SlideShare a Scribd company logo

6237

•
•
K
kotob arabia
Education
1 of 82
Download to read offline
‫ﺃﲰﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪Egyptian Auaculture Fishes‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ: ﳏﻤﺪ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫.‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫)ﻋـﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﱰﻧـﺖ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺒــﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗــﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺪﳎــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻯ‬ ‫א‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ (‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫א א‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻩ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻤﺰارع اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ وﻣﺰارع ﻣﺼﺮ .......................................................................... ٤‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺬﻩ ﺗﺎریﺨﻴﻪ ....................................................................................................................... ٥‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ................................................................................................ ٧‬ ‫آﺘﺎب اﺣﺼﺎء اﻟﺴﻨﻮى ﻹﻧﺘﺎج٤٠٠٢‪١٤ ................................................................................. FAO‬‬ ‫اﺱﻤﺎك وﻗﺸﺮیﺎت وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﺗﺮﺏﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺰارع ............................................................................... ٥١‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع أﺱﻤﺎك اﻟﻤﺰارع اﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ............................................................................................... ٦١‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ ‪١٧ ................................................................................ FAMILY: CICHILIDAE‬‬ ‫)١( اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ ‪١٨ ............................................ OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS NILOTICUS‬‬ ‫)٢( اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻷزرق )ﺏﻠﻄﻰ أﺏﻴﺾ – ﺣﺴﺎﻧﻰ( ‪٢١ .....................................OREOCHROMIS AUREUS‬‬ ‫)٣( )اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺏﻠﻄﻰ ﻣﻮﻻى( ‪٢٤ .................. SAROTHERODON GALILAEUS GALILAEUS‬‬ ‫)٤( اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻷﺥﻀﺮ )اﻟﺸﺒﺎر اﻷﺥﻀﺮ( ‪٢٧ ........................................................... TILAPIA ZILLII‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻪ اﻟﺒﻮریﻪ ‪٣٠ ...............................................................................FAMILY: MUGILIDAE‬‬ ‫)٥( اﻟﺒﻮرى ‪٣١ ...................................................................................... MUGIL CEPHALUS‬‬ ‫)٦( اﻟﻄﻮﺏﺎر ‪٣٤ ............................................................................................ LIZA RAMADO‬‬ ‫)٧( ﺱﻤﻚ اﻟﻘﺮاﻣﻴﻂ ‪٣٧ .......................................................................... CLARIAS GAIEPINUS‬‬ ‫)٨( اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺲ ‪٤٠ ......................................................................................... SPARUS AURATA‬‬ ‫)٩( ﺱﻤﻚ ﻣﻮﺱﻰ ‪٤٣ ........................................................................... SOLEA AEGYPTIACA‬‬ ‫)٠١( ﺱﻤﻚ اﻟﻘﺎرص ‪٤٥ ............................................................. DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك ‪٤٨ ................................................................................................................ CARP‬‬ ‫)١١( اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك اﻷﺱﻮد ‪٥٠ ...................................................... MYLOPHARYNGODON PICEUS‬‬ ‫)٢١( ﻣﺒﺮوك اﻟﺤﺸﺎﺋﺶ ‪٥٣ .................................................. CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA‬‬ ‫)٣١( اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك ﻟﻌﺎدى ‪٥٦ ............................................................ CYPRINUS CARPIO CARPIO‬‬ ‫)٤١( اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك اﻟﻔﻀﻲ ‪٥٩ ........................................... HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX‬‬ ‫)٥١( ﻣﺒﺮوك اﻟﺮأس اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﻩ ‪٦٢ ........................................................ ARISTICHTHYS NOBILIS‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺝﻊ ........................................................................................................................... ٥٦‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺬﻩ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ................................................................................................................ ٣٧‬ ‫آﺘﺐ ﺁﺥﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ ............................................................................................................. ٤٧‬ ‫ﺝﺮیﺪة اﻟﺒﺤﺮاویﻪ ٩١/٩/٥٠٠٢ ............................................................................................. ٥٧‬ ‫٣‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻤﻪ ﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫٤‬
‫ﻨﺒﺫﻩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ١١:‬ ‫: ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻓﻘﺩ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ , ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﻩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ٢٥٠٢-٦٨٧١‬ ‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﺭﺴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ .‬ ‫‪Encyclopedia Americana Vol.١١ grolier Inc. ٢٠٠٠ ,USA:Aquaculture has‬‬ ‫‪ancient origans ,A Chinese manual of the ٥th .Century B.C described early fish‬‬ ‫‪culture practice.Temple friezes dating from the middle Kingdom(٢٠٥٠-١٧٨٧ B.C)of‬‬ ‫.‪Egypt depict what may have been even earlier attempt,at intensive fish rearing‬‬ ‫‪: Seafarm‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﻭﺭﺠﻴﺱ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ , ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺼـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ٠٠٠٢ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺼﻴﺩ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ .‬ ‫) ‪Elisabith Mann Borges at her book (Seafarm the story of aquaculture‬‬ ‫‪,Hary N. Abrams,Inc.N.Y. , USA.١٩٨٠ said:Tilapia may have been cultured‬‬ ‫‪in Egypt by the Pharons. A tomb frieze of ٢٠٠٠B.C depict the harvest of‬‬ ‫.‪what appear to have been tilapia pond‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻫﻴﻭﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ‪: Text Book of Fish Culture‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﺤﻤـل ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻘـﺎﺩ ﺒـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ.‬ ‫,)‪Also Marcel huet Texetbook of (Fish Culture Breeding and Cultivation of Fish‬‬ ‫‪Fishing NewsBooks Ltd. England ١٩٧٠ :The practice of fish culture is very old‬‬ ‫.‪,Egyptians bas -relief show fishing scenes and conservation of fish raised in ponds‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ:‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ ١٩٩١ ﻭﺴـﺎﻤﻰ ﺃﺒـﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﻴﻥ‬ ‫٢٩٩١ :‬ ‫٠٠٩١ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻌﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺘـﻰ ﻤﺭﻴـﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻭﻥ .‬ ‫٥‬
‫٩٢٩١ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ .‬ ‫١٣٩١ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﻪ) ٧٣( ﻓـﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺯﺭﻴﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ.‬ ‫٤٣٩١ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭﻴﻪ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻠﻤـﺔ ﻭﺘﻔـﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯﻤﺒﻴﻘﻲ.‬ ‫٩٤٩١ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻭ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )٠٣ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ( ﻭﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ.‬ ‫٤٥٩١ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ .‬ ‫٧٥٩١ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺯﺭﻋﻪ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ) ٠٠٠٣ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ( ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺭﻴﻭﻁ ) ٠٠٠١‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻱ.‬ ‫ﻓﺩﺍﻥ( ﻤﻘﺘﻁﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻴﻭﻁ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﻪ .‬ ‫٨٥٩١ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﻫﻪ ﻜﻤﺭﺒﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ‪ Hydrodromes‬ﻹﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ.‬ ‫٩٥٩١ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺅﻟﺅ .‬ ‫٦٦٩١ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﻜﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫) ٠٠٥ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ (ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ .‬ ‫٠٧٩١ ﺃﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺒﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴـﻪ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﻷﺴـﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ .‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺃ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل.‬ ‫١٧٩١‬ ‫٧٧٩١ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺭﻱ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﻥ .‬ ‫٠٨٩١ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ .‬ ‫٣٨٩١ ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ .‬ ‫٦٨٩١ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻤﻴﺎﻁ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ.‬ ‫٧٨٩١ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﻓﺭﻭﻋﻪ.‬ ‫٦‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫٨٥٩٩٠١‬ ‫٨٥٢‬ ‫٠٠٧٩٠١‬ ‫٤٧٩١‬ ‫٧٤٧٧١١‬ ‫٢٣٢‬ ‫٥١٥٧١١‬ ‫٥٧٩١‬ ‫٤٦٠٣٤١‬ ‫٢٥٦٢‬ ‫٢١٤٠٤١‬ ‫٠٨٩١‬ ‫٥٤٩٩٨١‬ ‫٩١٦٥٣‬ ‫٦٢٣٤٥١‬ ‫٥٨٩١‬ ‫٠٠١٧٠٤‬ ‫٥١٦١٧‬ ‫٥٨٤٥٣٣‬ ‫٥٩٩١‬ ‫٧٠٤٤٢٧‬ ‫٣٩٠٠٤٣‬ ‫٤١٣٤٨٣‬ ‫٠٠٠٢‬ ‫٩٢٠٥٦٨‬ ‫٥٣٥١٧٤‬ ‫٤٩٤٣٩٣‬ ‫٤٠٠٢‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﻩ ﻓﻤﻥ ٨٥٢ ﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٧٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٩١٦٥٣ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٨٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٥١٦١٧ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٩٩١ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٠٠٢ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ٥٣٥١٧٤ ﻁﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ . ﻜﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻨـﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل , ﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻤﻥ ٠٠٠٣١٤ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٠٧٩٢‬ ‫ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٦٩٩١ ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ )ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫٠٠٠٢( , ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٠٨٣١ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٧٩٩١ﻟﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ٩٩٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٠٢٤٢ ﻓـﺩﺍﻥ . ﻭﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺼل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٠٢ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٦٣٦١ﻁﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ١٧٣٨١ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٠٠٢, ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ٣٤٥‬ ‫ﻗﻔﺹ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٦٥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٩٩١ ﺜﻡ ٣٥١٣ ﻗﻔﺹ ﻋﺎﻡ ٩٩٩١ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٠٠٢‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺼﺩﻭﺭ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺩﻤﻴﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﺀﺯﻟﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻗﻔـﺎﺹ ﺘـﻼﻩ ﺤﻜـﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﺌﻰ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ. ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺩﻤﻴﺎﻁ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤﺎﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﻋـﻥ ٠٠٤ ﻗﻔـﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ . ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ٧١٧٣٢ ﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٠٢ . ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ‬ ‫, ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ٠٠٠٠٥١ ﻁﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻻ ﺘـﺼل ﺍﻟـﻰ ٠٠٠٥١‬ ‫ﻁﻥ,ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ .‬ ‫٧‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﻭﺭﺠﻴﺱ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻟﻰ ‪ Fan Le‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺎل ﺃﻥ ﺜﺭﻭﺘﻪ ﺃﺘﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ٥٧٤ ﻕ ﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ. ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٤٢١ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺃﺴﺭﺓ ﺴﻭﻨﺞ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﻜﺘـﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺍﻯ ‪ Kwan Sin Shak Shik‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻘـل ﺯﺭﻴﻌـﺔ ﺴـﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﻥ , ﻭﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻀﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻰ‪ Lee Jasper‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ٠٠٠٢ ﻕ ﻡ.‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻫﻴﻭﺕ ‪ Huet‬ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﺇﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﻤﺒﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﻭ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ,‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺭﺠﺱ‪ Borges‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺎﻴﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺒـﺄﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ َﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪ Polyculture‬ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨـﺩ ﻭﻟـﺩﻭل ﺁﺴـﻴﺎ , ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺃﻋﻁـﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺴﺭﻭﺘﺎ ‪ Susruta‬ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٦ ﻕ ﻡ, ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺯﺭﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺃﺴﻭﻜﺎ ‪ Asoka‬ﻋـﺎﻡ ٦٤٢ ﻕ ﻡ ﺘـﺸﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﻗﺘل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺵ ﻭﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺞ ﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟـﺭﺍﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﺤﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴـﻪ ﺒﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﻭﺤﺭﻡ ﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﺜﻤﻥ. ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻙ ﺴﻭﻤـﺴﻔﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ Somsevara‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ٦٢١١ - ٧٣١١ ﻓﻘﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻪ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﻪ) ﺴﺎﻨـﺴﻜﺭﺕ(‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ ‪ Compt’o Encyclopedia‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴـﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﻪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺅﻟﺅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﻩ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻰ ,‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻯ.‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺇﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺎﻭﺍ ﺸﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻴﺩﻭ ٠٠٠٠٠٢ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻋﻤـل ﺸـﺒﻬﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪Kutara‬‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺭﺠﺱ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻫﺭﺍﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ . ﻭﻓﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ ٠٠٤١ ﺴﻥ ﺃﻫل ﺠـﺎﻭﺍ ﻗـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫‪ Menawa‬ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ , ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻴﻼﻯ ‪ Pillay‬ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ ٥١‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻓﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ ‪ Milkfish‬ﺒﻌﻤل ﺠـﺴﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﺢ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﺊ.‬ ‫٨‬
‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜﻤﺒﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻴﻼﻯ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ ‪ Catfish‬ﺒﺄﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ‪Pens‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ‪ Cages‬ﻤﻨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﻩ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻩ.‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺠﺯﺭ ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻯ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﻴﻥ ‪ Polynesians‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺠﻴﺱ, ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫٠٠٠١ ﻡ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻨﻴﻙ ﺃﺴﺘﺤﻀﺭﻭﻩ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﻭ ﻴﺤﻴﻁﻭﻥ ﺤـﻭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﻩ ﺒﺄﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺌﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺠﺎﻥ ‪ Coral‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻟـﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ,ﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ, ﻭﻻﺯﺍل ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﻥ.‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻔﻰ ﻋﻬﺩ ﻟﻴﻭﻜﻠﻭﺱ ‪ Lucullus‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻓﻘـﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻜﻜﻼﻥ ‪ Mc Clane‬ﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﻭﻜﻠﻭﺱ ﺤﻔﺭ ﻗﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻨﺎﺒﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﺼل ﺃﺤـﻭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﺘﺩﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﺥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺭ ﻓﺘﻤﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺨﺼﻴـﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﻕ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍﺽ . ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺫﻜـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻗـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫـﺏ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﺸﻭﻥ ‪ Dom Pinchon‬ﻓﻰ ﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﺒﺘﺩﺍﻉ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺏ ﺒـﻴﺽ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﻴﺨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻁﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﺒﺘﺩﻉ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ‪ Jacobi‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٦٧١ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ﺒـﺩﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤل .‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺩﻭﻓﻠﻰ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻱ.‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٦١ ﻡ ﻜﺘﺏ ‪ John Taverner‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﺒﻴﻼﻯ, ﺃﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﻪ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺇﻨـﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﺨـل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁـﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺴـﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ‪ Trout‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺂﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﻪ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻰ ‪ Lee‬ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁﻰ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻡ ‪ Stew -Ponds‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﻪ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﻩ ﻓﻘـﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﺤﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﻟﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻴـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀﺫﺍ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻓﺎﺀﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺃﺼـﺒﺤﺕ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ. ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﻨﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻓـﺭﺩ ﻴـﺴﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺯﺭﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺭﻭﻙ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻫﻴﻭﺕ‪Huet‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻭﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ٩١ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ‪ Salmnoid‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻷﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻀﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻰ‬ ‫٩‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺭﻭﻴﺞ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ٨١ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻤﻜﻜﻼﻥ ‪ Mc Clane‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻨﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٣٨١ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﻪ.‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺒﻴﻼﻯ‪ Pillay‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﺴﻁﻭ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺩﻭﻓﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ٠٠٠٢ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻀﺕ.‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ٧٥٨١ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﺍﺘـﻭﺱ ‪ Theodatus Garlick‬ﺒﻭﺼـﻑ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟـﻪ ﻟﺘﻔـﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤـﺩﻩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺴـﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﻁ ‪ Trout‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ‪ Salmon‬ﻭ‪Bass‬‬ ‫ﻭ ‪. Northern Pike‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﻤل ﻤﺎﻙ ‪ Mack‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺴـﻤﻜﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴـﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻋـﺎﻡ ٠٥٩١ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﺒـﺩﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ Minow‬ﻷﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻜﻁﻌﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﺽ ‪ Catfish‬ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫٠٥٩١ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﻪ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺃﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﻪ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ‪ Catfish‬ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٦٩١.‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺼﺎﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٥٩ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ… . ﺍﻟﺦ, ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ٠١% ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٩٩١ ﻫﻭ ٤٢ ﻁﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫٦٤ ﻁﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻸﺨﻴﺭ ٤١ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺼل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻰ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫٤٠٠٢ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٩٥ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٦٩ ﻁﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻻﻁـﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ١.‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ :‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫• ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ.‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺃﺼﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﻪ.‬ ‫• ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺭ.‬ ‫• ﺃﻨﻘﺭﺍﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺁﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫• ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺼﺎﺭﻤﻪ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ.‬ ‫• ﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ.‬ ‫٠١‬
