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EndoTHeF: Endovascular Treatment of
Hemorrhoids with Foam
M. Ronconi, M.D.
E. Cervi, M.D.
A. Frullini, M.D.
XVII° World Meeting
of the
Union Internationale de Phlébologie
Polidocanol foam as referred to in this talk
has not been approved for use by the
Federal Drug Administration (FDA).
Disclosure of
conflicts of interest
I do not have any relevant financial relationships
with any commercial interests.
Disclosure of non-FDA
approved drugs
Maurizio Ronconi, M.D.
• Haemorrhoids are normal anatomical structures present in healthy
people from birth, recognizable even in uterine life.
• When these vascular cushions generate symptoms, we erroneously
speak of “haemorrhoids”
When we use the term “haemorroids” we
generally refer to the symptoms caused by
haemorrhoids
Misunderstanding
• Bleeding, anemization
• Prolapse
» ulceration
»sepsis
»strangulation
• Pain
• Thromboflebitis
• Pruritus
Most frequent symptoms
Epidemiology
Western countries:
- 5% of the whole population is affected by haemorrhoids
USA:
- 10 million people complained of haemorrhoids, leading to
a prevalence rate of
4.4% (National Center for Health Statistics)
Italy
- there are 1,000,000 new cases per year
(2% of the population)
- every year 35,000 operations are carried out to
treat
haemorrhoidal diseases
Classification of internal hemorrhoids
• 1st grade : venous ectasies which bleed, but do not prolapse
• 2nd grade: haemorrhoidal prolapse during defecation, spontaneously reductable
• 3rd grade: haemorrhoidal prolapse during defecation, reductable only manually
• 4th grade: permanent external haemorrhoidal prolapse, non reductable
Goligher, 1975
Option therapy
medical topical medication
orally administered medication
surgical
Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy
Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy
haemorrhoidopexy using a stapler
Transanal Haemorrhoidal Dearterization (THD)
rubber band ligation
diathermal coagulation
sclerotherapy
outpatient care
Mean volume per knot:
•0.93 ml (first session)
•0.5 ml (others sessions)
abandoned for the high
number of relapses
2nd European Consensus Meeting on Foam Sclerotherapy -
Tegernsee, Germany
F. X. Breu et al., Supplement 71, February 2008, 3 VASA 2008; S/71: 3–29
Monitoring of the vital functions using an oxypulsemeter
Technique
Patient in left lateral position
• Rectal exploration
• Introduction of the endoscope into the rectum
• “retroversion” (or inversion) manoeuvre
• Visualization of the hemorrhoidal plexus origin
• puncure into the haemorroid with a 25g needle
Injecting the 3% Polidocanol foam, prepared in according to Tessari
method:
- two luer-lock syringes (10 and 5 cc)
- 3-way cock
- gas (air)/liquid 4:1
- 20 passages using 2 syringes alternatively.
max 3 cc. foam / each globe
max 8 cc foam /session
new session after 3 weeks
usually at least 3 sessions
Protocol
EndoTHeF
Endovascular Treatment of Hemorrhoids with Foam
Average duration
8 minutes (range 5-12).
Direct injection
Direct injection of hemorrhoids
Cases
January 2009 – June 2013
290 patients rectal bleeding
No. %
males 122 58,1
females 88 41,9
80 exluded for other causes of bleeding
210 enrolled
No. %
1st grade 5 2.5
2nd grade 108 51.4
3rd grade 86 40.9
4th grade 11 5.2
12 patients, already operated on:
6 - Longo
5 - Milligan-Morgan
1 - double Millogan-Morgan + Longo.
32 patients (12,7%)
severe hypocromic microcytic anaemia
( Hgb < 8 g/dL, MCV < 70)
Characteristics of the patients according to the Goligher
classification
Results
765 procedures in 210 patients
( means: 3.6 sessions per patient)
Follow-up
12 cases (4,8%) : more than five sessions due to persistant bleeding
2 cases: patients opted for surgical haemorrhoidectomy.
