In.FLOW.ence Project – Functional Flows of Innovation and Development Perspectives in the MED Regions,October 7-8 2010, Ljubljana, Slovenia

1. NLB / 29.01.15 / p.1
Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Urban Dynamics Monitoring:
An Innovative Economic Activity Density Indicator Applied to Barcelona
Nicolas Lachance-Bernard
Geographic Information Systems Laboratory
Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
In.FLOW.ence Project – Functional Flows of Innovation and
Development Perspectives in the MED Regions,
October 7-8 2010, Ljubljana, Slovenia

2. NLB / 29.01.15 / p.2
Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Plan
• Monitoring Framework
• Density Indicators
• Barcelona Case Study
• Conclusion & Further Research

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Monitoring Framework:
Bottom-Up & Top-Down Iteration

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Monitoring Framework: Top-Down
• What?
– Land (Uses, Green-Gray-Brown Fields)
– Building (Permits, Taxes, Turn-over, Vacancies)
– Activity (Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Office)
– Transport (Accessibility, Proximity, Emission, Noise)
– People (Job, Household, Mobility, Incomes)
– Plans, Scenarios, geosimulations
• Where?
– Density, Pattern, Centrality, Cluster, Pole, Segregation
• When?
– 100-50-20-10-5 years, Yearly, Quarterly, Monthly, Daily
 Strategic or Operational Monitoring?

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Bottom-Up: Density Indicators
• Kernel Density Estimator (KDE)
– Operates in euclidean space
– Weights events by their radial distances from grid centroid
• Network based Kernel Density Estimator (NetKDE)
– Operates in a network constrained space
– Weights events by the distance from grid centroid measured along
this network
• NetKDE and KDE coded by Timothée Produit ing. EPFL
Team: Nicolas Lachance-Bernard, Dr. Stéphane Joost,
Prof. Sergio Porta, Emanuele Strano.

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE vs. NetKDE
KDE NetKDE
Source: Timothée Produit, LASIG EPFL, 2009

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE vs. NetKDE
KDE NetKDE
Source: Timothée Produit, LASIG EPFL, 2009

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Barcelona Case Study
Data 2002
(Agencia de Ecologia Urbana)
• Retail and service activities
166,311 entities
• Street network
11,222 segments
Treatments
• Multiple grids
10m, 20m, 50m, 100m, 200m
• Multiple density models
NetKDE, KDE
• Multiple bandwidths
NetKDE [100m, 1000m]
KDE [20m, 6000m]
• Duration: +500 hours
with 9 computers

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Street Network Retail and Service Activities
Barcelona Data

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Barcelona Data: Network, Activities, Grid

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE NetKDE
Density Deciles: Grid 200m Bandwidth 400m
High density
Low density
No density

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE NetKDE
Density Deciles: Grid 200m Bandwidth 500m
High density
Low density
No density

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE NetKDE
Density Deciles: Grid 200m Bandwidth 600m
High density
Low density
No density

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE NetKDE
Density Deciles: Grid 200m Bandwidth 700m
High density
Low density
No density

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE NetKDE
Density Deciles: Grid 200m Bandwidth 800m
High density
Low density
No density

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE NetKDE
Density Deciles: Grid 200m Bandwidth 900m
High density
Low density
No density

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE NetKDE
Density Deciles: Grid 200m Bandwidth 1000m
High density
Low density
No density

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE grid: 200m, band.: 500m
KDE grid: 50m, band.: 500m
NetKDE grid: 200m, band.: 500m
NetKDE grid: 50m, band.: 500m
H
L

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
KDE grid: 10m, band.: 500m (ZOOM)
KDE grid: 10m, band.: 500m
NetKDE grid: 10m, band.: 500m (ZOOM)
NetKDE grid: 10m, band.: 500m
H
L

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
6000m5500m5000m4500m4000m3500m
3000m2500m2000m1800m1600m1400m
1200m1000m800m600m400m200m
200m grid results for the KDE bandwidth variation

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Result Analysis
• Qualitative approachs
– Visual comparison (Kacabas and Dragicevic 2006)
– Visual Analytic Pipeline (Bak, Omer and Schreck 2010)
 Grid effects (Resolution)
 Bandwidth effects (Model)
 Space effects - Euclidean vs. Network (Model)
• Quantitative approachs (current work)
– Scatterplots (Mean, Median, Standard deviation and Variance)
– Fuzzy Kappa Index / Coincidence matrix (Visser and de Nijs 2006)
– Adapted Landscape Metrics (Wu, Shen, Sun and Tueller 2003)

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Further Research
• What?
– Barcelona, Geneva, Glasgow, Bologna, Roma (Economic Activities)
– High Performance Computing (HPC) – 80 computers
– Model: KDE, NetKDE, Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA)
– Grid: 20m,50m,100m; Bandwidth: 250m, 500m, …, 5000m
• Where?
– Relationship between street centralities and activity densities
(using NetKDE)
– From regional (e.g. MED) to local (e.g. City)
• When?
– Monitoring time series (Bologna, Geneva)

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Urban Dynamics Monitoring: NetKDE and KDE applied to Barcelona Economic Activities
Thank you!