‫ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ:‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻪ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻥ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﻪ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﻭﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺤﻔـﻅ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﻀﻬﺎ .‬ ‫• ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀﻫﺎ .‬ ‫• ﺨﻠﻕ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻋﻤل ﺠﺩﻴﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻨﺩﻻﻉ ﺤـﺭﺏ ٣٧٩١ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻭﻏﺯﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻷﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٣١‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ٠٧ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ. ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺴـﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ .ﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺃﺼﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺼـﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﺤﺘﻪ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﻪ ﻨﺸﺭﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻏﺴﻁﺱ ٨٨٩١ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺯﻭﻴـﻙ ‪Newsweek‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ١٣ ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺸﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺘﻠﻭﺜﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻴﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﺭﻟﻨﺩﻯ ﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺴﻁﻭﻥ ﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﻴﻭﻴﻭﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﺒﻜﻨـﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻙ ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺎﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺭﻴﻭﺩﻯ ﺠﺎﻨﻴﺭﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل . ﻭﻤﻤﺎﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻭﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﺒﺼﻔﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺼﺎﺭﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋـﻪ ﺩﺨﻠﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺒﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻜﻜل.‬ ‫% ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫٩,٤‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺠﻥ‬ ‫٥,٢‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺯﻴﺭ‬ ‫٥,٠‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫١,٠‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫٤,١١‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫١١‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ )١٠٠٢( ‪ State of the World‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻬـﺩ ‪ Worldwatch‬ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻻﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ , ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ٤,١١% ﻻﻴﻨﺎﻓﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺃﻯ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ٢( ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ , ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ ‪ Oreochromis niliticus‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺴـﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ‪ Trout‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ‪ Catfish‬ﺜﻡ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫‪ Penaeeus‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ Penaeus‬ﻭ ‪vannamei‬‬ ‫‪ Anguilla‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒــــﺭﻯ ‪mondon‬‬ ‫‪japonica‬‬ ‫‪ Machrobrachium rosenbergii‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺭﻯ .‬ ‫ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ:‬ ‫• ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻲ.‬ ‫• ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ .‬ ‫• ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺠﻠﻪ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻴﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ. ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﻪ ﺤﻴﻪ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻴـﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺨﺎﺭﺝ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﻪ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﻘﺹ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻫﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﻜﺭﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﻪ ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭﻩ . ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫• ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻﻴﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ-‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺓ ﻷﻜـﺎﺩﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴـﺴﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ .‬ ‫• ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫• ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﺄﺯﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻰ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻩ .‬ ‫• ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼـﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻩ . -‬ ‫٢١‬
‫• ﻴﺤﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﺃﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ .‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﺎﻅﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺒﺭﺍﻴـﺭ ٧٠٠٢ :‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﺒﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻨـﺎ ﺒـﺴﻭﺍﺤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﻩ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓـﻰ ﺃﻨﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻨﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﻭﻯ ٥,٧% ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻭﻨﺤﻭ ٥,٥% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ٠٦% ﻓﻬـﻰ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫,‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﻭ ٥٢% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ٣١ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٨ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ٠٠٥ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁـﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ , ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻘﻔﺯ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻭ٠٠٢ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎ , ﻭﻨﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﻪ ﻭﻀﺦ ﺃﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﻩ ﻟﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻓـﻰ ﻗﻁـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ.‬ ‫٣١‬
FAO ٢٠٠٤‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ :١‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬ FAO yearbook Statistics Year ٢٠٠٤ World Production of Fish Crustacean Molluscs, etc ١٤
‫ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺭﺒﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻭل٢:‬ ‫٥١‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫٦١‬
‫ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ‬ ‫‪Family: Cichilidae‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺘﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫٠٠٩ ﺠﻡ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ٥٣ ﺴﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٥ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁـﻰ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻭﺘﺨﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﻟﻠﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻨـﺎﺙ ﻟﻤـﺩﺓ ٨ - ٤١ﻴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ ﻓﺎﺀﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻟﻔﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻭﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺒـﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻜﺜـﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﺒل ﻁﻌﻡ ﻟﺤﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ٠٤ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻭﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﻩ ﻭﻁﻌﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﻪ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻟﻪ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺎ ‪GM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺴﻤﻜﻪ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴـﻪ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺴـﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨـﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻬﺎﺭﺴﻴﺎ ).‪( Statoriochromis sp‬ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠـﻪ ﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻻﺭﻴﺎ . ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﻭﺘﻘل ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻀﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٦ ﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭﻩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٦‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪ Cichilidae‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ٥٢٥١ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﻩ ﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻰ ‪ Lateral line‬ﻤﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻔﻴﻪ ‪ Nostrail‬ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ .‬ ‫٧١‬
‫)١( ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ‬ Oreochromis niloticus niloticus F١ F٢ Family: Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Nile tilapia ١٨
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﻟﻪ ٤١ - ٨٢ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻲ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٦ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢٣,٤ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗـﺼﻰ ﻋﻤـﺭ ٩ ﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ٥١ ﻤﺘﺭﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ٤ - ٢٤ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ٠١ - ٢٣ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻨﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺠﺒل ﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻭ ﻭﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺠﺎﻤﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺁﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻭﻏﺫﺍﺀﻩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ Phytoplankton‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﻪ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ٧ - ٢١ ﺨـﻁ ﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻭﺍﻤﺸﻬﺎ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﻪ ﺃﻭﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺼﻁﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻤﺎﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻤﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﻪ ﻭﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻴﺩﻭﻡ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﻁﺒﺔ) ﺒﺘﺎﺡ ﺤﻴﺕ (ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ‪ Mereruka‬ﻓﻰ ﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻴﻨﺕ ﻭﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺴـﺭﻩ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻰ .‬ ‫٩١‬
F٣ F٤ Oreochromis niloticus niloticus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ‬ ٢٠
(‫)٢( ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ )ﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ – ﺤﺴﺎﻨﻰ‬ Oreochromis aureus F٥ F٦ Family: Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) namee: Blue tilapia ٢١
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٧ ﻭ ٥٤ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ١٠,٢ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬ ‫٥ﻤﺘﺭ .ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ٠١-٥٣ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺸـﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺃﺴﻴﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﺩﻯ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻭ ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻭﺃﺩﺨل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺃﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﻪ .ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺤﺘﻰ ٨ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٠٣-٨‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ .ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ (ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺨﻔـﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ )ﻜﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﻪ ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﻓﺭﻭﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺠﻴﻥ ‪ Lagoons‬ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ .ﺍﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﺒﺼﻔﻪ ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻴﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻰ ‪Phytoplankton‬ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ‪ Zooplankton‬ﻭﻗﻁـﻊ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻡ .‪Mouth breeder‬ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻤﻐﺒﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻰ ﻻﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺭﺩﻯ ﻭﺃﺤﻤﺭ ﻻﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻤﻕ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﻤﻘﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻨـﺎﺙ ﺤﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻭﺭﺩﻯ ﺸﺎﺤﺏ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﻭﻏﺎﻤﻕ.ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻟﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﺭﻕ –ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﺜﻡ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﺎﻤﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻑ .‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﻤـﻊ ﺒﻠﻁـﻰ ﻨﻴﻠـﻰ ‪(Oreochromis niloticus * Oreochromis‬‬ ‫) ‪ aureus‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ٪٠٠١ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﺴﻤﻜﻴﺎ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺃﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺩﻩ ﻭﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل .‬ ‫٢٢‬
F٧ F٨ Oreochromis aureus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‬ ٢٣
(‫)٣( )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﻭﻻﻯ‬ Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus F٩ F١٠ ٢٤
‫ﺃﻗﺹ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ١٤ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٨١٦,١ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺤﺘﻰ ٠١ﺩﺭﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ٨٢ -٢٢ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﺘﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫٥٣ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٥١ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ .ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﺭﻭﺃﺴﻴﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺘـﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺭﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺒل ﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻐﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺒـﺎﻨﺠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻴﻼ ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻭﺘﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻭﻥ ﻭﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﻜﻭﺭﺒﺎل ﻭﺠﺎﻤﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻜﺎﺯﺍﻤﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﻐﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺍﺭﺍ(ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ )ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺭ (ﻤﻭﺭﻴﺘﺎﻨﻴﺎ )ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺠﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﻭﻥ .‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﻪ ‪Inshore‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﻩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ‪Sudd‬ﻭﻴﺘﻐـﺫﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁـﻰ‬ ‫.ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓـﻰ ﻓـﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﻠﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫.ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺭﻴﻪ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻘﻁ ﻏﺎﻤﻘﻪ ,ﻭ ﺘﻤﻴل ﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﻓﻀﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﻤﺵ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺭﺩﻯ .ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺸﻌﻪ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻭﻟﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻴﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل .‬ ‫٥٢‬
F١١ F١٢ Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ‬ ٢٦
(‫)٤( ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ )ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ‬ Tilapia zillii F١٣ F١٤ Family: Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) E. name: Redbelly tilapia ٢٧
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٤ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ٠٠٣ ﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗـﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٧ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ. ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺩﻩ ﺤﺘﻰ ٣١ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ٠٤ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﺃﻯ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﺒﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺃﺱ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻰ ‪ pH‬ﻤﻥ ٦-٩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻤﺘـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ ﺃﻯ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﻪ.‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﺴﻤﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ٧٤ – ٧‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ٥٣ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٠١ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ .ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓـﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴـﺎ ﻭﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺭﻭﺃﺴﻴﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻐﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ –‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺴﺎﺴﻨﺩﺭﺍ ﻭﺒﺎﻨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺎﺤل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﻭﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺒﺎﻨﺠﻰ ﻭﻴﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﺘﻭﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻐﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﻪ ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺎﺒﻭﺘﻭ ﻭﺘﻭﺭﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻓـﻰ ﻓﺘـﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Fry‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ‪Juvenile‬ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﻪ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻤﻴﻪ .ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﻰ ‪Herbivorous‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ‪Epiphyton‬ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ,ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻵﻴﺤﻀﻥ ﺍﻟﺒـﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻓﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻰ . ‪Substrate‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﻊ ٨ – ٦ﺃﻋﻤﺩﻩ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﻤﻘﻪ ,ﻭﺘﻭﺠـﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻰ .‬ ‫٨٢‬
F١٥ F١٦ Tilapia zillii ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ‬ ٢٩