32 patients suffering from severe anaemia
- 3 transfusion of two units of autologous blood
- 29 normalization of haematocrit within 30 days after the 1st treatment
Disappearance of rectal bleeding in
83% of the cases
after the first session
176 patients available
(means: 12 months)
4 patients (1.6 %): local itching
6 patients (1.8 %): local heaviness for a week after
treatment
Adverse effect
No major complications
No major side-effects
Score
4 3 2 1
Bleeding > 1 episode/week < 1 episode/week <1 episode/month never
VAS* 10-8 7-5 4-2 1-0
Discomfort alwais > 7 days/month < 7 days/month <3 days/month
Information obtained insufficient sufficient exhaustive
reasons for recommending the method
Before the first procedure
Before the first procedure and after the last procedure
Questionnaire
After the last procedure
*VAS : visual analogue scale for pain
insufficient sufficient exhaustive
Information obtained - 2.4% 97.6%
Answers to the questionnaire
Reason for recommending the method
Stop the bleeding 98.8%
Absence of pain 98.3%
Get back to usual activities within a day 94.7%
Answers to the questionnaire
proctorragy VAS discomfort
P< 0,0015
Conclusions
• simple, feasable and safe procedure
• painless procedure
• good control of symptoms
Foam endoscopic sclerotherapy:
Recurrence rate
Prospective, randomized, multicentric study needed
?
2. What’s the recurrence rate of hemorrhoids after
hemorroidectomy?
1. Wich are complications after
hemorroidectomy?
Open questions
1. Wich are complications after hemorroidectomy?
2. What’s the recurrence rate of hemorrhoids
after hemorroidectomy?
Open questions
To cure or to operate hemorrhoids…
… that is the question

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EndoTHeF - Endovascular Treatment of Hemorrhoids with Foam - UIP Boston, 2013

  • 1. EndoTHeF: Endovascular Treatment of Hemorrhoids with Foam M. Ronconi, M.D. E. Cervi, M.D. A. Frullini, M.D. XVII° World Meeting of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie
  • 2. Polidocanol foam as referred to in this talk has not been approved for use by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). Disclosure of conflicts of interest I do not have any relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests. Disclosure of non-FDA approved drugs Maurizio Ronconi, M.D.
  • 3. • Haemorrhoids are normal anatomical structures present in healthy people from birth, recognizable even in uterine life. • When these vascular cushions generate symptoms, we erroneously speak of “haemorrhoids” When we use the term “haemorroids” we generally refer to the symptoms caused by haemorrhoids Misunderstanding
  • 4. • Bleeding, anemization • Prolapse » ulceration »sepsis »strangulation • Pain • Thromboflebitis • Pruritus Most frequent symptoms
  • 5. Epidemiology Western countries: - 5% of the whole population is affected by haemorrhoids USA: - 10 million people complained of haemorrhoids, leading to a prevalence rate of 4.4% (National Center for Health Statistics) Italy - there are 1,000,000 new cases per year (2% of the population) - every year 35,000 operations are carried out to treat haemorrhoidal diseases
  • 6.
  • 7. Classification of internal hemorrhoids • 1st grade : venous ectasies which bleed, but do not prolapse • 2nd grade: haemorrhoidal prolapse during defecation, spontaneously reductable • 3rd grade: haemorrhoidal prolapse during defecation, reductable only manually • 4th grade: permanent external haemorrhoidal prolapse, non reductable Goligher, 1975
  • 8. Option therapy medical topical medication orally administered medication surgical Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy haemorrhoidopexy using a stapler Transanal Haemorrhoidal Dearterization (THD) rubber band ligation diathermal coagulation sclerotherapy outpatient care
  • 9. Mean volume per knot: •0.93 ml (first session) •0.5 ml (others sessions) abandoned for the high number of relapses
  • 10.
  • 11. 2nd European Consensus Meeting on Foam Sclerotherapy - Tegernsee, Germany
  • 12. F. X. Breu et al., Supplement 71, February 2008, 3 VASA 2008; S/71: 3–29
  • 13. Monitoring of the vital functions using an oxypulsemeter Technique Patient in left lateral position
  • 14. • Rectal exploration • Introduction of the endoscope into the rectum • “retroversion” (or inversion) manoeuvre • Visualization of the hemorrhoidal plexus origin • puncure into the haemorroid with a 25g needle
  • 15. Injecting the 3% Polidocanol foam, prepared in according to Tessari method: - two luer-lock syringes (10 and 5 cc) - 3-way cock - gas (air)/liquid 4:1 - 20 passages using 2 syringes alternatively. max 3 cc. foam / each globe max 8 cc foam /session new session after 3 weeks usually at least 3 sessions Protocol
  • 16. EndoTHeF Endovascular Treatment of Hemorrhoids with Foam
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Average duration 8 minutes (range 5-12).
