12. IODINE DEFICIENCY GOITER
Leading cause of preventable Mental retardation
(developing countries)
Mean IQ loss 13.5points
Median Urinary Iodine Excretion determine iodine
sufficiency
Iodine requirement
Non pregnant 150μg
Pregnancy 175μg
Lactation 200μg
17. LYMPHOCYTIC HYPOPHYSITIS
Secondary hypothyroidism
Peripartum period
Autoimmune
Ant pituitary destruction
Panhypopituitarism to single hormone deficiency
Mass effects (headache & visual changes)
Imaging: enhancing sella turcica mass
18. SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
TSH & Normal FT4 & FT3
2-5% in pregnancy
31% positive for TPO Ab
Associated with Gest HTN, preterm deliveries, stillbirths,
abruption.
Fetal psychomotor development may be impaired
Routine screening not recommended
19. ISOLATED HYPOTHYROXINEMIA
Normal TSH FT4
1-2% pregnancies
No adverse effects in pregnancy
No benefit of levothyroxine t/t
23. LAB TESTS & SCREENING
TSH
FT4
Antithyroid ab (Anti TPO & antithyroglobulin)
Case finding approach rather than universal screening
TSH should be done ideally before pregnancy
If not done, high risk women should be screened –
• Strong family history
• Autoimune disorder
• Presence of goiter
• Personal history of thyroid disease
• Therapeutic neck irradiation
• Medications
24. MANAGEMENT
Prepregnancy: 1.7μg/kg levothyroxine started
During pregnancy:
4-6wks
TSH normalized
Pregnancy
• If TSH > 5μU/ml start t/t
• If TSH 2.5-5μU/ml & AMA positive start t/t
• If TSH 2.5-5μU/ml & AMA negative monitor
closely
26. LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM
Most widely prescribed t/t
Category A
25-300 mcg
If newly diagnosed in pregnancy started @ 1-2μg/kg/d
or approx 100-150μg/d
If previously hypothyroid dose increased by 25-40%
Taken empty stomach
Separated from multivitamins, calcium, iron, soy
products by 4hrs
Postpartum:
• Decrease dose by 30% (if newly diagnosed)
• Prepregnancy dose (known case)
• Reassess after 6 weeks
27. Adverse effect
On mother – Hyperthyroidism
Transient hair loss
BMD
Myocardial effects
On Fetus – LBW
Smaller HC
LABOR & DELIVERY-
• Should be euthyroid clincally & biochemically
• Stillbirth, preterm, preeclampsia, abruption
POSTPARTUM-
• Return to prepregnant dose
• Breast feeding is not contraindicated
28. NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
M/c endocrinopathies
Causes: Primary, secondary, tertiary.
Cord blood at birth OR heel prick on 3rd day
Symptoms & Signs
Goal – To normalize TSH(<5mU/l) & T4 (10-16μg/dl) as quickly as
possible.
3rd trim fetal T4 req : 6μg/kg/d
M/m-
• In utero: Intraamniotic 250-500μg thyroxine 7-10d interval
• In term infants: 10-15μg/kg/d
43. LABOR & DELIVERY
Antithyroid drugs
Beta blockers
Supportive care
Fetal thyrotoxicosis T/t of maternal thyrotoxicosis
Fetal goiter consider mode of delivery
EXIT procedure:
• Ex utero intrapartum treatment
• Fetus with large neck masses causing airway obstruction
44. POSTPARTUM MANAGEMENT
Immunosupression disappears
Relapse in 70 %
TSH & freeT4 done 6weeks post partum
Lactating mother-
• PTU & methimazole excreted in breast milk
• PTU protein bound. Safer
• Methimazole only at low doses (10-20mg/d)
45. THYROID STORM
Acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism, life threatening,
hypermetabolic state
Rare in pregnancy
Pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis has minimal
cardiac reserve
Decompensation precipitated by sepsis, preeclampsia &
anemia
Features
Lab tests- increased T4 & T3, TLC, Transaminases,
calcium
Management..
46. START THIONAMIDES & CONTROL HEART RATE(<90bpm)
PTU 1g PO or NGT
100mg 6hrly
PROPRANOLOL 1-2mg IV over
5min to total 6-10mg
60-80mg 4hrly PO/NGT
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Dexa 1-2mg PO/IV/IM 6hrly
Or
Hydrocort 100mg IV 8hrly
Or
Prednisone 60mg/d PO
IODINE (after 1-2hrs of thionamide)
Sodium iodide 500-1000mg IV 8hrly
Or
SSKI 5drops PO 8hrly
Or
Lugol’s solution 10 drops PO 8hrly
Or
Lithium carbonate 300mg PO 6hrly
Or
iodinated radiocontrast agents iopodate 0.5-1g PO per day
47. THYROID CANCER IN PREGNANCY
Types: Papilllary (m/c in pregnancy), follicular,
medullary, Hurthle cell, anaplastic
Excellent long term prognosis
Surgery delayed postpartum
Sr. thyroglobulin- tumor marker
Postsurgical whole body scintigraphy & radioiodine
remnant ablation – contraindicated in pregnancy &
lactation
48. PRECONCEPTIONAL COUNSELLING
Clinical situations
Hyperthyroidism under t/t-
• Side effects of antithyroid drugs on fetus
• Wait 6mth after radioablation (4mth at least)
• Euthyroid at time of conception
Previous ablation for Grave’s disease-
• The dose needs to be increased soon after conception
• High maternal titers of TSI may be present in spite of euthyroid ; fetus at risk
Previous t/t for thyroid carcinoma
• Wait 1 yr after completion of radioactive t/t for conception.
