4. CMDB是什么
A configuration management database (CMDB) is a repository of
information related to all the components of an information system.
It contains the details of the configuration items (CI) in the IT
infrastructure. Although repositories similar to CMDBs have been used
by IT departments for many years, the term CMDB stems from ITIL.
In the ITIL context, a CMDB represents the authorized configuration of
the significant components of the IT environment. A CMDB helps an
organization understand the relationships between these components
and track their configuration.
The CMDB is a fundamental component of the ITIL framework's
Configuration Management process.
5. CMDB是什么
The CMDB records CIs and details about the important attributes and
relationships between CIs. Configuration managers usually describe CIs using
three configurable attributes:
• Status: define the current state of the item
• Traces: list item history i.e. all modification applied on the record such as
record creation, status change, owner assignation, …
• Attributes: attributes that qualify the physical object such as name, serial
number, memory, CPU, version, …
• Relations: valuable relations with other Cis such as parent/child, is installed
on, is based on, utilize, refer to, owned by …
CMDBs contain metadata, and thus the concept overlaps with that of a
metadata repository which are both used in running large IT organizations.
Configuration management addresses how the data is to be kept up to
date, which has historically been a weakness of metadata repositories.
6. CMDB是什么
According to ITIL, a CMDB (Configuration Management Database),
containing a logical model of the IT infrastructure, forms the basis for
effective and efficient IT Service Management.
CMDB是IT基础设施的逻辑模型。CMDB中的基本元素是CI，每个CI是
IT基础组件在CMDB中的映射。
通过管理CI，进而可以管理整个IT基础架构，进而管理IT service。
43. 5 Stages
• Stage 1. Assemble the Project Team and Define the
Project
• Stage 2. Define Requirements and Create IT Service
Model Blueprint
• Stage 3. Select CMDB Solution and Tools
• Stage 4. Construct and Maintain Your CMDB
• Stage 5. Driving Ongoing Value
44. Stage 1. Assemble the Project Team and
Define the Project
• Step 1.Assemble Project Team
• Step 2.Obtain CMDB Knowledge
• Step 3.Create and Agree on CMDB Goals and Mission Statement
• Step 4.Review and Define Benefits
• Step 5.Build a Business Case
47. Stage 2. Define Requirements and Create IT
Service Model Blueprint
• Step 6. Identify and Review Governance Requirements
• Step 7. Review and Select Supporting Best Practices
• Step 8. Identify Requirements to Address
• Step 9. Identify Inventory and Asset Requirements
• Step 10. Define Service Catalog Requirements
• Step 11. Define CMDB Requirements to Support Other Processes
• Step 12. Define Configuration Item Level and IT Service Model
• Step 13. Define Configuration Item Relationships
• Step 14. Define Configuration Item Attributes
• Step 15. Design IT Service Model Blueprint
52. Step 10. Define Service Catalog Requirements
Sample service management attributes could include:
• Service level targets and priority
• Service entitlement information (hours of service, required approvals, etc.)
• Service-related notification, communication information, etc.
• Service owners (by their job titles, for example)
• Service maintainers
• Service managers (by their job titles, for example)
Keep in mind that the service level measures and management
information may also vary according to the types of service offerings you
identified earlier.
Action:需要确定
54. Step 11. Define CMDB Requirements to Support Other
Processes
需求
• 在 presentation layer，能够对service和device进行可视化。
• 在 knowledgen processing layer，有以下服务：
– Incident management.
– Problem management.
– Change management.
– Configuration management.
– Release management.
– Availability management.
– Capacity management.
– Asset management.
– Service performance and quality management.
• 在information integration layer，能够收集调和数据源的数据。比如从
nova得到虚拟机的数据。
Action:需要确定
55. Step 12. Define Configuration Item Level and IT Service
Model
Goal:
Define the optimum level for CIs — both service CIs and infrastructure CIs — in
your CMDB. This step helps determine the overall breadth and depth of the
structure of your CMDB data model.
一个CI应该是一个单独的组件，或者是一个完整的系统。比如一个CI可以是一个
工作站，也可以是工作站的每个组件(键盘、CPU、屏幕等)。你可以为每个CI
catagory指定level或者type。
You must understand：
the potential service impacts of proposed changes. And, you need to assign the
right priority and escalation to incidents and problems. To meet these
requirements, you need an IT service model that provides a decision-support
view of infrastructure and service configurations
56. Step 12. Define Configuration Item Level and IT Service
Model
考虑workstation、workstation component、screen、processor、
keyboard、software suite、patch等是否是一个CI？
1. cost or value. 它的代价和价值。
2. change considerations. 你是否经常对这个组件进行修改？CI level上能否支
持对这种修改的控制和记录、报告。
3. Traceability. 你是否需要trace这个组件，特别是因为audit 的原因。
4. Governance and compliance requirements 。
5. Management of service commitments 。这个组件是否是一个服务的关键组
件。它会影响到服务的质量。
6. Maintainability . 这个CI level是否会影响你的数据库和information的维护。
比如当你要更新上千个PC CIs去显示一个新的软件发行版已经安装在每个PC
上。
7. Delivery cost and quality . 哪种级别的CI已经足够你去记录incidents和
changes去支持problem management.