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪Family: Mugilidae‬‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ‪ Idout‬ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻵﺴـﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤـﺴﻪ‬ ‫,ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ‪ Ti‬ﺒﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ . ﻭﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ )ﺒﺭﻯ( . ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻫـﻡ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺒﻭﻥ. ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍل ‪ Catadromous‬ﺃﻯ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ )ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ( , ﺘﺘـﻭﺯﻉ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻷﺴـﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻯ ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ٠٧ ﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺫﺒـﻪ ,‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻁﻭﺭﺒﻴﺩﻯ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺸﻭﺭ ﻗﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻡ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴـﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﻭل ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻪ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ٠٦ ﺴﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺯﺀﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻰ ﻏﺎﺌﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻐﺒﺵ , ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟـﻀﺤﻠﻪ ﻭﻴـﺴﻴﺭ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ‪ Schools‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨـﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠـﻰ , ﻭﻴﺘﻐـﺫﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟـﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﻪ . ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ‪ Grey Mullet‬ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫـﺎ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ‪ Red Mullet‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ . ‪ Goatfish‬ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴـﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﻭﺠـﺯﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻯ.‬ ‫٠٣‬
‫)٥( ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ‬ Mugil cephalus F ١٧ F١٨ Family: Mugilidae (Mullets) Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Flathead mullet ٣١
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٢١ ﺴﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٨ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٦١ﺴﻨﻪ , ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻯ ‪ Penthopelagic‬ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ٠٢١ ﻤﺘﺭﺍ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠـﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ٨ – ٤٢ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻫﻰ ﻤﻥ ٧٤ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٠٤ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ ﻭ٣٤١ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﻭ ٥١‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻗﺎ . ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺸﻴﻠﻰ ﻭﻏﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺴﻰ ﻭﻨﻭﻓـﺎ ﺴـﻜﻭﺘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻨﺩﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل ﻭﻜﺎﺏ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻙ ﻭﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺒﺴﻜﺎﻯ ﺠﻨـﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺃﻭﻜﻭﺘﺴﻙ ‪ .Okhotsk‬ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺯﻴﺘﻰ ﺃﺨﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻟﺠﺯﺀﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ . ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺭ ﻭﻏـﺫﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ‪ Zooplankton‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻪ ‪ Detritus‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﺘﺘﻐﺫﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ . ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺩﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ . ﻴﻨﻀﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺠﻨـﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٧ – ٨ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ . ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻜﺘﻭﺒﺭ. ﻭﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺴﻤﻜﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘـﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺭﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻋﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﻠﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺸﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﻡ ) ﻋﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ . ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﻭﺭﻯ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟـﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ . ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )ﺒﺭﻯ( .‬ ‫٢٣‬
F١٩ F٢٠ Mugil cephalus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬ ٣٣
‫)٦( ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ‬ Liza ramado ٢١ ٢٢ Family: Mugilidae (Mullets) Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Thinlip mullet ٣٤
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٧ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٩,٢ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٠١ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫, ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٨ – ٤٢ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ ٠١ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ٠٦ – ٠٢ ﺸـﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٨١ ﻏﺭﺒـﺎ ﻭ ٢٤‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻵﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺭﻭﻴﺞ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ . ﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺯ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻅﻬﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻪ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﻭﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ . ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ؛ﻴﺙ ﻴﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻟﺒﺢ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻩ ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﺒﺭﺍﻴﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﻭﻤﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺃﺴـﻔل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺠﻴﻥ ‪ Lagoons‬ﻭﺘﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻪ ‪ Detritus‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ . ﻭﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺯﺭﻴﻌـﻪ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ . ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻜﻁﻌﻡ ﻟﻬﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﻪ‬ ‫٥٣‬
F٢٣ F٢٤ Liza ramado ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ‬ ٣٦
‫)٧( ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ‬ Clarias gaiepinus F٢٥ F٢٦ Family: Clariidae (Airbreathing catfishes) Order: Siluriformes (catfish) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: North African catfish ٣٧
‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﺒﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ‪Potamodromous‬ﻗﺎﻋﻰ , ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ١ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ,‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٧ ﻜﺠﻡ . ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻓـﻰ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺘـﺸﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺒﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻭ ﻭﻏﺎﻨﺎ ﻭﺴﺎﺤل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﻭﺠﺎﻤﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﺭﻴﺘﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ٠٦- ٢٨ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺨﻭﻩ ﻭﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫–٢٤ ﺸﻭﻜﻪ . ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻁﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ , ﻭﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ١٦‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻪ , ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻪ ، ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﻪ ﻭﻀـﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫‪ .Knife‬ﺘﺨﺘﺒﺄ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺘﻐـﺫﻯ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺘﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻤﻪ .ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ٢ -٣ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺯﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺒﻪ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻀﻭ ﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺌﺩﻩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻌﺏ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻰ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ ﻜﺄﻤﺘـﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﺒﻁﻨﻪ ﺒﺒﺸﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤـﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﻨـﺴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻁﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻭ ﻭﻏﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻩ ﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺸﻴﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻰ ﻤﺜـل ﺸـﻌﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺸﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻋﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ .‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺒﻪ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ.‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﻩ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺭﺴـﻭﻡ ﻟـﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻤﻭﻁ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ‪ Merreruka‬ﺒﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ .‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫٨٣‬
F٢٧ F٢٨ Clarias gaiepinus ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ‬ ٣٩
‫)٨( ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ‬ Sparus aurata F٢٩ F٣٠ Family: Sparidae (Porgies) Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Gilthead seabream ٤٠
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٧ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢,٧١ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ١١ ﺴﻨﻪ ,‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﻰ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻤـﻥ ١ –‬ ‫٠٥١ ﻡ , ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ٥١ –٢٦ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻤﻥ ٧١ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ٣٤‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﻀﻴﻕ ﺠﺒل ﻁﺎﺭﻕ ﺤﺘىﻜﺎﺏ ﻓـﺭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻭل ﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ .‬ ‫–٤١ﺸـﻌﺎﻉ ,‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ١١ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ ٣١‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ٣ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ , ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻰ .‬ ‫‪Seagrass‬ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻰ , ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٠٥١ ﻤﺘﺭﺍ . ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﻼﺕ ﻟﺤﻭﻡ ‪Cornivorous‬ﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ‪ .Shellfish‬ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴـﻪ ﺍﻷﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫١٤‬
F٣١ F٣٢ Sparus aurata ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ‬ ٤٢
‫)٩( ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ‬ Solea aegyptiaca F٣٣ F٣٤ Family: Soleidae (Soles) picture Order: Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Egyptian sole ٤٣
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٥٦ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ . ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺃﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻓـﻰ ﺘـﻭﻨﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺱ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻴﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ , ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴـﺭﺓ ﻗـﺎﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺹ ‪ Solea vulgaris‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴـﻪ ‪Benthic invertebrates‬ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻭﺍﺴـﻊ ‪Cnidarians‬‬ ‫‪polychaete worms‬ﻭﺍل ‪. Bivalve‬‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ , ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﻭﺠـﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ , ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻻﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ , ﻭﻻﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ . ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻠﺘﺤﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻨﻔﺼل ﻋﻨﻬﺎ . ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻪ ﺘﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ .‬ ‫٥٣‪F‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ‪Solea aegyptiaca‬‬ ‫٤٤‬
‫)٠١( ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺹ‬ Dicentrarchus labrax F٣٦ F٣٧ Family: Moronidae (Temperate basses) Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: European seabass ٤٥
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠١ ﺴﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢١ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٥١ ﺴﻨﻪ . ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ , ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﻤﻥ ٠١ – ٠٠١ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٨ – ٤٢ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻥ ١ – ٢٧‬ ‫ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٩١ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﻭ٢٤ ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺭﻭﻴﺞ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐـﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺃﻴﺴﻠﻨﺩﺍ.‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ٨ –٠١ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ ٢١ –٣١ ﻭﺃﺸـﻭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﺜﻼﺙ . ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ٠١ –٢١, ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻪ ﻗﺸﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ .‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻁﻲﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻘﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺨـﻼل ﺍﻟـﺸﺘﺎﺀ .‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻟﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻻﺘﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ . ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ . ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻓـﻰ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺎ ﻭ ﻤﺒﻜـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻴﻔﻘﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ . ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺹ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫٦٤‬
F٣٨ F٣٩ Dicentrarchus labrax ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺹ‬ ٤٧
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ‪Carp‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺌﻠـﺔ ‪ Cyprinidae‬ﺤـﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٥١ ﻨـﻭﻉ , ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﻤـﺎﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ٠٠٠٢ ‪, Encyclopedia Americana‬ﺃﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪ Cyprinus carpio‬ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠١ ﺴﻡ ﻭﻴﺼل ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ٢٣ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋـﺎﺵ ٠٤ ﺴـﻨﻪ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺴـﻪ ‪in‬‬ ‫‪ captivety‬ﻭﺒﺭﻴﺎ ‪in the wild‬ﻋﺎﺸﺕ ٢١-٥١ ﺴﻨﻪ. ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ, ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﻭﺠﺴﻤﻪ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺸﻭﺍﺭﺏ ﻭﻓﻡ ﺒﻼ ﺃﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻰ ﺃﻭ ‪copper-brown‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ.‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺁﻤﻭﺭ ‪ Amour‬ﻤﻥ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺸﺭﻕ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻨﻤﺎﺭ)ﺒﻭﺭﻤﺎ ﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺎ( ,‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﻗﺯﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺁﺭﺍل , ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﻪ . ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻟـﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻭﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ, ﻭﻗﺩ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﻴﺢ ﻭﺃﺩﺨـل‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ٩١ ﺃﺩﺨل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺽ ﻭﺼـﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ ﻭﻨﻅـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺭﺍﻫﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﺀﻨﻪ ﺃﺩﺨل ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎﺭﻯ ‪sewege‬‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴـﻪ .ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻋﻴﺏ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻤﻤﺎﻴﻀﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺁﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺘﻌـﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﺤﻔﺭ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻯ ﻴﻌـﻴﺵ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻓﻤﻪ. ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ‪ Cyprinidae‬ﺴﻤﻙ ‪ Gold fish‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺸـﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻤﻜﺔ ‪. Golden carp‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻤﺤـﺼﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ) ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺴـﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﺎﻡ ٢٩٩١ ( , ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﻤﻔﺭﺥ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٣٩١ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ , ﻓـﺭﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﻊ , ﺜﻡ ﺘﻠﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻔﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫٩٤٩١ ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﻪ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ٧٥٩١ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ, ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٨٩١ ﺃﻭل ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﺜﻡ ﻋـﺎﻡ ٤٨٩١ ﺘـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴـﻊ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫٨٤‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ , ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻤﺠﺎﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺴﻴﻐﻨﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ . ﻭﻗﺎﻤـﺕ ﺃﻴـﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﺀﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭﻴﻪ ﺒﺸﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺒﻤﺤﻔﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻭﺒﻴﻪ ﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌـﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ. ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﺄﺴﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ.‬ ‫٩٤‬
‫)١١( ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ‬ Mylopharyngodon piceus F٤٠ F ٤١ Family: Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) Order: Cypriniformes (carps) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Black carp ٥٠
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴـﺠل ﻟـﻪ ٢٢١ ﺴـﻡ ﻟـﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗـﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢٣ ﻜﺠـﻡ ﻴﻌـﻴﺵ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ‪ Potamodromous‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺤـﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺁﻤﻭﺭ ‪ Amour‬ﻓﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺄﻗﻠﻡ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﺨل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ.‬ ‫١٥‬
F٤٢ F٤٣ (Mylopharyngodon piceus ) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ‬ ٥٢
‫)٢١( ﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ‬ Ctenopharyngodon idella F٤٤ F٤٥ Family: Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) Order: Cypriniformes (carps) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Grass carp ٥٣
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٥١ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٥٤ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤـﺭ ١٢ ﺴـﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ ٠٣ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﻰ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ, ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﻩ ‪ Potamodromous‬ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘىﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ٥٣ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻨﺘـﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ٥٦ - ٥٢ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﺘﺤـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﺴﻭﻓﻴﺘﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﺒﻴﺭﻴﺎ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺁﻤﻭﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻘﻠﻨﻘل ﺩﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ ‪Bothriocephalus opsarichthydis‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ٣ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﻭﻷﺸﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ٨ - ٧ ﺃﺸﻌﻪ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ٣‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﻭﻤﻥ ٧ - ١١ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺸﻭﺍﺭﺏ , ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺯ‪ snout‬ﻗﺼﻴﺭ, ﻭﻴﺤﺘـﻭﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ٨١‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ . ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻌﻪ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ,‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٠ - ٨٣ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ٠١ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﻭﺃﻜﺴﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺌﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ٥,٠ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻻﺘﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ٠١ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ. ﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤـﻭﺭﻩ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺘﺤﻠل ﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ‪ detritus‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ.‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ,‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻤﻭﻩ , ﻴﻔﻘﺱ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺭﻭﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓـﻰ ﺁﺴـﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭﻩ ﺁﻓﻪ.‬ ‫٤٥‬
F٤٦ F٤٧ (Ctenopharyngodon idella) ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ‬ ٥٥
‫)٣١( ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ‬ Cyprinus carpio carpio F٤٨ F٤٩ Family: Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) Order: Cypriniformes (carps) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Common carp ٥٦
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237
6237

