23. * 美國芝加哥大學法學博士（J.S.D., 1997）；哈佛大學法學碩士（LL.M., 1994）。現任台灣大
學國家發展研究所法律組專任副教授。本論文為未完成之初槁，僅為研討會發表之用，請暫勿
引用。
1 See generally James Boyle, The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain, 66 Law &
Contemp. Probs. 33 (2003).
2 Yochai Benkler, Overcoming Agoraphobia: Building the Commons of the Digitally Networked
Environment, 11 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 287 (1998); Jane C. Ginsburg, Copyright and Control of New
Technologies of Dissemination, 101 Colum. L. Rev. 1613 (2001).
3 See generally Peter Suber, Open Access Overview, http://
www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm. (visited Dec. 12, 2008).
4 See generally John Willinsky, The Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to Research and
Scholarship 195-97 (2006).
5 See, e.g., Access All Areas, Economist, Aug. 7, 2004, at 64, 64-65, available at
http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_ id=3061258. (visited Sept. 23, 2008).
6 See generally Budepest Open Access Initiative, available at
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/view.cfm (visited Sept. 1, 2008).
7 See generally Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities,
available at http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html (visited Sept. 1, 2008).
8 See generally World Summit on the Information Society, Declaration of Principles § 28, available at
http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html (last revised Dec. 12, 2003).
9 Public Library of Science, Open Letter to Scientific Publishers, www.plos.org/about/letter.html
(visited Sept. 23, 2008).
10 Richard J. Roberts et al., Building a “GenBank” of the Published Literature, 291 Science 2318,
2318 (2001).
11 See, e.g.,Jeffrey R. Young, Boycott Over Lack of Online Access to Journals is a Bust, Chron. Higher
Educ., May 31, 2002, at 34.
12 See generally Charlotte Hess & Elinor Ostrom, Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge
Commons, in Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice 3-26 (Charlotte Hess
& Elinor Ostrom, eds. 2007).
13 See Carl Lagoze & Herbert Van De Sempel, The Open Archives Initiative: Building a Low-Barrier Interoperability
Framework (2001), available at http:// www.openarchives.org/documents/oai.pdf (visited Sept. 6, 2008).
24. 14 See Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, 162 Science 1243, 1244 (1968). See also
generally Michael Heller, Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops
Innovation, and Cost Lives (2008).
15 See generally Charlotte Hess & Elinor Ostrom, Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Information As A Common-Pool
Resource, 66 Law & Contemp. Probs. 111 (2003).
16 See Public Library of Science, www.plos.org (visited Sept. 25, 2008) & BioMed Central--About Us,
http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/ (visited Sept. 25, 2008).
17 See Public Library of Science, Publication Fees for PLoS Journals,
http://www.plos.org/journals/pubfees.html (visited Sept. 25, 2008); BioMed Central, Frequently Asked
Questions about BioMed Central's Article-Processing Charges, How Much is BioMed Central
Charging?, http:// www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/apcfaq#howmuch (visited Sept. 25, 2008).
18 See PLoS Institutional Members, http:// www.plos.org/support/instmembers.html (visited Sept. 25,
2008); BioMed Central Members, http://www.biomedcentral.com/inst/ (visited Sept. 1, 2008).
19 See National Science Foundation, Grant Proposal Guide 28 (2004), available at http://www.nsf.gov/
pubs/gpg/nsf04_23/nsf04_23.pdf. ; National Institute of Health, NIH Grants Policy Statement 94
(2003), available at http:// grants1.nih.gov/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/nihgps_2003_1_of_2.pdf.
20 See Alma P. Swan & Sheridan M. Brown, Report of the Joint Information Systems Committee/Open
Society Institute Journal Authors Survey 56-57 (2004), available at
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf.
21 Steve Lawrence, Free Online Availability Substantially Increases a Paper's Impact, Nature, May
31, 2001, at 521.
22 See, e.g., Ass'n of Learned & Prof'l Soc'y Publishers, The Facts About Open Access (2005),
available at http:// www.alpsp.org/publications/FAOAcompleteREV.pdf. (visited Jan. 2008).
23 See, e.g., Elsevier, Elsevier's Comments on Evolutions In Scientific, Technical and Medical
Publishing and Reflections on Possible Implications of Open Access Journals for the UK 2 (Feb. 17,
2004), http:// www.elsevier.com/authored_news/corporate/images/UKST1Elsevier_position_paper_
on_stm_in_UK.pdf. (visited Dec. 12, 2008).
24 See, e.g., John Ewing, The Orthodoxy of Open Access, Nature, Sept. 13, 2003,
http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/32.html. (visited Dec. 12, 2008).
25 See, e.g., Am. Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc., 802 F. Supp. 1, 16 (S.D.N.Y. 1992), aff'd, 60
F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1994).
26 See generally Michael W. Carroll, The Movement for Open Access Law, 10 Lewis & Clark L. Rev.
741, 743-44 (2006).
27 Id. at 744.
25. 28 See Montreal Declaration on Public Access to Law (as amended Nov. 5, 2004),
http://www.worldlii.org/worldlii/declaration/montreal_en.html（visited Dec. 12, 2008）.
29 See, e.g., Michael I. Swygert & Jon W. Bruce, The Historical Origins, Founding, and Early
Development of Student-Edited Law Reviews, 36 Hastings L. J. 739 (1985) . See also Bernard J.
Hibbitts, Last Writes? Reassessing the Law Review in the Age of Cyberspace, 71 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 615,
617-28 (1996), available at http:// www.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/lastrev.htm（visited Dec. 12, 2008）.
