2. Table of contents
Mutations
Causes, definition, symptoms
Chromosome and gene mutations
Is this genetic disorder is…
Statistics, Interesting facts, story, citations
01
03
02
04
Descriptions of Alzheimer’s disease
Harmful? Neutral? Beneficial?
More informations
3. What is Alzheimer Disease?
❖ Genetic disorder degenerative
neurological disease
❖ Similar to dementia (symptoms
were similar)
➢ Gradual loss of memory
➢ Ability to functions
➢ Judgement
❖ Usually Happens in old ages
❖ Behavioral and personality change
❖ Most common cause of dementia
❖ Considered a neurodegenerative
disease
4. Characteristics/Symptoms of
Alzheimer’s Disease
❖ Symptoms/Characteristics:
➢ Poor memories
➢ Difficulty of learning
➢ Ability to functions
➢ Emotional change
➢ Apraxia
➢ Agnosia
➢ Depression
➢ Aphasia
5. Any cures? Life Expectancy?
Cure:
❖ Currently, there’s no cures for
Alzheimer's disease.
❖ But there are some things that
could prevent this disease:
➢ Enhancing cholinergic
neurotransmission
■ Using acetylcholine
degrading enzyme
inhibitors
Life Expectancy:
❖ Around 8~10 years after the
Alzheimer disease happens
6. Mutation
These are the Alzheimer’s chromosome and gene mutations:
❖ Chromosomes
➢ PSEN-1 (chromosome 14)
➢ PSEN-2 (chromosome 1)
➢ E4 (chromosome 19)
➢ Trisomy
7. Mutation
These are the Alzheimer’s chromosome and gene mutations:
❖ Genes:
Alzheimer’s disease sporadic (late-onset)
➢ APOE e4 x 1 = ↑ risk
➢ APOE e4 x 2 = ↑↑risk
➢ E4 alleles of apolipoprotein (APOE) E gene (APOE e4)
❖ Alzheimer’s disease familial (early-onset)
➢ PSEN-1 (chromosome 14)
➢ PSEN-2 (chromosome 1)
■ Both were related to sporadic alzheimer’s.
8. Harmful? Neutral? Beneficial?
In conclusion, it is HARMFUL.
❖ APP (amyloid precursor protein)
➢ Chopped by an enzyme called alpha
secretase (soluble= (X) effects to our health)
➢ Beta secretase
➢ (NOT soluble= (O) effects to our health)
➢ Creates beta-amyloid plaques
● 1). Disrupts signaling
● 2). Immune response
● 3). Deposit around blood vessels
(brain)
❖ Brain atrophies (shrinks)
➢ Gyri get narrower
➢ Sulci get wider
➢ Ventricles get larger
10. Statistics
❖ Common for Older-Adults
❖ Highest: 75~84
➢ As sporadic (late-onset)
alzheimer increases the risk with
the age, we can make a
hypothesis that the purple part
is due to the sporadic
alzheimer.
➢ It has low possibilities for
familial (early-onset)
alzheimer, because according to
the UCSF, about less than 5% is
inherited by parents.
An estimated 5.8 million Americans age 65 and older are living with
Alzheimer's dementia in 2020. Eighty percent are age 75 or older.
11. Interesting facts
❖ Having heart disease can increase
the risk of having alzheimer’s
disease
❖ Almost two-thirds of Americans
with Alzheimer’s disease are woman
❖ 1 in 3 senior dies with Alzheimer’s or
another form of dementia
12. Story
Kamaria and her mother, who was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
Kamaria is focused on managing her mother's care and doing what is best for them both.
Her main support network is her extended family, as she has struggled with the support
groups recommended by the Alzheimer's Association.
She is navigating the course of the disease, including accepting her mother into an adult
child care program.
Kamaria knows things will change as the disease progresses, and she wants her mom to
know that decisions about her treatment come from the heart.
13. Citations
“7 Alzheimer’s Facts to Share: HomeCEU Infographic.” HomeCEUConnection, 4 Nov. 2019,
www.homeceuconnection.com/blog/7-alzheimers-facts-infographic/. Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
“알츠하이머병 | 질환백과 | 의료정보 | 건강정보 | 서울아산병원.” Www.amc.seoul.kr, 서울아산병원,
www.amc.seoul.kr/asan/mobile/healthinfo/disease/diseaseDetail.do?contentId=31999#:~:text=%EC%95%
8C%EC%B8%A0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%B3%91%EC%9D%80%20%EC%9D
%B4%EC%83%81%20%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88. Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
Alzheimer's Association. “2020 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures.” Alzheimer’s & Dementia, vol. 16,
no. 3, Mar. 2020, pp. 391–460, alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alz.12068,
https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068. Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
“Alzheimer’s Disease - Plaques, Tangles, Causes, Symptoms & Pathology.” Www.youtube.com, Osmosis
from Elsevier, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5gdH_Hydes&ab_channel=OsmosisfromElsevier.
“Alzheimer’s Disease: MedlinePlus Genetics.” Medlineplus.gov,
medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alzheimers-disease/. Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
“Familial Alzheimer’s Disease.” Memory and Aging Center, The Regents of the University of
California, memory.ucsf.edu/genetics/familial-alzheimer-
disease#:~:text=Less%20than%205%25%20of%20Alzheimer. Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
National Institute on Aging. “What Is Alzheimer’s Disease?” National Institute on Aging, 8
July 2021, www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-and-dementia/what-alzheimers-disease.
Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
“One Day at a Time: Kamaria’s Story | Biogen Stories.” Www.biogen.com,
www.biogen.com/stories/kamaria-story.html. Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
“The Later Stage of Dementia | Alzheimer’s Society.” Www.alzheimers.org.uk, 18 June 2021,
www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/how-dementia-
progresses/later-stages-dementia#:~:text=types%20of%20dementia%3F-. Accessed 25 Feb.
2024.
Wikipedia Contributors. “Alzheimer’s Disease.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Nov.
2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease#/media/File:Brain-ALZH.png.
Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.
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