
October 5, 1998
• SEMICONDUCTOR PLANTS AREN'T SAFE AND
CLEAN By BILL RICHARDS
• Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
• 半导体工厂既不安全也不干净 (作者BILL RICHARDS )
• GREENOCK, Scotland -- At the Inverclyde Advice
and Employment Rights Center here, two dozen
women crowd around a table. In angry Scottish
burrs, they recite a litany of medical problems:
cancers, birth defects, multiple miscarriages.
• 在因弗克莱德员工权利中心，二十多个女人围着桌子，用
愤怒的苏格兰颤音历数健康问题：癌症、生育缺陷、多次
流产。

10. IBM Corporate Mortality File
IBM公司死亡率文件
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626450
• IBM maintained records of 30,000 workers that identified
cause of death over 30 years
• IBM记录：30年来30,000个工人因癌症而死
• Records were analyzed by Dr. Richard Clapp,
epidemiologist at Boston Univ.
• 波士顿大学的流行病学家Richard Clapp做出分析
• Breast cancer deaths in women at IBM were 2.42 times
the expected number
• 因乳腺癌而死亡的女性人数是预期数值的2.42倍
• Similar findings for brain cancer, kidney cancer, non-
Hodgikins lymphoma 脑癌、肾癌和非霍奇金淋巴瘤也有
相似发现

11. Workplace PELS (if any) for carcinogens and
developmental toxics are much weaker than
environmental standards
工厂对致癌和有毒物质的防范标准远低于环境标准
•If the air you breathe at work contains 1 ppm
benzene, you are getting over 500 times the
dosage set by EPA to protect the most
vulnerable level of benzene with every breath
you take (industrial health standards are not
set to prevent birth defects in workers kids)
•If you breathe1 ppm of benzene at work, it
takes only 166 hours to get a complete lifetime
dose (using the federal public health exposure
limit. )

12. Workplace PELS (if any) for carcinogens and
developmental toxics are much weaker than
environmental standards
工厂对致癌和有毒物质的防范标准远低于环境标准
如果你工作场所的空气含1ppm苯，每一次呼吸你吸
入的苯会500倍于美国环境保护署确定的最有害苯
吸入量（工业健康标准没有保护员工免于生育缺
陷）
如果你在工厂呼吸1ppm苯的空气，只需要166个小
时就会吸入常人一辈子才会吸入的苯（根据联邦公
共卫生化学接触限制）

13. Env. STDD Yield in
Best OCC STDD
converted to 8 improved
8 hr. TWA Best Env. STDD
Toxic Agent hr. TWA worker
最高工作标准 最高环境标准
有毒物质防控机构 将环境标准转化 protection
8小时TWA浓度 NSRL or MCL 为8小时TWA浓度
工作标准与环
境标准的比例
1 part per
Benzene 苯 million
7 ug/day 1 part per billion 1,000:1
TCE三氯乙烯 25 ppm 80 ug/day 7 ppb 3,571:1
Perc四氯乙烯 25 ppm 14 ug/day .3 ppb 8,333:1
Methylene Chloride 25 ppm 0.005 mg/L 1 ppb 25,000:1

14. The wake up call !! 警世钟
The Fairchild Case --Groundwater
pollution in Silicon Valley poisons families
硅谷地下水毒害家庭

15. 排污区域生育缺陷率高

16. Moore‟s Law 摩尔定律

18. Inside an iPhone
iPhone里面

19. Inside your iPhone
你的iPhone里面

20. Our movement expands as
Industry moves out of S.V.
产业移出S.V.的同时我们的运动也在扩展
Global High-Tech Production is
Undergoing the Largest
Industrial Expansion in the
History of the World
全球高科技生产在经历有史以来最大的
扩张

21. We are undergoing the “Largest
industrial transition in history”
有史以来最大的产业转移
• 127 new fabs 127个新工厂
– Total exceeds $115 billion
超过1千1百50亿的总投资
– $1- 3 billion each 每个工厂10到30亿
– 300 mm fabs may double the cost
• 200 mm to 300 mm fabs: $14 billion
– “Largest industrial transition in history”
Source: SEMI

22. 出口危害：亚洲的高科技垃圾

23. E-Waste problems continue
电子垃圾问题在延续
• Wired for gold - (China Daily)
• 电线里的黄金《中国日报》
• Updated: 2011-11-16 07:59
• By Cheng Anqi and Erik Nilsson
• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/life/2011-11/16/content_14104157.htm

