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語⾔言的魔法:
模糊邏輯遊戲
從1+1=1到1+1=2的練習
與社會哲學實驗
第⼀一部分:“對”的認知訓練
較真確
•

1+1=2

!
•

有作⽤用⼒力就有反作⽤用⼒力

!
!
•

邏輯學的⼀一⾨門分⽀支模糊邏輯認為,從全
真命題到全假命題,很多時並不是⿊黑⽩白
分明。

吃了毒藥會死

在這個遊戲裡,我們要運⽤用“對”的最廣
定義辨別在⽇日常⽣生活⽤用各種似是⽽而⾮非的
句⼦子,並把它們排到我們的“真確虛偽
光譜”中。

!
!
•

明天會下⾬雨

!
!
!
•

較虛無

⽉月球⽐比地球⼤大

•

1+1=1

反覆應⽤用這個技巧,在不斷的討論之中,
可以加深對“真確度 truthlikeness”的認
識,順道也可以學會把各種語⾔言偽術和
包裝技巧⼀一⼀一擊破。
不同種類的命題
•

邏輯定理層⾯面:若A則B,A,所以B

•

精神層⾯面:我思故我在

•

物理定理層⾯面:物質由原⼦子組成

•

預知層⾯面:颱⾵風明天會來

•

道德層⾯面:富⼈人應對窮⼈人施予援助

•

感官層⾯面:鑽地聲⾳音好吵

•

語⾔言指涉層⾯面:⻄西班⽛牙不是⼀一種⽛牙
語⾔言的陷阱
•

命題真確度與語句的指涉範圍有重⼤大關聯。⼀一般
⽽而⾔言,語句的指涉愈模糊,使⽤用廣義理解⽅方式解
讀為“真”的可能愈⼤大,同時也代表命題的真確度
低。

•

例⼦子:藍⼭山咖啡的芬芳⾹香氣會讓⼈人著迷

•

利⽤用誇⼤大失實的語句混淆視聽,是產品和政治宣
傳的常⽤用技倆。分析命題的真確度可以協助我們
從重重語⾔言迷霧中找到真相。
語意分析
藍⼭山¹咖啡²的芬芳⾹香氣³會讓⼈人著迷⁴
¹中美州⽛牙買加島國藍⼭山⼭山脈,在本句中指涉咖啡⾖豆
的產地(⽽而不是品牌名字)
²咖啡⾖豆烘焙後以各種⽅方式煮製⽽而成的飲料
³使⼤大部分⼈人感到愉快的氣味
⁴⼤大部分⼈人會對⾹香氣產⽣生記憶,並會有想再次聞到的
慾望
無法分析真確度的命題

•

%#^#$%@$#@ (無法理解的句⼦子)

•

羅素悖論:我只幫城裡所有不⾃自⼰己刮臉的⼈人刮臉
試試看?

較真確
•

1+1=2

!
!

•

參予者輪流在真確虛偽光譜上
加⼊入新的命題

•

新命題的真確度可以在現有命
題之間,或是等於現有的命題

•

亦可以調整現有命題的真確度

•

排序分析要有所理據。參予者
必須提出說明

•

這是個邏輯⼩小遊戲,不會有標
準答案。⺫⽬目標是希望參予者之
間會達成某程度的共識

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
•

較虛無

1+1=1
較真確
•
•

我現在在這兒

•

有作⽤用⼒力就有反作⽤用⼒力

•

⼈人會呼吸

•

地球是圓的

•

吃了毒藥會死

•

政府要為⼈人⺠民服務

•

讀好書就找到好⼯工作

•

明天會下⾬雨

•

政府受⼈人⺠民愛戴

•

亂抛垃圾是件好事

•

吃了蘋果就能飛

•

較虛無

1+1=2

⽉月亮⽐比地球⼤大

•

1+1=1
第⼆二部分:“有⽤用”的命題討論
較真確
•

1+1=2

命題範圍收窄

!
!

•

參予者會發現部分命題會產⽣生較
多爭議

•

光譜中較真確部分屬於形⽽而上的
分析,與現實⽣生活沒有太⼤大關聯

•

愈往下會出現愈多道德倫理和語
理分析上的爭論,亦⽐比較貼近⽣生
活

•

活動的⺫⽬目的不是讓參加者表達⽴立
場,⽽而是從找出命題的各項前題
中客觀分析每項⽴立場背後的意念

!
!
!
•

製作⻝⾷食品要有良⼼心

•

純天然花⽣生油要有花
⽣生

•

監視器不可以完全沒
有畫⾯面

!
•

⾮非核家園⽐比較好

•

誰誰誰是個好總統

!