  • 22. Direct injection of hemorrhoids
  • 23.
  • 24. Cases January 2009 – June 2013 290 patients rectal bleeding No. % males 122 58,1 females 88 41,9 80 exluded for other causes of bleeding 210 enrolled
  • 25. No. % 1st grade 5 2.5 2nd grade 108 51.4 3rd grade 86 40.9 4th grade 11 5.2 12 patients, already operated on: 6 - Longo 5 - Milligan-Morgan 1 - double Millogan-Morgan + Longo. 32 patients (12,7%) severe hypocromic microcytic anaemia ( Hgb < 8 g/dL, MCV < 70) Characteristics of the patients according to the Goligher classification
  • 26. Results 765 procedures in 210 patients ( means: 3.6 sessions per patient)
  • 27. Follow-up 12 cases (4,8%) : more than five sessions due to persistant bleeding 2 cases: patients opted for surgical haemorrhoidectomy. 32 patients suffering from severe anaemia - 3 transfusion of two units of autologous blood - 29 normalization of haematocrit within 30 days after the 1st treatment Disappearance of rectal bleeding in 83% of the cases after the first session 176 patients available (means: 12 months)
  • 28. 4 patients (1.6 %): local itching 6 patients (1.8 %): local heaviness for a week after treatment Adverse effect No major complications No major side-effects
  • 29. Score 4 3 2 1 Bleeding > 1 episode/week < 1 episode/week <1 episode/month never VAS* 10-8 7-5 4-2 1-0 Discomfort alwais > 7 days/month < 7 days/month <3 days/month Information obtained insufficient sufficient exhaustive reasons for recommending the method Before the first procedure Before the first procedure and after the last procedure Questionnaire After the last procedure *VAS : visual analogue scale for pain
  • 30. insufficient sufficient exhaustive Information obtained - 2.4% 97.6% Answers to the questionnaire Reason for recommending the method Stop the bleeding 98.8% Absence of pain 98.3% Get back to usual activities within a day 94.7%
  • 31. Answers to the questionnaire proctorragy VAS discomfort P< 0,0015
  • 32. Conclusions • simple, feasable and safe procedure • painless procedure • good control of symptoms Foam endoscopic sclerotherapy: Recurrence rate Prospective, randomized, multicentric study needed ?
  • 33. 2. What’s the recurrence rate of hemorrhoids after hemorroidectomy? 1. Wich are complications after hemorroidectomy? Open questions
  • 34.
  • 35. 1. Wich are complications after hemorroidectomy? 2. What’s the recurrence rate of hemorrhoids after hemorroidectomy? Open questions
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38. To cure or to operate hemorrhoids… … that is the question

Editor's Notes

  1. 1) La prevalenza è una misura di frequenza, una formula ad uso epidemiologico mutuata dalla statistica. La prevalenza è il rapporto fra il numero di eventi sanitari rilevati in una popolazione in un definito momento (od in un breve arco temporale) e il numero degli individui della popolazione osservati nello stesso periodo 2) In generale, misura la proporzione di eventi presenti in una popolazione in un dato momento 3)Quantità di individui, all'interno di una popolazione o in una zona geografica, che in un dato momento sono stati colpiti da una determinata patologia.