24. Recent studies from Taiwan
台湾近年的研究
Sung TI, Wang JD, Chen PC. Increased risks of infant
mortality and of deaths due to congenital malformation
in the offspring of male electronics workers. Birth
Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2008.
男性电子工人后代的先天畸形导致婴儿死亡风险增大
Chang YM, Tai CF, Yang SC, et al. Cancer incidence
among workers potentially exposed to chlorinated
solvents in an electronics factory. J Occup Health
2005;47:171-80.
电子产业工人暴露于氯化溶剂环境下的致癌几率

25. Summary of Occupational
Illness in Korean electronics
韩国电子业职业病情况统计
(compiled by Dr. Kong of SHARPS)
Samsung Electronics Total
三星电子 总计
Semiconductor LCD Mobile Etc. Subtotal
半导体 Phone 其他 小计
手机
No.of Victims Total 79 16 3 9 107 149
受害者数量 总计
Cancer 63 10 2 6 81 114
癌症
Total 27 7 2 5 41 59
总计
No.of Deaths
死亡数量 Cancer 23 6 1 5 35 53
癌症

26. KEY FINDINGS 5: BRANDS TURNED PROACTIVE
Checks on Use of Public I Push for Suppliers to Further Extension of
Supplier Information to Enhance Make Environmental
Violation Supply Chain Corrective Action Management into the
Checked
Comp Replied to Cases Management & Disclose Information Supply Chain
the
any Name NGO Directly
Purpose of Considered Decided to Corrective Regular Pushing Tier
公司名称 Letter
the Study Performed Performed Establishing Establish Action Disclosure of
Extended
1 Suppliers to
Initial In-depth to Main
a Search a Search & Discharge Manage Tier
Checks Checks Materials
Mechanism Mechanism Explanation Data 2
Suppliers
Siemens西门子 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X
Vodafone沃达丰 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X √
Philips飞利浦 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X √ X
Nokia诺基亚 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X
Alcatel-Lucent √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X
BT √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X √
HP惠普 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X
Samsung三星 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X
Sanyo三洋 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X
Sony索尼 √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X X
Toshiba东芝 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X
Panasonic松下 √ √ √ v √ X X X X X
Sharp夏普 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
Lenovo联想 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
Intel因特尔 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
Seiko Epson √ X √ √ √ X X X X X
Motorola摩托罗拉 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X
Hitachi日立 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X
Canon佳能 √ X √ √ X X X X X X
Cisco思科 √ X √ √ X X X X X X
Dell戴尔 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X
Apple苹果 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X
Haier海尔 √ √ √ X X X X X X X
TCL √ √ √ X X X X X X X
Foxconn富士康 √ √ √ X X X X X X X
SingTel √ √ √ X X X X X X X
BYD比亚迪 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
IBM √ X √ X X X X X X X
LG √ X √ X X X X X X X
Ericsson爱立信 √ X √ X X X X X X X
BlackBerry- Rim √ X √ X X X X X X X

27. KEY FINDINGS 5: BRANDS TURNED PROACTIVE
对供应商违规情况的检 利用公开信息进行供应 要求供应商正确行事并 供应链环境管理的进一
查 链管理的情况 公开信息 步延伸
回复NGO 确认调查
公司名称
信件 目的
直接延伸至 要求1级供
进行初步 进行深度 考虑设立 决定设立搜 正确行事 定期发布排
检查 主要原材料 应商管理2
检查 搜索机制 索机制 并解释 污数据
供应商 级供应商
Siemens西门子 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X
Vodafone沃达丰 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X √
Philips飞利浦 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X √ X
Nokia诺基亚 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X
阿尔卡特 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X
BT √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X √
HP惠普 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X
Samsung三星 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X
Sanyo三洋 √ √ √ √ √ X √ X X X
Sony索尼 √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X X
Toshiba东芝 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X
Panasonic松下 √ √ √ v √ X X X X X
Sharp夏普 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
Lenovo联想 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
Intel因特尔 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
Seiko Epson √ X √ √ √ X X X X X
Motorola摩托罗拉 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X
Hitachi日立 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X
Canon佳能 √ X √ √ X X X X X X
Cisco思科 √ X √ √ X X X X X X
Dell戴尔 √ √ √ √ X X X X X X
Apple苹果 √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X
Haier海尔 √ √ √ X X X X X X X
TCL √ √ √ X X X X X X X
Foxconn富士康 √ √ √ X X X X X X X
SingTel √ √ √ X X X X X X X
BYD比亚迪 √ √ √ X √ X X X X X
IBM √ X √ X X X X X X X
LG √ X √ X X X X X X X
Ericsson爱立信 √ X √ X X X X X X X
黑莓 √ X √ X X X X X X X