Recommended

Quality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimp
Quality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimpQuality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimp
Quality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimpatshayaSundar
 
Caviar from living sturgeon
Caviar from living sturgeonCaviar from living sturgeon
Caviar from living sturgeonAngela Köhler
 
إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )
إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )
إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )Mostafa El-kholy
 
Spf and spr
Spf and sprSpf and spr
Spf and sprbharathi rathinam
 
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)Avijit Pramanik
 
Soft shell producttion
Soft shell producttionSoft shell producttion
Soft shell producttionSalmashaik26
 
Murrels
MurrelsMurrels
MurrelsAkhila S
 
culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )
culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )
culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )Md. Ayubul Islam Akib
 

Recommended

Quality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimp
Quality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimpQuality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimp
Quality parameters to be assessed in vannamei shrimpatshayaSundar
 
Caviar from living sturgeon
Caviar from living sturgeonCaviar from living sturgeon
Caviar from living sturgeonAngela Köhler
 
إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )
إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )
إنشاء احواض الاستزراع السمكى ( مصطفى الخولي )Mostafa El-kholy
 
Spf and spr
Spf and sprSpf and spr
Spf and sprbharathi rathinam
 
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in finfish (IHNV)Avijit Pramanik
 
Soft shell producttion
Soft shell producttionSoft shell producttion
Soft shell producttionSalmashaik26
 
Murrels
MurrelsMurrels
MurrelsAkhila S
 
culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )
culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )
culture method of mullet ( Mugil cephalus )Md. Ayubul Islam Akib
 
Fishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathod
Fishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathodFishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathod
Fishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathodDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
 
AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)
AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)
AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)Akanksha Rout, M.Sc(Zoology)Centurion University Of Technology and Management
 
Yellow tail
Yellow tailYellow tail
Yellow tailRishika Vardhelli
 
كتاب البلطي
كتاب البلطيكتاب البلطي
كتاب البلطيfsl hggi
 
Quality of fresh fish
Quality of fresh fishQuality of fresh fish
Quality of fresh fishSakshi Thakur
 
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seedB. BHASKAR
 
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH As Siyam
 
Js fish seed certification
Js fish seed certificationJs fish seed certification
Js fish seed certificationjaYSHRI SHELKE
 
Bheri farming: shore based aquaculture
Bheri farming: shore based aquacultureBheri farming: shore based aquaculture
Bheri farming: shore based aquacultureKartik Mondal
 
Irradiation of Seafood
Irradiation of SeafoodIrradiation of Seafood
Irradiation of SeafoodChittagong Veterinary & Animal Sciences University
 
Tilapia
TilapiaTilapia
TilapiaDEVIKA ANTHARJANAM
 
Tilapia
TilapiaTilapia
TilapiaMary Antonette Brillo
 
Smoking of Fish. Ppt
Smoking of Fish. Ppt Smoking of Fish. Ppt
Smoking of Fish. Ppt Food Science And Technology
 
Aquafeed storage
Aquafeed storage Aquafeed storage
Aquafeed storage Subra Maniyan
 
Mullet fish culture
Mullet fish cultureMullet fish culture
Mullet fish cultureSameer Chebbi
 
Aquaculture
AquacultureAquaculture
AquacultureRuthwikKaparthi1
 
Incubator in aquaculture
Incubator in aquacultureIncubator in aquaculture
Incubator in aquacultureMd Obaidul Haque
 
Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed Conversion RatioFeed Conversion Ratio
Feed Conversion RatioDamion Robertson`
 
important shrimp diseases in india
important shrimp diseases in indiaimportant shrimp diseases in india
important shrimp diseases in indiaShiva Rajak
 
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptx
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptxFortification of Rice - Final.pptx
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptxssuser0111ea
 
1086
10861086
1086kotob arabia
 
960
960960
960kotob arabia
 

More Related Content

What's hot

كتاب البلطي
كتاب البلطيكتاب البلطي
كتاب البلطيfsl hggi
 
Quality of fresh fish
Quality of fresh fishQuality of fresh fish
Quality of fresh fishSakshi Thakur
 
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seedB. BHASKAR
 
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH As Siyam
 
Js fish seed certification
Js fish seed certificationJs fish seed certification
Js fish seed certificationjaYSHRI SHELKE
 
Bheri farming: shore based aquaculture
Bheri farming: shore based aquacultureBheri farming: shore based aquaculture
Bheri farming: shore based aquacultureKartik Mondal
 
important shrimp diseases in india
important shrimp diseases in indiaimportant shrimp diseases in india
important shrimp diseases in indiaShiva Rajak
 
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptx
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptxFortification of Rice - Final.pptx
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptxssuser0111ea
 

What's hot (20)

Fishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathod
Fishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathodFishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathod
Fishery Science: Penaeus monodon culture sudeshrathod
 
AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)
AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)
AQUACULTURE(SAPROLEGNIASIS)
 
Yellow tail
Yellow tailYellow tail
Yellow tail
 
كتاب البلطي
كتاب البلطيكتاب البلطي
كتاب البلطي
 
Quality of fresh fish
Quality of fresh fishQuality of fresh fish
Quality of fresh fish
 