30 See, e.g., Dan Hunter, Walled Gardens, 62 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 607, 623-24 (2005).
31 See, e.g., Columbia Law Review, http:// www.columbialawreview.org/archives/; Harvard Law
Review, Recent Issues, http:// www.harvardlawreview.org/recentissues.shtml; Michigan Law Review,
Current Issue, http://students.law.umich.edu/mlr/index-mlr.htm; University of Chicago Law Review,
Archived Issues, http:// lawreview.uchicago.edu/issues/archive/index.html; Yale Law Journal, Archive,
http://www.yalelawjournal.org/archive.asp. 值得一提的是，以上所舉例的幾個法學期刊，開放允
許讀者近用的條件並不全然相同。
32 Science commons
33 See, e.g., Dan Hunter, Open Access to Infinite Content (Or “In Praise of Law Reviews”), 10 Lewis
& Clark L. Rev. 761, 762-63 (2006).
34 See generally Michael W. Carroll, The Movement for Open Access Law, 10 Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 741, 749-50 (2006).
35 See, e.g., Gerald N. Rosenberg, Across the Great Divide (Between Law & Political Science), 3
Green Bag 2d 267, 270-71 (2000).
36 See, e.g., Richard A. Posner, The Future of the Student-Edited Law Review, 47 Stan. L. Rev. 1131,
1132 (1996) ; Richard A. Posner, Against Law Reviews, Legal Aff., Nov.-Dec. 2004, available at
http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/November-December-2004/review_posner_novdec04.msp. (visited
Dec. 12, 2008).
37 See, e.g., Bernard J. Hibbitts, Last Writes? Reassessing the Law Review in the Age of Cyberspace,
71 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 615, 628-54 (1996) ; Arthur D. Austin, The “Custom of Vetting” as a Substitute for
Peer Review, 32 Ariz. L. Rev. 1, 4 (1990).
38 See Daniel Engber, Quality Control: The Case Against Peer Review, Slate, May 19, 2005,
http://slate.msn.com/id/2116244.
39 See generally Dan Hunter & F. Gregory Lastowka, Amateur-to-Amateur, 46 Wm. & Mary L. Rev.
951 (2005).
40 See generally Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (2006).
41 See generally Dan Hunter & F. Gregory Lastowka, Amateur-to-Amateur, 46 Wm. & Mary L. Rev.
951 (2005).
26. 42 Michael Madison, The Idea of the Law Review: Scholarship, Prestige and Open Access, 10 Lewis &
Clark L. Rev. 901 (2006).
43 See generally Michael W. Carroll, The Movement for Open Access Law, 10 Lewis & Clark L. Rev.
741 (2006).
44 See, e.g., Dan Hunter, Walled Gardens, 62 Wash. & Lee. L. Rev. 607, 617 (2005).
45 Jessica Litman, The Economics of Open Access Law Publishing, 10 Lewis and Clark L. Rev. 779,
780-81 (2006).
46 See, e.g., Lisa Guernsey, A Provost Challenges His Faculty to Keep Copyright on Journal Articles,
Chron. Higher Educ., Sept. 18, 1998, at 29; Pamela Burdman, A Quiet Revolt Puts Costly Journals on
Web, N.Y. Times, June 26, 2004, at B3.
47 See, e.g., Budapest Open Access Initiative, www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml (visited Sept. 26,
2008).
48 See, e.g., Elizabeth Gadd, Charles Oppenheim & Steve Probets, The Intellectual Property Rights
Issues Facing Self-archiving, D-Lib Mag., Sept. 2003, para. 6-11, available at
avwww.dlib.org/dlib/september03/gadd/09gadd.html. (visited Sept. 25. 2008).
49 See, e.g., Lila Guterman, Two Routes to Open Access: Archives and Institutional Subscriptions,
Chron. Higher Educ., Jan. 20, 2004, at 11. See also DSpace: MIT Libraries,
http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/index.html (visited Sept. 23, 2008).
50 See, e.g., Robert C. Denicola, Copyright And Open Access: Reconsidering University Ownership of Faculty Research ,
85 Neb. L. Rev. 351, 363-65 (2006).
51 See Arnold Relman, The Ingelfinger Rule, 305 New Eng. J. Med. 824 (1981). See also Marcia
Angell & Jerome P. Kassirer, The Ingelfinger Rule Revisited, 325 New Eng. J. Med. 1371 (1991).
52 See, e.g., Robert C. Denicola, Copyright And Open Access: Reconsidering University Ownership of Faculty Research ,
85 Neb. L. Rev. 351, 365 (2006).
53 See, e.g., Public Access to Science Act, H.R. 2613, 108th Cong. (2003).
54 See, e.g.,Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded
Research, 70 Fed. Reg. 6891, 6899 (Feb. 9, 2005).
55 See, e.g., H.R. Rep. No. 108-792, at 1177 (2004).
56 See, e.g., Elizabeth Gadd, Charles Oppenheim & Steve Probets, RoMEO Studies 4: An Analysis of
Journal Publishers' Copyright Agreements, 16 Learned Pub. 293, 304 (2003), available at
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/Romeo%20Studies%5 .pdf. (visited Sept. 25,
2008).
27. 57 17 U.S.C. § 201(b) (2000).
58 490 U.S. 730 (1989).
59 847 F.2d 412, 416-17 (7th Cir. 1988).
60 Id. at 416.
61 See, e.g., Ashley Packard, Copyright or Copy Wrong: An Analysis of University Claims to Faculty
Work, 7 Comm. L. & Policy 275, 314 (2002).
62 See Am. Ass'n of Univ. Professors, 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure,
available at http:// www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/policydocs/1940statement.htm. （visited Sept. 25,
2008）.
63 See generally Rochelle Dreyfuss, The Creative Employee and the Copyright Act of 1976, 54 U.
Chi. L. Rev. 590, 593 (1987).
