Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics

1. Prepared by :
Rahand Saman Tahir
Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics

2. • Imidazothiazole are bicyclic heterocycles consisting of an imidazole ring
fused to a thiazole ring , any derivative of this compound . Especially
one that is any of a class of anthelminthic .
Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics

3. Tetramisole Levamisole
Examples of Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics drug

4. • marketed under the trade name Ergamisol, is
a medication used to treat parasitic worm infections
• Levamisole acts on the roundworm nervous system
and is not ovicidal.
Levamisole

5. • It has nicotine-like action, stimulating and subsequently blocking
the neuromuscular junctions .
Mechanism of Action

6. Levamisole is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and
metabolized in the liver it's excretion is primarily through the kidneys,
with about 70% being excreted over 3 days. Only about 5% is excreted as
unchanged Levamisole
Metabolism

7. • Its time to peak plasma concentration is 1.5–2 hours. The metabolite
half-life is 16 hours and The plasma elimination half-life is fairly quick at
3–4 hours which can contribute to not detecting Levamisole
intoxication.
Metabolism

8. • Ruminants : levamisole (pour-on, injectable, and oral formulations) is
highly effective against the common adult GI nematodes and
lungworms and many larval stages. It lacks efficacy against arrested
larvae, such as those of Ostertagia ostertagi.
Levamisole according to animals

9. • Inject subcutaneously in the mid-neck region at the rate of 2 mL per 100
lb body weight. It is recommended that not more than 10 mL be
injected at one site.
Levamisole according to animals

10. After pour on administration absorption through the skin depends a lot
on the outside temperature: the hotter the faster it is absorbed. By hot
weather the risk of overdosing increases considerably .
Levamisole pour_ons must no be administrated
to animals with a wet coat.
note

11. • Swine : Levamisole (injectable and oral formulations) is highly effective
against both adult and immature stages of Ascaris suum. Levamisole is
also highly effective against other adult swine nematodes, except for
Trichuris suis.
Levamisole according to animals

12. • Dogs : In some countries, levamisole is available as an oral formulation
for treatment of Toxocara canisinfections.
Levamisole according to animals

13. • Birds : In poultry, levamisole is mainly used to remove ascarid
infections. Because it is water soluble, it is available as an oral
formulation for administration through drinking water.
Levamisole according to animals

14. • Gastrointestinal: hypersalivation , vomit ,colic , diarrhea
• Restlessness
• skin eruptions.
• Respiratory: dyspnea , tachypnea.
Side effects:

15. • merckvetmanual.com
• drugs.com
• en.wikipedia.org
References

16. Thank You