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed
5.3 packing and transportation of fish seed
 
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH
 
Js fish seed certification
Js fish seed certificationJs fish seed certification
Js fish seed certification
 
Bheri farming: shore based aquaculture
Bheri farming: shore based aquacultureBheri farming: shore based aquaculture
Bheri farming: shore based aquaculture
 
Irradiation of Seafood
Irradiation of SeafoodIrradiation of Seafood
Irradiation of Seafood
 
Tilapia
TilapiaTilapia
Tilapia
 
Tilapia
TilapiaTilapia
Tilapia
 
Smoking of Fish. Ppt
Smoking of Fish. Ppt Smoking of Fish. Ppt
Smoking of Fish. Ppt
 
Aquafeed storage
Aquafeed storage Aquafeed storage
Aquafeed storage
 
Mullet fish culture
Mullet fish cultureMullet fish culture
Mullet fish culture
 
Aquaculture
AquacultureAquaculture
Aquaculture
 
Incubator in aquaculture
Incubator in aquacultureIncubator in aquaculture
Incubator in aquaculture
 
Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed Conversion RatioFeed Conversion Ratio
Feed Conversion Ratio
 
important shrimp diseases in india
important shrimp diseases in indiaimportant shrimp diseases in india
important shrimp diseases in india
 
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptx
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptxFortification of Rice - Final.pptx
Fortification of Rice - Final.pptx
 

More from kotob arabia

More from kotob arabia (20)

1086
10861086
1086
 
960
960960
960
 
764
764764
764
 
6487
64876487
6487
 
6205
62056205
6205
 
942
942942
942
 
96
9696
96
 
5962
59625962
5962
 
763
763763
763
 
6486
64866486
6486
 
745
745745
745
 
6204
62046204
6204
 
6435
64356435
6435
 
5961
59615961
5961
 
6182
61826182
6182
 
959
959959
959
 
941
941941
941
 
594
594594
594
 
762
762762
762
 
744
744744
744
 

Recently uploaded

أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....
أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....
أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....سمير بسيوني
 
French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)
French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)
French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)Shankar Aware
 
TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...
TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...
TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...
TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...
TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...
30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...
30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...
، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...
، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...Idrees.Hishyar
 

Recently uploaded (6)

أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....
أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....
أَسَانِيدُ كُتُبِ وَأُصُولِ النَّشْرِ لِابْنِ الْجَزَرِيِّ وَالْوَصْلُ بِهَا....
 
French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)
French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)
French Revolution (फ्रेंच राज्यक्रांती)
 
TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...
TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...
TUYỂN TẬP 25 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2023 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (SƯU...
 
TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...
TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...
TUYỂN TẬP 20 ĐỀ THI KHẢO SÁT HỌC SINH GIỎI MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 6 NĂM 2020 (CÓ Đ...
 
30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...
30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...
30 ĐỀ PHÁT TRIỂN THEO CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ MINH HỌA BGD NGÀY 22-3-2024 KỲ THI TỐT NGHI...
 
، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...
، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...
، ژیانا ئینگلیزا ب کوردی ، ئینگلیزەکان ، راپورتی کوردی ، راپورتا مێژوی ، ژ...
 