8. Interrogation capability 。能否被搜索和分析。
57. Step 12. Define Configuration Item Level and IT Service
Model
考虑workstation、workstation component、screen、processor、
keyboard、software suite、patch等是否是一个CI？
1. cost or value. 它的代价和价值。
2. change considerations. 你是否经常对这个组件进行修改？CI level上能否支
持对这种修改的控制和记录、报告。
3. Traceability. 你是否需要trace这个组件，特别是因为audit 的原因。
4. Governance and compliance requirements 。
5. Management of service commitments 。这个组件是否是一个服务的关键组
件。它会影响到服务的质量。
6. Maintainability . 这个CI level是否会影响你的数据库和information的维护。
比如当你要更新上千个PC CIs去显示一个新的软件发行版已经安装在每个PC
上。
7. Delivery cost and quality . 哪种级别的CI已经足够你去记录incidents和
changes去支持problem management.
8. Interrogation capability 。能否被搜索和分析。
Action:需要确定
58. Step 12. Define Configuration Item Level and IT Service
Model
仸务
1、定义CI levels
2、画出Model Structure。
Action:需要定义好
59.
60.
61. Step 12. Define Configuration Item Level and IT Service
Model
仸务：
1. Defining configuration structure terms.
– Service Configuration Levels:
• Business Service Offsering
• IT Service Offering
– Infrastructure Configuration Levels:
• IT Component Set
• IT Components and Subcomponents
2. Defining categories.
Action:需要确定
62.
63.
64.
65. Step 13. Define Configuration Item Relationships
• CI 之间的关系是CMDB的核心。
• 在CMDB中使用Two-way model of relationships.
66.
67.
68.
69. Step 14. Define Configuration Item Attributes
Attributes are data elements that describe CIs, much like adjectives that
describe nouns. Attributes help to identify and detail the important
characteristics of what is in use, the status
of the items, and their location. Samples of hardware CI attributes could
include make, model, serial number, location, version, license
number, and so forth.
Action:需要确定
71. Step 14. Define Configuration Item Attributes
When you determine what to store (discover and maintain) in your CMDB
and what to link (federate) to other data stores you will need to con-sider
data maintenance and access needs. Consider the following:
Frequency of information change » — If the information changes
often, and real-time replica-tion and synchronization cannot occur, a link from
the CMDB to the data store may be more suitable to ensure the most up-to-
date information is accessed in the best possible way
Frequency of information access » — If the information will not be
accessed frequently,a link may be a better choice as it would minimize
overhead of synchronization and still ensure timely access to the data when
required.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78. Step 15. Design IT Service Model Blueprint
Just as a builder or architect would translate these requirements into an
architectural diagram before building your home, you should follow the same
approach and represent your require-ments in a consolidated IT service model
blueprint before building your CMDB.
Once completed, the blueprint will clearly show the service configuration
structure, the infrastructure configuration structure, and the levels required
to store your CI information. Your blueprint also will detail the relationships
between CIs to ensure that dependencies are understood and enable both
interrogation and analysis from the perspectives of services and
infrastructure. The blueprint will further define what critical attributes you need
to store and where.
Action:需要确定
79.
80.
81. Stage 3. Select CMDB Solution and Tools
• Step 16. Select CMDB Solution
• Step 17. Plan the CMDB Population
• Step 18. Select Tools to Automate CMDB Population
• Step 19. Calculate Project ROI
82. Step 16. Select CMDB Solution
有以下的功能：
• CI administration
• Reporting and querying
• Visualization
• CI data modeling
• Version control
• Reconciliation
• Synchronization
• Discovery and monitoring tools
Action:需要确定
83.
84. Step 16. Select CMDB Solution
有三种方法建立CMDB中的数据:
• Integrated multiple data repositories
• One single centralized data repository
• Federated data repositories with one central data repository
Action:需要确定
85.
86. Stage 4. Construct and Maintain Your CMDB
• Step 20. Construct Your CMDB
• Step 21. Create CI Lifecycle Management Processes
• Step 22. Build Supporting Processes
• Step 23. Populate Your CMDB
• Step 24. Train the CMDB Team and Users
87. Step 21. Create CI Lifecycle Management Processes
仸务：
1. 定义 CI Groups [图21.2]
2. 定义每个CI Groups的生命周期 lifecycle steps [图21.3]:
– Request for new equipment
– Request authorized
– Order placed
– Equipment received
– Equipment tested
– Equipment installed
– Equipment maintained
– Equipment retired
3. 定义 CI Type Attributes 在Each Step [图21.4]
4. 定义每个Attributes的Owners [图21.5]
5. 定义每个Attributes如何收集
6. Agree on Owner’s Responsibilities
7. Establish CI Update Methods and Procedures
8. Install Control Points
9. Implement Lifecycle Management for Each CI Group [图21.6]
Action:需要确定
88.
89.
90.
91. Step 22. Build Supporting Processes
In this step, you will build, document, and implement all of the processes
required to support and maintain your production CMDB
建立一些Processes，维护CMDB的数据和实际IT架构和服务是一致的，以便保
证CMDB的可用性和正确性。
Action:需要确定
92. Step 22. Build Supporting Processes
仸务:
1. 你需要和CMDB整吅以下的服务，以保证CMDB可用性
– Incident management.
– Problem management.
– Change management.
– Configuration management.
– Release management.
– Availability management.
– Capacity management.
– Asset management.
– Service performance and quality management.
– Release management.
2. 设计Process的Flow
3. Identify Actions for Key Process Steps
4. Identify Control Points for Each Process Step
5. Implement Each Support Process
Action:需要确定
93. Stage 5. Driving Ongoing Value
• Step 25. Implement Measures and Metrics
• Step 26. Create a Continual Service Improvement Program