Inadequate t/t
• Central congenital hypothyroidism in infant
49. POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS
Rebound autoimmunity lymphocytic infilteration of gland
High chances(40-50%) if high titers of ab in early pregnancy
Anti- TPO 90% with PPT
Type 1 diabetics- 18-25% chances
20-50% will develop permanent hypothyroidism within 2-10yrs
Phases-
Hyperthyroid
Hypothyroid
50. HYPERTHYROID PHASE
• Release of stored
hormone
• 1-4mth postpartum
• Self limiting
• Abrupt onset
• Fatigue,palpitation,
insomnia,nervousness
• Small painless goiter
HYPOTHYROID PHASE
• Loss of functioning
thyrocytes
• 3-8mth
• Lasts longer
• Fatigue, wt gain,
depression, loss of conc.
51. THYROID NODULE IN PREGNANCY
95% of solitary thyroid nodule benign
Malignant- >4cm, firm to hard, lymph nodes, local invasion
Investigations-
• TSH
• FNAC
• USG
• Thyroid scan(contraindicated in pregnancy)
Editor's Notes
15 – 20 mm lateral lobes in breadth & isthmus,
Strctrl & fnctnl unit follicle contain thyroglobulin store t3 t4…. c cells secrete calcitonin… L thyroxine/ tetraiodothyronine, L-triiodothyronine
Trapping active transport by na+ k+ symport , oxidation occurs with peroxidase.. iodination occurs in thyroglobulin form MIT, DIT, coupling lead to formation T3 T4, T4 enters circulation by direct secretion & T3 produced by mono deiodination of T4 in periphery….thyroid is only source of T4… 20% of t3 ………..protein bound, thyroxine binding globuin (TBG) affinity for T4 major determinant in binding, transthyretin (TTR) 15% of T4 doesnot bind T3, albumin
Free active form available to tissue…
Placenta contains type 3 deiodinase
Primary..inadequate production despite pituitary stimulation eg iodine def
Sec…inadq stimulation by pituitary hth
Subclinical..asymptomatic increase tsh normal ft4
Overt..increase tsh low thyroxine symptomatic
Lithium amiodarone
There is little evidence whether there is benefit frm treating subclinical hypo & whether dis offsets risk of overt/t
Myxedema coma hypothermia bradycardia altered consciousness decreased deep tendon reflexes hyponatremia hypoglycemia hypoxia hypercapnia
Immediate supportive care & thyroid hormone replacement improves symptoms within 12 to 24 hrs of therapy 20% mortality
Patient can undertake pregnancy
If >5 t/t shud b started irrespective of clinical condition & antibodies
Profound myocardial effects like dilated cardiomyopathy can cause pulm htn & heart failure
Obstetric complications like…shud b kept in mind
Primary..thyroid agenesis or hypoplasia thyroid ectopy, dyshormonogenesis, endemic iodine deficiency, goitrogens, drug induced amiodarone, lithium, ki thioamides
Secondary pituitary causes tertiary hypothalamic causes
Bcoz of physiological tsh surge after birth
Symp..lethargy feedin diff constipation signs..growth retardation puffy eyes brady dry ruf skin prolonged relaxation DTR
Tab crushed n fed directly
When fetal lymphocytes enter matrnl circulation dey can live >20yrs
Thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunogb
Excess thyroid hormone production by overactive gland
Normal preg simulates Sum clinical findings similar to t4 excess so mild thyrotoxicosis may b difficut to diagnose
Subclinical hyperthyroidism no adverse effects on pregnancy not to b treated..long term may lead to osteoporosis, cardiovascular abn overt thyrotoxicosis &thyroid failure
Goal is to normalize & not to supress thyroid hormone & secondarily to treat symptoms
Aspirin displaces thyroid hormone from TBG & increases free hormone conc.
Fever or soar throat develops discontinue drug immediately
Clinical examntn for fetal growth
Usg for bradycardia growth parameters fetal goiter(symmeteric para tracheal mass neck hyperxtnsn poly)
Selective fetal sampling in previous I131 ablation, abnormal TSI or TBII, growth retardation, heart failure, goiter
Fetal thyroid destruction can occur wid RAiA
Elective cs to avoid dystocia
Ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure involves securing neonatal airway usually with endotracheal tube using laryngoscope while umbilical cord & maternal –fetal circulation remain intact to avoid difficult emergency intubation in delivery rum
Fever tachy wid atrial fibrillation, nausea vomit diarrhea dehydration, agitation delirium coma, high output cardiac failure, jaundice, abd pain