6237

  • 1.
  • 2. ‫ﺃﲰﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪Egyptian Auaculture Fishes‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ: ﳏﻤﺪ ﺷﻬﺎﺏ‬
  • 3. ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫.‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫)ﻋـﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﱰﻧـﺖ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺒــﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗــﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺪﳎــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻯ‬ ‫א‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ (‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫.‬ ‫.‬ ‫א א‬
  • 4. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻩ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻤﺰارع اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ وﻣﺰارع ﻣﺼﺮ .......................................................................... ٤‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺬﻩ ﺗﺎریﺨﻴﻪ ....................................................................................................................... ٥‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ................................................................................................ ٧‬ ‫آﺘﺎب اﺣﺼﺎء اﻟﺴﻨﻮى ﻹﻧﺘﺎج٤٠٠٢‪١٤ ................................................................................. FAO‬‬ ‫اﺱﻤﺎك وﻗﺸﺮیﺎت وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﺗﺮﺏﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺰارع ............................................................................... ٥١‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع أﺱﻤﺎك اﻟﻤﺰارع اﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ............................................................................................... ٦١‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ ‪١٧ ................................................................................ FAMILY: CICHILIDAE‬‬ ‫)١( اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ ‪١٨ ............................................ OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS NILOTICUS‬‬ ‫)٢( اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻷزرق )ﺏﻠﻄﻰ أﺏﻴﺾ – ﺣﺴﺎﻧﻰ( ‪٢١ .....................................OREOCHROMIS AUREUS‬‬ ‫)٣( )اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺏﻠﻄﻰ ﻣﻮﻻى( ‪٢٤ .................. SAROTHERODON GALILAEUS GALILAEUS‬‬ ‫)٤( اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻷﺥﻀﺮ )اﻟﺸﺒﺎر اﻷﺥﻀﺮ( ‪٢٧ ........................................................... TILAPIA ZILLII‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻪ اﻟﺒﻮریﻪ ‪٣٠ ...............................................................................FAMILY: MUGILIDAE‬‬ ‫)٥( اﻟﺒﻮرى ‪٣١ ...................................................................................... MUGIL CEPHALUS‬‬ ‫)٦( اﻟﻄﻮﺏﺎر ‪٣٤ ............................................................................................ LIZA RAMADO‬‬ ‫)٧( ﺱﻤﻚ اﻟﻘﺮاﻣﻴﻂ ‪٣٧ .......................................................................... CLARIAS GAIEPINUS‬‬ ‫)٨( اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺲ ‪٤٠ ......................................................................................... SPARUS AURATA‬‬ ‫)٩( ﺱﻤﻚ ﻣﻮﺱﻰ ‪٤٣ ........................................................................... SOLEA AEGYPTIACA‬‬ ‫)٠١( ﺱﻤﻚ اﻟﻘﺎرص ‪٤٥ ............................................................. DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك ‪٤٨ ................................................................................................................ CARP‬‬ ‫)١١( اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك اﻷﺱﻮد ‪٥٠ ...................................................... MYLOPHARYNGODON PICEUS‬‬ ‫)٢١( ﻣﺒﺮوك اﻟﺤﺸﺎﺋﺶ ‪٥٣ .................................................. CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA‬‬ ‫)٣١( اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك ﻟﻌﺎدى ‪٥٦ ............................................................ CYPRINUS CARPIO CARPIO‬‬ ‫)٤١( اﻟﻤﺒﺮوك اﻟﻔﻀﻲ ‪٥٩ ........................................... HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX‬‬ ‫)٥١( ﻣﺒﺮوك اﻟﺮأس اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﻩ ‪٦٢ ........................................................ ARISTICHTHYS NOBILIS‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺝﻊ ........................................................................................................................... ٥٦‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺬﻩ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ................................................................................................................ ٣٧‬ ‫آﺘﺐ ﺁﺥﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ ............................................................................................................. ٤٧‬ ‫ﺝﺮیﺪة اﻟﺒﺤﺮاویﻪ ٩١/٩/٥٠٠٢ ............................................................................................. ٥٧‬ ‫٣‬
  • 5. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻤﻪ ﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫٤‬
  • 6. ‫ﻨﺒﺫﻩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺭﻗﻡ ١١:‬ ‫: ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻓﻘﺩ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ , ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﻩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ٢٥٠٢-٦٨٧١‬ ‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﺭﺴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ .‬ ‫‪Encyclopedia Americana Vol.١١ grolier Inc. ٢٠٠٠ ,USA:Aquaculture has‬‬ ‫‪ancient origans ,A Chinese manual of the ٥th .Century B.C described early fish‬‬ ‫‪culture practice.Temple friezes dating from the middle Kingdom(٢٠٥٠-١٧٨٧ B.C)of‬‬ ‫.‪Egypt depict what may have been even earlier attempt,at intensive fish rearing‬‬ ‫‪: Seafarm‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﻭﺭﺠﻴﺱ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ , ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺼـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ٠٠٠٢ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺼﻴﺩ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ .‬ ‫) ‪Elisabith Mann Borges at her book (Seafarm the story of aquaculture‬‬ ‫‪,Hary N. Abrams,Inc.N.Y. , USA.١٩٨٠ said:Tilapia may have been cultured‬‬ ‫‪in Egypt by the Pharons. A tomb frieze of ٢٠٠٠B.C depict the harvest of‬‬ ‫.‪what appear to have been tilapia pond‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻫﻴﻭﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ‪: Text Book of Fish Culture‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﺤﻤـل ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻘـﺎﺩ ﺒـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ.‬ ‫,)‪Also Marcel huet Texetbook of (Fish Culture Breeding and Cultivation of Fish‬‬ ‫‪Fishing NewsBooks Ltd. England ١٩٧٠ :The practice of fish culture is very old‬‬ ‫.‪,Egyptians bas -relief show fishing scenes and conservation of fish raised in ponds‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ:‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ ١٩٩١ ﻭﺴـﺎﻤﻰ ﺃﺒـﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﻴﻥ‬ ‫٢٩٩١ :‬ ‫٠٠٩١ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻌﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺘـﻰ ﻤﺭﻴـﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻭﻥ .‬ ‫٥‬
  • 7. ‫٩٢٩١ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ .‬ ‫١٣٩١ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﻪ) ٧٣( ﻓـﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺯﺭﻴﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ.‬ ‫٤٣٩١ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭﻴﻪ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻠﻤـﺔ ﻭﺘﻔـﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯﻤﺒﻴﻘﻲ.‬ ‫٩٤٩١ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻭ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )٠٣ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ( ﻭﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ.‬ ‫٤٥٩١ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ .‬ ‫٧٥٩١ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺯﺭﻋﻪ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ) ٠٠٠٣ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ( ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺭﻴﻭﻁ ) ٠٠٠١‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻱ.‬ ‫ﻓﺩﺍﻥ( ﻤﻘﺘﻁﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻴﻭﻁ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﻪ .‬ ‫٨٥٩١ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﻫﻪ ﻜﻤﺭﺒﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ‪ Hydrodromes‬ﻹﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ.‬ ‫٩٥٩١ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺅﻟﺅ .‬ ‫٦٦٩١ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﻜﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫) ٠٠٥ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ (ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ .‬ ‫٠٧٩١ ﺃﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺒﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴـﻪ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﻷﺴـﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ .‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺃ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل.‬ ‫١٧٩١‬ ‫٧٧٩١ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺭﻱ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﻥ .‬ ‫٠٨٩١ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ .‬ ‫٣٨٩١ ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ .‬ ‫٦٨٩١ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻤﻴﺎﻁ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ.‬ ‫٧٨٩١ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﻓﺭﻭﻋﻪ.‬ ‫٦‬
  • 8. ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫٨٥٩٩٠١‬ ‫٨٥٢‬ ‫٠٠٧٩٠١‬ ‫٤٧٩١‬ ‫٧٤٧٧١١‬ ‫٢٣٢‬ ‫٥١٥٧١١‬ ‫٥٧٩١‬ ‫٤٦٠٣٤١‬ ‫٢٥٦٢‬ ‫٢١٤٠٤١‬ ‫٠٨٩١‬ ‫٥٤٩٩٨١‬ ‫٩١٦٥٣‬ ‫٦٢٣٤٥١‬ ‫٥٨٩١‬ ‫٠٠١٧٠٤‬ ‫٥١٦١٧‬ ‫٥٨٤٥٣٣‬ ‫٥٩٩١‬ ‫٧٠٤٤٢٧‬ ‫٣٩٠٠٤٣‬ ‫٤١٣٤٨٣‬ ‫٠٠٠٢‬ ‫٩٢٠٥٦٨‬ ‫٥٣٥١٧٤‬ ‫٤٩٤٣٩٣‬ ‫٤٠٠٢‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﻩ ﻓﻤﻥ ٨٥٢ ﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٧٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٩١٦٥٣ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٨٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٥١٦١٧ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٩٩١ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٠٠٢ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ٥٣٥١٧٤ ﻁﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ . ﻜﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻨـﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل , ﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻤﻥ ٠٠٠٣١٤ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٠٧٩٢‬ ‫ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٦٩٩١ ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ )ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫٠٠٠٢( , ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٠٨٣١ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٧٩٩١ﻟﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ٩٩٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٠٢٤٢ ﻓـﺩﺍﻥ . ﻭﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺼل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٠٢ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٦٣٦١ﻁﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ١٧٣٨١ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٠٠٢, ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ٣٤٥‬ ‫ﻗﻔﺹ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠٦٥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٩٩١ ﺜﻡ ٣٥١٣ ﻗﻔﺹ ﻋﺎﻡ ٩٩٩١ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٠٠٢‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺼﺩﻭﺭ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺩﻤﻴﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﺀﺯﻟﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻗﻔـﺎﺹ ﺘـﻼﻩ ﺤﻜـﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﺌﻰ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ. ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺩﻤﻴﺎﻁ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤﺎﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﻋـﻥ ٠٠٤ ﻗﻔـﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ . ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ٧١٧٣٢ ﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٠٢ . ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ‬ ‫, ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ٠٠٠٠٥١ ﻁﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻻ ﺘـﺼل ﺍﻟـﻰ ٠٠٠٥١‬ ‫ﻁﻥ,ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ .‬ ‫٧‬
  • 9. ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﻭﺭﺠﻴﺱ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻟﻰ ‪ Fan Le‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺎل ﺃﻥ ﺜﺭﻭﺘﻪ ﺃﺘﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ٥٧٤ ﻕ ﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ. ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٤٢١ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺃﺴﺭﺓ ﺴﻭﻨﺞ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﻜﺘـﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺍﻯ ‪ Kwan Sin Shak Shik‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻘـل ﺯﺭﻴﻌـﺔ ﺴـﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﻥ , ﻭﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻀﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻰ‪ Lee Jasper‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ٠٠٠٢ ﻕ ﻡ.‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻫﻴﻭﺕ ‪ Huet‬ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﺇﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﻤﺒﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﻭ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ,‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺭﺠﺱ‪ Borges‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺎﻴﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺒـﺄﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ َﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪ Polyculture‬ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨـﺩ ﻭﻟـﺩﻭل ﺁﺴـﻴﺎ , ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺃﻋﻁـﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺴﺭﻭﺘﺎ ‪ Susruta‬ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٦ ﻕ ﻡ, ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺯﺭﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺃﺴﻭﻜﺎ ‪ Asoka‬ﻋـﺎﻡ ٦٤٢ ﻕ ﻡ ﺘـﺸﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﻗﺘل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺵ ﻭﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺞ ﻭﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟـﺭﺍﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﺤﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴـﻪ ﺒﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﻭﺤﺭﻡ ﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﺜﻤﻥ. ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻙ ﺴﻭﻤـﺴﻔﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ Somsevara‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ٦٢١١ - ٧٣١١ ﻓﻘﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻪ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﻪ) ﺴﺎﻨـﺴﻜﺭﺕ(‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ ‪ Compt’o Encyclopedia‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴـﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﻪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺅﻟﺅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﻩ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻰ ,‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻯ.‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺇﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺎﻭﺍ ﺸﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻴﺩﻭ ٠٠٠٠٠٢ ﻓﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻋﻤـل ﺸـﺒﻬﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪Kutara‬‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺭﺠﺱ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻫﺭﺍﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ . ﻭﻓﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ ٠٠٤١ ﺴﻥ ﺃﻫل ﺠـﺎﻭﺍ ﻗـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫‪ Menawa‬ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ , ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻴﻼﻯ ‪ Pillay‬ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ ٥١‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻓﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ ‪ Milkfish‬ﺒﻌﻤل ﺠـﺴﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﺢ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﺊ.‬ ‫٨‬
  • 10. ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜﻤﺒﻭﺩﻴﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻴﻼﻯ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ ‪ Catfish‬ﺒﺄﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ‪Pens‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ‪ Cages‬ﻤﻨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﻩ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻩ.‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺠﺯﺭ ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻯ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﻴﻥ ‪ Polynesians‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺒﻭﺭﺠﻴﺱ, ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫٠٠٠١ ﻡ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻨﻴﻙ ﺃﺴﺘﺤﻀﺭﻭﻩ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﻭ ﻴﺤﻴﻁﻭﻥ ﺤـﻭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﻩ ﺒﺄﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺌﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺠﺎﻥ ‪ Coral‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻟـﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ,ﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ, ﻭﻻﺯﺍل ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﻥ.‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻔﻰ ﻋﻬﺩ ﻟﻴﻭﻜﻠﻭﺱ ‪ Lucullus‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻓﻘـﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻜﻜﻼﻥ ‪ Mc Clane‬ﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﻭﻜﻠﻭﺱ ﺤﻔﺭ ﻗﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻨﺎﺒﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﺼل ﺃﺤـﻭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﺘﺩﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﺥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺭ ﻓﺘﻤﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺨﺼﻴـﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﻕ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍﺽ . ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺫﻜـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻗـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫـﺏ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﺸﻭﻥ ‪ Dom Pinchon‬ﻓﻰ ﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﺒﺘﺩﺍﻉ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺏ ﺒـﻴﺽ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﻴﺨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻁﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﺒﺘﺩﻉ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ‪ Jacobi‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٦٧١ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ﺒـﺩﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤل .‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺩﻭﻓﻠﻰ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻱ.‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٦١ ﻡ ﻜﺘﺏ ‪ John Taverner‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﺒﻴﻼﻯ, ﺃﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﻪ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺇﻨـﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﺨـل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁـﺎﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺴـﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ‪ Trout‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺂﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﻪ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻰ ‪ Lee‬ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁﻰ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻡ ‪ Stew -Ponds‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﻪ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﻩ ﻓﻘـﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﺤﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﻟﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻴـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀﺫﺍ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻓﺎﺀﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺃﺼـﺒﺤﺕ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ. ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﻨﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻓـﺭﺩ ﻴـﺴﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺯﺭﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺭﻭﻙ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻫﻴﻭﺕ‪Huet‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻭﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ٩١ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ‪ Salmnoid‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻷﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻀﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻰ‬ ‫٩‬
  • 11. ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺭﻭﻴﺞ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ٨١ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻤﻜﻜﻼﻥ ‪ Mc Clane‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻨﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٣٨١ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﻔﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﻪ.‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺒﻴﻼﻯ‪ Pillay‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﺴﻁﻭ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺩﻭﻓﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ٠٠٠٢ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻀﺕ.‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ٧٥٨١ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﺍﺘـﻭﺱ ‪ Theodatus Garlick‬ﺒﻭﺼـﻑ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟـﻪ ﻟﺘﻔـﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤـﺩﻩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺴـﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﻁ ‪ Trout‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ‪ Salmon‬ﻭ‪Bass‬‬ ‫ﻭ ‪. Northern Pike‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﻤل ﻤﺎﻙ ‪ Mack‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺴـﻤﻜﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴـﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻋـﺎﻡ ٠٥٩١ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﺒـﺩﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ Minow‬ﻷﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻜﻁﻌﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﺽ ‪ Catfish‬ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫٠٥٩١ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﻪ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺃﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﻪ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ‪ Catfish‬ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٦٩١.‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺼﺎﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٥٩ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ… . ﺍﻟﺦ, ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ٠١% ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻋﺎﻡ ٥٩٩١ ﻫﻭ ٤٢ ﻁﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫٦٤ ﻁﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻸﺨﻴﺭ ٤١ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺼل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻰ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫٤٠٠٢ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٩٥ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٦٩ ﻁﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻻﻁـﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ١.‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ :‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫• ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ.‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺃﺼﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﻪ.‬ ‫• ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺭ.‬ ‫• ﺃﻨﻘﺭﺍﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺁﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫• ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺼﺎﺭﻤﻪ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ.‬ ‫• ﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ.‬ ‫٠١‬
