3.
Ratio & Rate
Proportion & Its Types
Percentage And Its forms into other
fractions
Profit And Loss
Discount
Commission
Interest & Its Types
Hire Purchase
Taxation
Exchange Rates
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
3
4. Ratio is the comparasion of two similar quantaties
having same unirs by dividing one by an other.
ratio are written with colon “:” symbol.
The ratio of two numbers A and B is written as
A:B
example : ratio of ages of two people, comparasion
of marks of two students etc.
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
4
5. Simple tools are referred as 5/8,3/6 wrench
Artistic types use ratio to mix sec. And ter.
Colours to make primary colours.
Great chefs work with recipes in ratios such
as teaspoon/cup of an other.
In banks and accounting ratio is used as
Debt/assert
Price/earning
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
5
6. Rate is the ratio between two
measurements with different units.
Rate is not unit less while ratio has no unit.
In rates, “per” is used to separate two
measurements.
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
6
8.
Proportion says that two ratios (or fractions) are
equal.
So 1-out-of-3 is equal to 2-out-of-6
The ratios are the same, so they are in proportion.
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
8
9. Proportion types
9
Direct Proportion
One quantity increases when
other increases.
Inverse Proportion
One quantity decreases while
other increaeses.
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
10. So 50% means 50 per
100
(50% of this box is
green)
Samreen And Tania Sahito
And 25% means 25 per
100
(25% of this box is
green)
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
10
11. Percentage to common fraction
let we have 56% ,than in will be written as
56/100 or we may further simplify it.
Percentage to decimal fraction
Let we have 45%, then it will be written in
decimal as 0.45.
Both types of fractions are changed into
fraction by merely multiplying the given
number by 100.
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
11
12. Change into common fraction:
a. 23.6%=23.6/100=236/100
b. 45/3%=45/3x100=45/300=15/100
c. 444%=444/100=111/25
Change into decimal fraction
a. 34%=34/100=0.34
b. 511%=511/100=5.11
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
12
13.
A change in a value can be shown as an
increase or decrease from the original value
% increase = increase in value x 100%
original value
% decrease = decrease in value x 100 %
original value
Decrease in value = original value – new value
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
13
14. Profit:
Profit is simply the positive gain from a
business operation or an investment after
subtracting all expenses.
Profit=Selling Price – Cost price
Profit % =profit/c.p x100%
Loss:
A negative difference between
retail price and cost of production.
loss =cost price – selling price
loss % =loss /c.p x 100%
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
14
15. 1.A shopkeeper buys scientific calculators in bulk for $15 each. He sells
them for $40 each.
Calculate the profit on each calculator in dollars, and as a percentage
of the cost price.
Given: cost price = $15, selling price = $40
profit = selling price - cost price
= $40 - $15
= $25
2.The cost price of a pen is Rs.120 and shopkeeper sells it in Rs.79
.Find the loss occurred.
Given : c.p=Rs 120 , S.P=Rs79
Loss= c.p – S.P
=120 – 79
= Rs.39
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
15
16.
Discount is reduction on the original selling price of
an item
Percentage discount is the percentage taken off the
price
Discount = original selling prices – new selling prices
% discount =
discount
original selling prices
Discount = % discount
x
Samreen And Tania Sahito
x
100%
original prices
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
16
17. Advantages:
› You make sell when others make no sell
› Through this, strong relationship is build
between client and traders.
Disadvantages:
› Profit Margin is cut i.e,no profit is made
› Costumers may compare prices.
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
17
18. Example:
A bookseller sells a book in Rs.139 and
gives discount of Rs.30 .Find market /list
price of the book.
Sol. S.p=Rs.135
Discount=Rs.30
List price=? Discount=L.P – S.P
L.P=S.P+Discount
L.P=139+30=Rs.169
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
18
19.
A fee paid for services, usually a percentage of the
total cost.
Example: Jack's Gallery sold Amanda's painting for
$500, so Amanda paid them 10% commission ($50).
The rate of commission is the percentage earned by
the seller of the total amount of goods or services
sold
Commission = rate of commission x total sales
Rate of commission = commission x 100%
total sales
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
19
20. A shopkeeper receives Rs.13 commission
for selling a dozen eggs at Rs.50 each
dozen .find the commission rate.
Sol . S.P=RS.50 ,commission=Rs.13 ,
Commission rate=?
Commission rate=commission /S.Px100
=13/50x100=Rs.26
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
20
21.
Interest is the fee or cost of using others
money.
› Money barrower pays interest.
› Money lender earns interest.
interest
Simple
interest
Samreen And Tania Sahito
Compound
interest
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
21
22. Simple interest is interest paid on the
original principal only
Formula:
I = p× r × t
where
I= Interest , P=Principal,
R=interest rate ,
T=Time
Interest rate = simple interest x 100%
principal x time
,
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
22
23. A sum of $ 315 was barrowed for 3 years
at 3% per annum .What is simple interest
and the new amount after 3 years.
Sol . P= $315 ,R=3 % T=3 I=? ,
New Amount =?
I=PRT
I=315x3x3/100 I= $ 28.35 Ans
New amount=P+I N.A=315+28.35
N.W= $ 343.35 Ans
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
23
24. 24
Compound interest is the interest
earned not only on the original principal, but
also on all interests earned previously.
* it is calculated per year on sum of
principal and interest of previous year.
Formula: I=PRT
New amount=P(1+r)n
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
25. 25
Hentry
Moore ,the piano maker first uesed
this system in 1846.
Hire purchase is the purchase of a product
with a portion of the cost put down at time
of purchase and the rest paid over time.
H.P= Deposit + instalment payments
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
26.
27. 27
Tax is a payment made to the
government of a country with out “
quid pro quo” i.e. nothing in return.
Taxes consist of direct or indirect
taxes and may be paid in money or as
its labour equivalent.
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
28.
Expenditures on war
The enforcement of law and public order
Protection of property
To fund welfare and public services
To support education systems, health care
systems
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
28
29. 29
The price of a nation’s currency in
terms of another currency.
It has two components.
Domestic currency
Foreign currency
Samreen And Tania Sahito
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
30. Currency
U.S. Dollar
Euro
British Pound
UAE Dirham
Saudi Riyal
Kuwaiti Dinar
Canadian Dollar
Australian Dollar
Omani Riyal
Japanese Yen
Malaysian Ringgit
Qatari Riyal
Bahrain Dinar
Thai Bhat
Chinese Yuan
Hong Kong Dollar
Danish Krone
New Zealand Dollar
Singapore Dollar
Norwegians Krone
Swedish Krona
Swiss Franc
Indian Rupee
Symbol
USD
EUR
GBP
AED
SAR
KWD
CAD
AUD
OMR
JPY
MYR
QAR
BHD
THB
CNY
HKD
DKK
NZD
SGD
NOK
SEK
CHF
Samreen And Tania Sahito
INR
Buying
105.65
143.75
175.50
28.60
28.05
374.25
95.50
94.75
272.75
1.04
31.50
28.55
279.50
3.12
17.05
13.25
19.05
87.60
83.25
17.00
16.00
117.25
3/8/2014 12:49 PM
1.60
Selling
105.90
144.00
175.75
28.85
28.30
374.50
95.75
95.00
273.00
1.04
31.75
28.80
279.75
3.22
17.30
13.50
19.30
87.85
83.50
17.25
16.25
117.50
30
1.65