28. International Campaign for
Responsible Technology (ICRT)
责任技术国际运动
Global Symposium on Strategies for a
Sustainable High-Tech Industry
November 14-17, 2002
San Jose, CA
可持续高科技产业战略的全球论坛
http://www.svtc.org/icrt/index.html

29. International Campaign for
Responsible Technology (ICRT)
责任技术国际运动
Mission Statement, 使命声明
adopted November 16, 2002
• We are an international solidarity network that
promotes corporate and government
accountability in the global electronics industry.
We are united by our concern for the lifecycle
impacts of this industry on health, the
environment and workers' rights.我们是促进公司
和政府在全球电子产业中负责人的国际劳工网
络。我们因对该产业导致的健康、环境和工人权
利问题的关注而团结起来。

30. UN expert meeting charts the way forward on
hazardous chemicals in electronic products
Historic meeting addresses entire lifecycle of electronics
For the first time, more than 100 experts from
around the world gathered in Vienna, Austria to
make recommendations for a UN process on
reducing and eliminating hazardous chemicals in
the design, manufacturing, and end of life stages
of electronic products. Concerns over toxic
exposures during manufacturing, use, and
recycling of electronic products provoked
governments, the private sector, and public
interest NGOs from around the world to call for
the meeting at a global conference in 2009.

31. UN expert meeting charts the way forward on
hazardous chemicals in electronic products
联合国专家针对电子产品中的有害化学物质起草文件
Historic meeting addresses entire lifecycle of electronics
针对电子产品生命周期的历史性会议
• 有史以来第一次，来自世界各地的100多位专家
聚集在奥地利维也纳，为联合国旨的一个活动做
出建议，该活动旨在消除电子垃圾设计、生产和
丢弃时产生的有害化学物质。对电子产设计、制
造、使用和回收过程中产生的电子垃圾的担忧促
使世界各地的政府、企业界和公益组织号召在
2009年的一次国际会议上讨论这个问题。

32. Key Recommendations from
SAICM in Vienna
维也纳SAICM的主要建议
Delegates developed key recommendations:
• eliminating chemical hazards during design;
• phasing-out hazardous substances;
• improving information transparency and flow;
• ensuring equal protection of workers,
communities, and consumers;
• preventing export of hazardous electronic
wastes from developed to developing countries;
• and controlling export and import of near-end-
of-life equipment.

33. Key Recommendations from
SAICM in Vienna
维也纳SAICM的主要建议
• 代表们形成的主要建议：
在生产环节消除化学危害；
• 逐渐淘汰有害物质的使用；
• 促进信息透明和流动；
• 保证对工人、社区和消费者的同等保护；
• 防止有害电子垃圾从发达国家向发展中国家的转
移；
• 控制即将达到使用寿命的设备的进出口

34. What about EICC?
EICC又如何呢？
Key critique by Good Electronics:
– EICC code is not sufficiently aligned with international
labour standards/ILO conventions (This point was
supported by Verité)
– Very problematic that right to collective bargaining is not
included. (This point was supported by Verité)
– Code lacks specific details and enforcement
– Language of the EICC code is – in places – vague and
ambiguous
– As a result, code lacks credibility and effectiveness

35. What about EICC?
EICC又如何呢？
• Good Electronics的主要批评：
• EICC规则不充分符合国际劳工标准或国际劳
工组织传统；
• 集体谈判的协议没有包括在内，这点很成问题
；
• 规则缺乏细节和执行力；
• EICC规则的语言含糊不清；
• 结果是，规则没有可信度和效果

36. Key Points from the ANROEV Electronics Workshop
the ANROEV 电子业研讨会的要点
Jaipur India Nov 17,2001
• Broadening our electronics network
扩展电子业网络
• Improving communications (internal and external)促进内部和
外部交流
• Mapping (supply chain and health)
绘制产业链和健康关系图
• Continued research to link toxic exposure to health in
electronics
继续对电子业中暴露于有毒物质与健康关系的研究
• Planning for ICRT‟s 10th anniversary in 2012
2012年ICRT10周年纪念的计划

37. For Further Information:
更多信息
Ted Smith –
International Campaign for Responsible Technology &
Electronics TakeBack Coalition
tsmith@igc.org; +408-242-6707
www.icrt.co; www.electronicstakeback.com/home/
http://www.archive.org/details/pioneeractivistsil00smitrich
http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt2b69r7hf;style=oac4;view=dsc