  2. La prima: dobbiamo davvero asportare le emorroidi o e’ sufficiente controllarne i sintomi? Se, come appare dalle prime esperienze, questa tecnica sembra in grado di arrestare la proctorragia e ridurre sino alla sua scomparsa il dolore locale forse dovremmo discutere se sia davvero meglio sottoporre i nostri pazienti allo stress di un intervento chirurgico. La seconda: possono le emorroidi essere realmente curate con le varie tecniche chirurgiche oggi a disposizione? Visti i dati relativi alle recidive riportate in Letteratura (4) la risposta non puo’ che essere interlocutoria. Ma la vera questione e’ questa: e’ davvero cosi’ importante pensare di curare definitivamente le emorroidi? Non e’ forse piu’ importante concentrare le nostre risorse per far si’ che i nostri pazienti non soffrano piu’ per i sintomi legati alle emorroidi? La terza domanda: i sintomi posso recidivare? Abbiamo gia’ visto come in Letteratura sia riportato un grado variabile di proctorragia anche dopo interventi ritenuti radicali (4). Non abbiamo viceversa una risposta per quanto riguarda il trattamento delle emorroidi con schiuma. La tecnica e’ troppo giovane e ancora cosi’ poco diffusa da non consentire un sufficiente follow-up. Ma ancora una volta: e’ davvero questa una questione importante? Se dopo un trattamento con schiuma, avvenuto con successo e senza dolore con ripresa immediata delle normali attivita’ quotidiane, si assistera’ alla ricomparsa dei sintomi e’ davvero cosi’ sconveniente per il paziente, in termini di dolore, discomfort, pedita di tempo, sottoporsi ad una nuova seduta di scleroterapia? La terza domanda: i sintomi posso recidivare? Abbiamo gia’ visto come in Letteratura sia riportato un grado variabile di proctorragia anche dopo interventi ritenuti radicali (4). Non abbiamo viceversa una risposta per quanto riguarda il trattamento delle emorroidi con schiuma. La tecnica e’ troppo giovane e ancora cosi’ poco diffusa da non consentire un sufficiente follow-up. Ma ancora una volta: e’ davvero questa una questione importante? Se dopo un trattamento con schiuma, avvenuto con successo e senza dolore con ripresa immediata delle normali attivita’ quotidiane, si assistera’ alla ricomparsa dei sintomi e’ davvero cosi’ sconveniente per il paziente, in termini di dolore, discomfort, pedita di tempo, sottoporsi ad una nuova seduta di scleroterapia?
  3. La prima: dobbiamo davvero asportare le emorroidi o e’ sufficiente controllarne i sintomi? Se, come appare dalle prime esperienze, questa tecnica sembra in grado di arrestare la proctorragia e ridurre sino alla sua scomparsa il dolore locale forse dovremmo discutere se sia davvero meglio sottoporre i nostri pazienti allo stress di un intervento chirurgico. La seconda: possono le emorroidi essere realmente curate con le varie tecniche chirurgiche oggi a disposizione? Visti i dati relativi alle recidive riportate in Letteratura (4) la risposta non puo’ che essere interlocutoria. Ma la vera questione e’ questa: e’ davvero cosi’ importante pensare di curare definitivamente le emorroidi? Non e’ forse piu’ importante concentrare le nostre risorse per far si’ che i nostri pazienti non soffrano piu’ per i sintomi legati alle emorroidi? La terza domanda: i sintomi posso recidivare? Abbiamo gia’ visto come in Letteratura sia riportato un grado variabile di proctorragia anche dopo interventi ritenuti radicali (4). Non abbiamo viceversa una risposta per quanto riguarda il trattamento delle emorroidi con schiuma. La tecnica e’ troppo giovane e ancora cosi’ poco diffusa da non consentire un sufficiente follow-up. Ma ancora una volta: e’ davvero questa una questione importante? Se dopo un trattamento con schiuma, avvenuto con successo e senza dolore con ripresa immediata delle normali attivita’ quotidiane, si assistera’ alla ricomparsa dei sintomi e’ davvero cosi’ sconveniente per il paziente, in termini di dolore, discomfort, pedita di tempo, sottoporsi ad una nuova seduta di scleroterapia? La terza domanda: i sintomi posso recidivare? Abbiamo gia’ visto come in Letteratura sia riportato un grado variabile di proctorragia anche dopo interventi ritenuti radicali (4). Non abbiamo viceversa una risposta per quanto riguarda il trattamento delle emorroidi con schiuma. La tecnica e’ troppo giovane e ancora cosi’ poco diffusa da non consentire un sufficiente follow-up. Ma ancora una volta: e’ davvero questa una questione importante? Se dopo un trattamento con schiuma, avvenuto con successo e senza dolore con ripresa immediata delle normali attivita’ quotidiane, si assistera’ alla ricomparsa dei sintomi e’ davvero cosi’ sconveniente per il paziente, in termini di dolore, discomfort, pedita di tempo, sottoporsi ad una nuova seduta di scleroterapia?