  • 12. ‫ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻰ:‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻪ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻥ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﻪ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﻭﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺤﻔـﻅ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﻀﻬﺎ .‬ ‫• ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀﻫﺎ .‬ ‫• ﺨﻠﻕ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻋﻤل ﺠﺩﻴﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻨﺩﻻﻉ ﺤـﺭﺏ ٣٧٩١ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻭﻏﺯﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻷﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٣١‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ٠٧ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ. ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺴـﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ .ﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺃﺼﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺼـﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﺤﺘﻪ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﻪ ﻨﺸﺭﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻏﺴﻁﺱ ٨٨٩١ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺯﻭﻴـﻙ ‪Newsweek‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ١٣ ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺸﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺘﻠﻭﺜﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻴﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﺭﻟﻨﺩﻯ ﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺴﻁﻭﻥ ﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﻴﻭﻴﻭﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﺒﻜﻨـﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻙ ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺎﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺭﻴﻭﺩﻯ ﺠﺎﻨﻴﺭﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل . ﻭﻤﻤﺎﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻭﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﺒﺼﻔﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺼﺎﺭﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋـﻪ ﺩﺨﻠﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺒﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻜﻜل.‬ ‫% ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫٩,٤‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺠﻥ‬ ‫٥,٢‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺯﻴﺭ‬ ‫٥,٠‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫١,٠‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫٤,١١‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫١١‬
  • 13. ‫ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ )١٠٠٢( ‪ State of the World‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻬـﺩ ‪ Worldwatch‬ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻻﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ , ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﻪ ٤,١١% ﻻﻴﻨﺎﻓﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺃﻯ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ٢( ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ , ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ ‪ Oreochromis niliticus‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺴـﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ‪ Trout‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ‪ Catfish‬ﺜﻡ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫‪ Penaeeus‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ Penaeus‬ﻭ ‪vannamei‬‬ ‫‪ Anguilla‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒــــﺭﻯ ‪mondon‬‬ ‫‪japonica‬‬ ‫‪ Machrobrachium rosenbergii‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺭﻯ .‬ ‫ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ:‬ ‫• ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻲ.‬ ‫• ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ .‬ ‫• ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺠﻠﻪ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻴﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ. ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﻪ ﺤﻴﻪ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻴـﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻭ ﺍﺨﺎﺭﺝ .‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﻪ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﻘﺹ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻫﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﻜﺭﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﻪ ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭﻩ . ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫• ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻﻴﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ-‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺓ ﻷﻜـﺎﺩﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴـﺴﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ .‬ ‫• ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫• ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﺄﺯﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻰ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻩ .‬ ‫• ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼـﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻩ . -‬ ‫٢١‬
  • 14. ‫• ﻴﺤﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﺃﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ .‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﺎﻅﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺒﺭﺍﻴـﺭ ٧٠٠٢ :‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﺒﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻨـﺎ ﺒـﺴﻭﺍﺤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﻩ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻓـﻰ ﺃﻨﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻨﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﻭﻯ ٥,٧% ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻭﻨﺤﻭ ٥,٥% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ٠٦% ﻓﻬـﻰ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫,‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﻭ ٥٢% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ٣١ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٨ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ٠٠٥ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁـﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ , ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻘﻔﺯ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻭ٠٠٢ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎ , ﻭﻨﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﻪ ﻭﻀﺦ ﺃﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﻩ ﻟﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻓـﻰ ﻗﻁـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ.‬ ‫٣١‬
  • 15. FAO ٢٠٠٤‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ :١‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬ FAO yearbook Statistics Year ٢٠٠٤ World Production of Fish Crustacean Molluscs, etc ١٤
  • 16. ‫ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺭﺒﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻭل٢:‬ ‫٥١‬
  • 17. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫٦١‬
  • 18. ‫ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ‬ ‫‪Family: Cichilidae‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺘﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫٠٠٩ ﺠﻡ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ٥٣ ﺴﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٥ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁـﻰ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻭﺘﺨﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﻟﻠﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻨـﺎﺙ ﻟﻤـﺩﺓ ٨ - ٤١ﻴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ ﻓﺎﺀﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻟﻔﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻭﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺒـﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻜﺜـﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﺒل ﻁﻌﻡ ﻟﺤﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ٠٤ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻭﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﻩ ﻭﻁﻌﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﻪ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻟﻪ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺎ ‪GM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺴﻤﻜﻪ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴـﻪ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺴـﺘﺯﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨـﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻬﺎﺭﺴﻴﺎ ).‪( Statoriochromis sp‬ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠـﻪ ﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻻﺭﻴﺎ . ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﻭﺘﻘل ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻀﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٦ ﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭﻩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٦‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪ Cichilidae‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ٥٢٥١ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﻩ ﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻰ ‪ Lateral line‬ﻤﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻔﻴﻪ ‪ Nostrail‬ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ .‬ ‫٧١‬
  • 19. ‫)١( ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ‬ Oreochromis niloticus niloticus F١ F٢ Family: Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Nile tilapia ١٨
  • 20. ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻴﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﻟﻪ ٤١ - ٨٢ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻲ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٦ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢٣,٤ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗـﺼﻰ ﻋﻤـﺭ ٩ ﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ٥١ ﻤﺘﺭﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ٤ - ٢٤ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ٠١ - ٢٣ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻨﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺠﺒل ﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻭ ﻭﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺠﺎﻤﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺁﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻭﻏﺫﺍﺀﻩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ Phytoplankton‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﻪ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ٧ - ٢١ ﺨـﻁ ﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻭﺍﻤﺸﻬﺎ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﻪ ﺃﻭﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺼﻁﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻤﺎﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻤﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﻪ ﻭﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻴﺩﻭﻡ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﻁﺒﺔ) ﺒﺘﺎﺡ ﺤﻴﺕ (ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ‪ Mereruka‬ﻓﻰ ﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻴﻨﺕ ﻭﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺴـﺭﻩ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻰ .‬ ‫٩١‬
  • 21. F٣ F٤ Oreochromis niloticus niloticus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻰ‬ ٢٠
  • 22. (‫)٢( ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ )ﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ – ﺤﺴﺎﻨﻰ‬ Oreochromis aureus F٥ F٦ Family: Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) namee: Blue tilapia ٢١
  • 23. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٧ ﻭ ٥٤ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ١٠,٢ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬ ‫٥ﻤﺘﺭ .ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ٠١-٥٣ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺸـﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺃﺴﻴﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﺩﻯ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻭ ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻭﺃﺩﺨل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺃﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﻪ .ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺤﺘﻰ ٨ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٠٣-٨‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ .ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ (ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺨﻔـﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ )ﻜﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﻪ ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﻓﺭﻭﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺠﻴﻥ ‪ Lagoons‬ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ .ﺍﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﺒﺼﻔﻪ ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻴﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻰ ‪Phytoplankton‬ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ‪ Zooplankton‬ﻭﻗﻁـﻊ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻡ .‪Mouth breeder‬ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻤﻐﺒﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻰ ﻻﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺭﺩﻯ ﻭﺃﺤﻤﺭ ﻻﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻤﻕ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﻤﻘﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻨـﺎﺙ ﺤﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻭﺭﺩﻯ ﺸﺎﺤﺏ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﻭﻏﺎﻤﻕ.ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻟﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﺭﻕ –ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﺜﻡ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﺎﻤﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻑ .‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﻤـﻊ ﺒﻠﻁـﻰ ﻨﻴﻠـﻰ ‪(Oreochromis niloticus * Oreochromis‬‬ ‫) ‪ aureus‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ٪٠٠١ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﺴﻤﻜﻴﺎ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺃﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺩﻩ ﻭﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل .‬ ‫٢٢‬
  • 24. F٧ F٨ Oreochromis aureus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‬ ٢٣
  • 25. (‫)٣( )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﻤﻭﻻﻯ‬ Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus F٩ F١٠ ٢٤
  • 26. ‫ﺃﻗﺹ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ١٤ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٨١٦,١ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺤﺘﻰ ٠١ﺩﺭﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ٨٢ -٢٢ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﺘﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫٥٣ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٥١ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ .ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﺭﻭﺃﺴﻴﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺘـﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺭﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺒل ﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻐﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺒـﺎﻨﺠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻴﻼ ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻭﺘﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻭﻥ ﻭﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﻜﻭﺭﺒﺎل ﻭﺠﺎﻤﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻜﺎﺯﺍﻤﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﻐﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺍﺭﺍ(ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ )ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺭ (ﻤﻭﺭﻴﺘﺎﻨﻴﺎ )ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺠﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﻭﻥ .‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﻪ ‪Inshore‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﻩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ‪Sudd‬ﻭﻴﺘﻐـﺫﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁـﻰ‬ ‫.ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓـﻰ ﻓـﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﻠﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫.ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺭﻴﻪ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻘﻁ ﻏﺎﻤﻘﻪ ,ﻭ ﺘﻤﻴل ﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﻓﻀﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﻤﺵ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺭﺩﻯ .ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺸﻌﻪ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻭﻟﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻴﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل .‬ ‫٥٢‬
  • 27. F١١ F١٢ Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ‬ ٢٦
  • 28. (‫)٤( ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ )ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ‬ Tilapia zillii F١٣ F١٤ Family: Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) E. name: Redbelly tilapia ٢٧
  • 29. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٤ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ٠٠٣ ﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗـﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٧ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ. ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺩﻩ ﺤﺘﻰ ٣١ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ٠٤ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﺃﻯ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﺒﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺃﺱ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻰ ‪ pH‬ﻤﻥ ٦-٩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻤﺘـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ ﺃﻯ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﻪ.‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﺴﻤﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ٧٤ – ٧‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ٥٣ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٠١ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ .ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓـﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴـﺎ ﻭﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺭﻭﺃﺴﻴﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻐﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ –‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺴﺎﺴﻨﺩﺭﺍ ﻭﺒﺎﻨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺎﺤل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﻭﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺘﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺒﺎﻨﺠﻰ ﻭﻴﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﺘﻭﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻐﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﻪ ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺎﺒﻭﺘﻭ ﻭﺘﻭﺭﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻭﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫.‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻓـﻰ ﻓﺘـﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Fry‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ‪Juvenile‬ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﻪ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻤﻴﻪ .ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﻰ ‪Herbivorous‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ‪Epiphyton‬ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ,ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻵﻴﺤﻀﻥ ﺍﻟﺒـﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻓﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻰ . ‪Substrate‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﻊ ٨ – ٦ﺃﻋﻤﺩﻩ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﻤﻘﻪ ,ﻭﺘﻭﺠـﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻰ .‬ ‫٨٢‬
  • 30. F١٥ F١٦ Tilapia zillii ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻁﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ‬ ٢٩
  • 31. ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪Family: Mugilidae‬‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ‪ Idout‬ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻵﺴـﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤـﺴﻪ‬ ‫,ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ‪ Ti‬ﺒﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ . ﻭﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ )ﺒﺭﻯ( . ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻫـﻡ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺒﻭﻥ. ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍل ‪ Catadromous‬ﺃﻯ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ )ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ( , ﺘﺘـﻭﺯﻉ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻷﺴـﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻯ ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ٠٧ ﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺫﺒـﻪ ,‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻁﻭﺭﺒﻴﺩﻯ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺸﻭﺭ ﻗﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻡ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺼﻔﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴـﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﻭل ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻪ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ٠٦ ﺴﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺯﺀﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻰ ﻏﺎﺌﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻐﺒﺵ , ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟـﻀﺤﻠﻪ ﻭﻴـﺴﻴﺭ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ‪ Schools‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨـﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠـﻰ , ﻭﻴﺘﻐـﺫﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟـﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﻪ . ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ‪ Grey Mullet‬ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫـﺎ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ‪ Red Mullet‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ . ‪ Goatfish‬ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﺩﻭﻨﻴـﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﻭﺠـﺯﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻯ.‬ ‫٠٣‬
