Anatomic visualization and interaction Parvati Dev Innovation in Learning Inc. http://InnovationInLearning.com/

Anatomy teaching hours 1950s ……….. ~1,000 hours 1990s ……….. ~180 hours 2007 …………. ~100 hours The number of hours of anatomy teaching in the first year of medical school has decreased significantly

1950s ……….. ~1,000 hours

1990s ……….. ~180 hours

2007 …………. ~100 hours

Survey of US schools - 2002 Survey of Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy, Neuroscience, and Embryology Courses in Medical School Curricula in the United States RICHARD L. DRAKE,* D.J. LOWRIE, JR, AND CHANTAL M. PREWITT Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:118 –122, 2002.

But some schools return to dissection New York University Moved from prosection back to dissection Univ. of California, San Francisco Prosection use was didactic, not interactive Prosections were not cost-effective Many students signed up for dissection elective Univ. of California, Davis New education building had no dissection lab Now that capability is being added RICHARD L. DRAKE,* D.J. LOWRIE, JR, AND CHANTAL M. PREWITT Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:118 –122, 2002.

New York University

Moved from prosection back to dissection

Univ. of California, San Francisco

Prosection use was didactic, not interactive

Prosections were not cost-effective

Many students signed up for dissection elective

Univ. of California, Davis

New education building had no dissection lab

Now that capability is being added

Why digital anatomy? Cadaver dissection may not be available To improve the efficiency of dissection lab Any time, any place study Sharing educational resources A resource for use throughout professional life . . . . . .

Cadaver dissection may not be available

To improve the efficiency of dissection lab

Any time, any place study

Sharing educational resources

A resource for use throughout professional life

. . . . . .

Many CD-ROM resources exist Interactive atlas Interactive textbook Quizzes

Visible Human on the Internet VISIBLE HUMAN Entire human body Cross-sectional images

Cryosection images By microgrinding teeth and other hard tissue, and photographing the cut surface, a stack of cross-sectional images is created for 3D reconstruction.

3D reconstruction from CT and photographs

Reconstructing a cadaver mandible Pixel resolution of CT = 100 microns

Combining photo and CT

Dissection images - 5 degree rotation views

Bassett stereo images 1500 exquisite high resolution stereo pairs of dissection images – originally available in 1950s via View Master – now on the Web

Bassett Media Server

Stereo video of ongoing dissection

Viewing 3D anatomy in stereo graphics Residents observe cadaver dissection in stereo video Physician studies skull abnormalities prior to surgical planning

Teaching a distributed class in Ontario, Canada

CSIRO Haptic Surgical Workbench - tactile sensing of virtual anatomy

Acknowledgements for anatomy images: Tooth and skull images are from Brown and Herbranson Bassett images are from the Bassett Collection, Robert Chase, curator CD-ROM images are from the respective web sites Haptic workbench image is from CSIRO, Canberra, Australia Image resource architecture is from Steven Senger, U.Wisconsin, La Crosse All other images are from the SUMMIT lab, Stanford University

Acknowledgements for anatomy images:

Tooth and skull images are from Brown and Herbranson

Bassett images are from the Bassett Collection, Robert Chase, curator

CD-ROM images are from the respective web sites

Haptic workbench image is from CSIRO, Canberra, Australia

Image resource architecture is from Steven Senger, U.Wisconsin, La Crosse

All other images are from the SUMMIT lab, Stanford University