較虛無

•

1+1=1
例⼦子(⼀一)
•

“⾮非核家園⽐比較好”

•

在⼀一般理解下“⾮非核家園”泛指國家使⽤用核⼦子以外所有能源來源發電的政策,
同時亦指抗拒⼀一切以核分裂和核融合技術產⽣生能量的建設在國家進⾏行。

•

本句的“⽐比較好”定義模糊。無論是⽐比較的對象和形式都沒有直接指涉

•

本句同情理解之⼀一:⼤大家都不希望核電廠蓋在家附近,所以本句的“好”意指
避免核電廠蓋在家附近產⽣生的負⾯面情緒的“好”

•

本句同情理解之⼆二:有⼈人認為核能發電必定會產⽣生意外。以此為前提,“⾮非
核家園”從根源杜絕核能意外的發⽣生。在考慮過事故的危險度得出“⾮非核家
園”對全體⼈人都⽐比較好的結論

•

以“⾮非核家園”或“⾮非核家園⽐比較好”作為⼝口號的確容易訴諸情感。但沒有⼀一定
的⽴立場背景⽀支持下,此⼀一判斷容易有失客觀,亦有較低真確度。
例⼦子(⼆二)
•

“純天然就是健康”

•

在⼀一般理解下“健康”泛指不會引起⾝身體疾病或其他不適

•

“天然”廣義可以理解成宇宙萬物,⽽而在⽐比較狹窄的定義下亦可以理
解為“未經⼈人⼯工或機器再處理”的⻝⾷食材。但這定義本⾝身也有問題:⼈人
類也是天然之物,那為什麼⼈人⼯工處理就不是天然?同理機器也是⼈人
取⾃自天然之物製作,為什麼機器處理能讓天然變得不天然?到底是
怎樣的“再處理”才能讓天然之物變得不天然?

•

為什麼天然就是健康?很多有毒物都是天然存在於世上的

•

在沒有⼀一定的⽴立場背景⽀支持下,“純天然”⼀一詞主要訴取⼈人們對有毒
⼯工業製造添加物的恐懼⽽而將其真實意圖忽略掩蓋,故真確度⾮非常低。
再試試看?

較真確
•

1+1=2

!
!

•

把命題的範圍收窄,選擇特
定議題再進⾏行同樣的活動

•

⼀一些主題建議:

教育

公⺠民意識

⻝⾷食物安全

常⾒見宣傳標語

•

嘗試從命題的前提讀出其所
代表的道德(偏利他或偏利
⼰己主義)或政治觀點(偏資
本或偏社會主義)

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
•

較虛無

1+1=1
較真確
•
•

教育為孩⼦子提供⽣生活所需知識
和技能的學習機會

•

語⾔言教育⼗十分重要

•

從⼩小提供邏輯訓練可以培育更
多⼈人才

•

讀好書就找到好⼯工作

•

教育系統需要改⾰革

•

較虛無

1+1=2

教育的責任在⽼老師上

•

1+1=1
第三部分:造句練習
模仿宣傳

較真確
•

1+1=2

!
!

•

誇張失實的宣傳⽂文案充斥於
我們四周

•

編寫這些⽂文案,並不⼀一定需
要親⾝身體驗過產品、服務。
甚⾄至這些產品也並不需要實
際存在

•

為虛構的產品或服務編寫⽂文
案,可以探討哪些虛無/真
確描述⽐比較容易打動⼈人⼼心

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

較虛無

•

1+1=1
較真確
•

1+1=2

A牌洗碗精可以讓油份以懸浮形式與⽔水混
合,以起清潔之作⽤用

•
!
!

•

例⼦子
A牌洗碗精

!

A牌洗碗精含有表⾯面活性劑,能有效去除
!
碗碟上的油污
!

• ! A牌洗碗精純天然材料無添加,有極強潔
! ⼒力⼜又同時⼜又呵護⽪皮膚
!

• ! A牌超油切洗碗精以⾼高科技揉合傳統製皂

⽅方法以純天然材料製成,且可⾃自然分解,
!
對環境無害。

較虛無

•

1+1=1
結語
•

現代社會專⾨門的知識太多太繁雜,無法⼀一⼀一學會。
在⽣生活上無論是使⽤用產品、服務,還是選擇在事
件上的⽴立場都無可避免要⽤用到別⼈人提供的介紹⽂文
字。從這個⼩小練習可以看到,有些⽂文字表述的內
容雖然為真,但距離真確度卻⽐比較遠。這種⽂文字
對⼈人有⼀一種吸引⼒力,卻同時⼜又是可怕的毒藥。

•

我們需要學習辨明是⾮非⿊黑⽩白的同時,要能覺察⽂文
字的模糊性並推論出⽂文字的真確度。另⼀一⽅方⾯面,
當我們是散播信息的⼀一⽅方時,我們則應該盡量以
精準的⽅方式準確描述我們所說的話。
延伸閱讀
•

Truthlikeness in Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truthlikeness/

•

Fuzzy logic on Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic


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模糊邏輯遊戲