  • 32. ‫)٥( ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ‬ Mugil cephalus F ١٧ F١٨ Family: Mugilidae (Mullets) Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Flathead mullet ٣١
  • 33. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٢١ ﺴﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٨ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٦١ﺴﻨﻪ , ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻯ ‪ Penthopelagic‬ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ٠٢١ ﻤﺘﺭﺍ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠـﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ٨ – ٤٢ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻫﻰ ﻤﻥ ٧٤ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٠٤ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ ﻭ٣٤١ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﻭ ٥١‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻗﺎ . ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺸﻴﻠﻰ ﻭﻏﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺴﻰ ﻭﻨﻭﻓـﺎ ﺴـﻜﻭﺘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻨﺩﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﺯﻴل ﻭﻜﺎﺏ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻙ ﻭﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺒﺴﻜﺎﻯ ﺠﻨـﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﺤﺭ ﺃﻭﻜﻭﺘﺴﻙ ‪ .Okhotsk‬ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺯﻴﺘﻰ ﺃﺨﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻟﺠﺯﺀﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ . ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺭ ﻭﻏـﺫﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ‪ Zooplankton‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻪ ‪ Detritus‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﺘﺘﻐﺫﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ . ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺩﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ . ﻴﻨﻀﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺠﻨـﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٧ – ٨ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ . ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻜﺘﻭﺒﺭ. ﻭﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﺴﻤﻜﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘـﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺭﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻋﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﻠﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺸﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﻡ ) ﻋﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ . ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﻭﺭﻯ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟـﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ . ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﻪ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )ﺒﺭﻯ( .‬ ‫٢٣‬
  • 34. F١٩ F٢٠ Mugil cephalus ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬ ٣٣
  • 35. ‫)٦( ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ‬ Liza ramado ٢١ ٢٢ Family: Mugilidae (Mullets) Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Thinlip mullet ٣٤
  • 36. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٧ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٩,٢ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٠١ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫, ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٨ – ٤٢ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ ٠١ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ٠٦ – ٠٢ ﺸـﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٨١ ﻏﺭﺒـﺎ ﻭ ٢٤‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻵﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺭﻭﻴﺞ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ . ﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺯ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻅﻬﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻪ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﻭﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ . ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ؛ﻴﺙ ﻴﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻟﺒﺢ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻩ ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﺒﺭﺍﻴﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﻭﻤﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺃﺴـﻔل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺠﻴﻥ ‪ Lagoons‬ﻭﺘﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻪ ‪ Detritus‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻨﻜﺘـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ . ﻭﻟﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺯﺭﻴﻌـﻪ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ . ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﻜﻁﻌﻡ ﻟﻬﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﻪ‬ ‫٥٣‬
  • 37. F٢٣ F٢٤ Liza ramado ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﺎﺭ‬ ٣٦
  • 38. ‫)٧( ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ‬ Clarias gaiepinus F٢٥ F٢٦ Family: Clariidae (Airbreathing catfishes) Order: Siluriformes (catfish) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: North African catfish ٣٧
  • 39. ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﺒﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ‪Potamodromous‬ﻗﺎﻋﻰ , ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ١ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ,‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٧ ﻜﺠﻡ . ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻓـﻰ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺘـﺸﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺭ ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺒﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻭ ﻭﻏﺎﻨﺎ ﻭﺴﺎﺤل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﻭﺠﺎﻤﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﺭﻴﺘﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ٠٦- ٢٨ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺨﻭﻩ ﻭﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫–٢٤ ﺸﻭﻜﻪ . ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻁﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ , ﻭﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ١٦‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻪ , ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻪ ، ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﻪ ﻭﻀـﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫‪ .Knife‬ﺘﺨﺘﺒﺄ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺘﻐـﺫﻯ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺘﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻤﻪ .ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ٢ -٣ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺯﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺒﻪ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻀﻭ ﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺌﺩﻩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻌﺏ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻰ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ ﻜﺄﻤﺘـﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﺒﻁﻨﻪ ﺒﺒﺸﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤـﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﻨـﺴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻁﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻭ ﻭﻏﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻩ ﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺸﻴﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻰ ﻤﺜـل ﺸـﻌﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺸﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻋﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ .‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺒﻪ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﻪ.‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﻩ ﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺭﺴـﻭﻡ ﻟـﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻤﻭﻁ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ‪ Merreruka‬ﺒﺴﻘﺎﺭﻩ .‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫٨٣‬
  • 40. F٢٧ F٢٨ Clarias gaiepinus ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻤﻴﻁ‬ ٣٩
  • 41. ‫)٨( ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ‬ Sparus aurata F٢٩ F٣٠ Family: Sparidae (Porgies) Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Gilthead seabream ٤٠
  • 42. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٧ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢,٧١ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ١١ ﺴﻨﻪ ,‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﻰ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻤـﻥ ١ –‬ ‫٠٥١ ﻡ , ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ٥١ –٢٦ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻤﻥ ٧١ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ٣٤‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﻀﻴﻕ ﺠﺒل ﻁﺎﺭﻕ ﺤﺘىﻜﺎﺏ ﻓـﺭﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻭل ﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ .‬ ‫–٤١ﺸـﻌﺎﻉ ,‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ١١ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ ٣١‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ٣ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ , ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺸﻭﻤﻰ .‬ ‫‪Seagrass‬ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻰ , ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٠٥١ ﻤﺘﺭﺍ . ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﻼﺕ ﻟﺤﻭﻡ ‪Cornivorous‬ﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ‪ .Shellfish‬ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴـﻪ ﺍﻷﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫١٤‬
  • 43. F٣١ F٣٢ Sparus aurata ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺱ‬ ٤٢
  • 44. ‫)٩( ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ‬ Solea aegyptiaca F٣٣ F٣٤ Family: Soleidae (Soles) picture Order: Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Egyptian sole ٤٣
  • 45. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٥٦ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ . ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺃﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻓـﻰ ﺘـﻭﻨﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺱ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻴﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ , ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴـﺭﺓ ﻗـﺎﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺹ ‪ Solea vulgaris‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻴـﻪ ‪Benthic invertebrates‬ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻭﺍﺴـﻊ ‪Cnidarians‬‬ ‫‪polychaete worms‬ﻭﺍل ‪. Bivalve‬‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ , ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﻭﺠـﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ , ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻻﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ , ﻭﻻﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ . ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻠﺘﺤﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻨﻔﺼل ﻋﻨﻬﺎ . ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻪ ﺘﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ .‬ ‫٥٣‪F‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ‪Solea aegyptiaca‬‬ ‫٤٤‬
  • 46. ‫)٠١( ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺹ‬ Dicentrarchus labrax F٣٦ F٣٧ Family: Moronidae (Temperate basses) Order: Perciformes (perch-likes) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: European seabass ٤٥
  • 47. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠١ ﺴﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢١ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﺭ ٥١ ﺴﻨﻪ . ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻪ , ﻭﻋﻤﻕ ﻤﻥ ٠١ – ٠٠١ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٨ – ٤٢ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻥ ١ – ٢٧‬ ‫ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭ ٩١ ﻏﺭﺒﺎ ﻭ٢٤ ﺸﺭﻗﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺭﻭﻴﺞ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐـﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺃﻴﺴﻠﻨﺩﺍ.‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ٨ –٠١ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ ٢١ –٣١ ﻭﺃﺸـﻭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﺜﻼﺙ . ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ٠١ –٢١, ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻪ ﻗﺸﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ .‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻁﻲﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻘﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺨـﻼل ﺍﻟـﺸﺘﺎﺀ .‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻟﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻻﺘﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ . ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺒﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ . ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻓـﻰ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺎ ﻭ ﻤﺒﻜـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻴﻔﻘﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ . ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺹ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻪ.‬ ‫٦٤‬
  • 48. F٣٨ F٣٩ Dicentrarchus labrax ‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺹ‬ ٤٧
  • 49. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ‪Carp‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺌﻠـﺔ ‪ Cyprinidae‬ﺤـﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠٥١ ﻨـﻭﻉ , ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﻤـﺎﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ٠٠٠٢ ‪, Encyclopedia Americana‬ﺃﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪ Cyprinus carpio‬ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ٠٠١ ﺴﻡ ﻭﻴﺼل ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ٢٣ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋـﺎﺵ ٠٤ ﺴـﻨﻪ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺴـﻪ ‪in‬‬ ‫‪ captivety‬ﻭﺒﺭﻴﺎ ‪in the wild‬ﻋﺎﺸﺕ ٢١-٥١ ﺴﻨﻪ. ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ, ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﻭﺠﺴﻤﻪ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﻅﻬﺭﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺸﻭﺍﺭﺏ ﻭﻓﻡ ﺒﻼ ﺃﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻰ ﺃﻭ ‪copper-brown‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ.‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺁﻤﻭﺭ ‪ Amour‬ﻤﻥ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺸﺭﻕ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻨﻤﺎﺭ)ﺒﻭﺭﻤﺎ ﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺎ( ,‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﻗﺯﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺁﺭﺍل , ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﻪ . ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻟـﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻭﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ, ﻭﻗﺩ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﻴﺢ ﻭﺃﺩﺨـل‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ٩١ ﺃﺩﺨل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻪ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺽ ﻭﺼـﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻙ ﻭﻨﻅـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺭﺍﻫﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﺀﻨﻪ ﺃﺩﺨل ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎﺭﻯ ‪sewege‬‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴـﻪ .ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻋﻴﺏ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻤﻤﺎﻴﻀﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺁﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺘﻌـﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻪ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﺤﻔﺭ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻯ ﻴﻌـﻴﺵ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻓﻤﻪ. ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ‪ Cyprinidae‬ﺴﻤﻙ ‪ Gold fish‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺸـﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻤﻜﺔ ‪. Golden carp‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻤﺤـﺼﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ) ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺴـﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﺎﻡ ٢٩٩١ ( , ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﻤﻔﺭﺥ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ ٤٣٩١ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ , ﻓـﺭﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﻊ , ﺜﻡ ﺘﻠﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻔﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫٩٤٩١ ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻤﺯﺭﻋﻪ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ٧٥٩١ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ, ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٨٩١ ﺃﻭل ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﺜﻡ ﻋـﺎﻡ ٤٨٩١ ﺘـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴـﻊ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫٨٤‬
  • 50. ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﻪ , ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻪ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻤﺠﺎﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺴﻴﻐﻨﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ . ﻭﻗﺎﻤـﺕ ﺃﻴـﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﺀﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭﻴﻪ ﺒﺸﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻁﺭ ﺒﻤﺤﻔﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻭﺒﻴﻪ ﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌـﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ. ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻤﻔﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﺄﺴﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺯﺭﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ.‬ ‫٩٤‬
  • 51. ‫)١١( ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ‬ Mylopharyngodon piceus F٤٠ F ٤١ Family: Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) Order: Cypriniformes (carps) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Black carp ٥٠
  • 52. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴـﺠل ﻟـﻪ ٢٢١ ﺴـﻡ ﻟـﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻗـﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٢٣ ﻜﺠـﻡ ﻴﻌـﻴﺵ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ‪ Potamodromous‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺫﺒﻪ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺤـﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺁﻤﻭﺭ ‪ Amour‬ﻓﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺄﻗﻠﻡ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﺨل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ.‬ ‫١٥‬
  • 53. F٤٢ F٤٣ (Mylopharyngodon piceus ) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ‬ ٥٢
  • 54. ‫)٢١( ﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ‬ Ctenopharyngodon idella F٤٤ F٤٥ Family: Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) Order: Cypriniformes (carps) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Grass carp ٥٣
  • 55. ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺴﺠل ﻟﻪ ٠٥١ ﺴﻡ ﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ٥٤ ﻜﺠﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤـﺭ ١٢ ﺴـﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ ٠٣ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﻰ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﻪ, ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﻩ ‪ Potamodromous‬ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘىﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ٥٣ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻨﺘـﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ٥٦ - ٥٢ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﺘﺤـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﺴﻭﻓﻴﺘﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﺒﻴﺭﻴﺎ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺁﻤﻭﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻘﻠﻨﻘل ﺩﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ ‪Bothriocephalus opsarichthydis‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻴﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ٣ ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﻭﻷﺸﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ٨ - ٧ ﺃﺸﻌﻪ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺠﻴﻪ ٣‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻭﺍﻙ ﻭﻤﻥ ٧ - ١١ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺸﻭﺍﺭﺏ , ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺯ‪ snout‬ﻗﺼﻴﺭ, ﻭﻴﺤﺘـﻭﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ٨١‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻠﻴﻪ . ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻌﻪ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ,‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ٠ - ٨٣ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﻠﻭﺤﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ٠١ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﻭﺃﻜﺴﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺌﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ٥,٠ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻻﺘﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ٠١ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ. ﻭﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤـﻭﺭﻩ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺘﺤﻠل ﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ‪ detritus‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ.‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ,‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻤﻭﻩ , ﻴﻔﻘﺱ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺭﻭﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻰ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓـﻰ ﺁﺴـﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭﻩ ﺁﻓﻪ.‬ ‫٤٥‬
  • 56. F٤٦ F٤٧ (Ctenopharyngodon idella) ‫ﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ‬ ٥٥
  • 57. ‫)٣١( ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻭﻙ ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ‬ Cyprinus carpio carpio F٤٨ F٤٩ Family: Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) Order: Cypriniformes (carps) Class: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) name: Common carp ٥٦