Marwari writing system proposal

English

ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
OPQRSTUVWXYZ

‫ݪښݨ‬
‫سنڌي‬

Marwari Language & Resource Center – Pakistan
http://www.mlrc-pak.hes78.com

: ᐇǆ ᐇǄ ïᑩ 3ᑩ

* ʈ

MARWARI WRITING-SYSTEM PROPOSAL
Copyright Note:
© 2006 – 2008 Dr. Younis kashali
All rights reserved.

Presented By:
Dr. Younis Kashali

Presented to:
1. M.L.T.C “Marwari Literacy & Translation Committee”
2. M.C.D.O “Marwari Community Development Organization”
3. K.S.L.P “Kinship Systematic Lead Panel”
4. mlrc-Pak “Marwari Language& Resource Center – Pakistan”
5. M.C.F “Marwari Christian Fellowship”
6. S.L.D.P, 7. I.A.L, 8. K.O.Q, 9. ‘and to’ Marwari Leaders.

Special Thanks:
Mr. Simon Ager
The Online Encyclopedia of Writing systems & Languages
http://www.omniglot.com

Re-Published on this 2012 A.D.

Proposal for “Marwari writing system” by Kashali Page 2 of 61

:sg6ÖÐÏ
ƴ÷ Ɋƴ 3 Ȁ

ᐇ ᐇ ᐇ Ɉƽ . Ɉ ᐇǄ

ᑩ *ƴ ʩ ᐇǄ ƴ ྲྀ . +

3  :3 ƽ . ᑩ ƴ

ƴ ƴ ȃ . ƴ ȃ 

ɇ *ȃ ȃ ʩ ɇ *ȃ * ᐇ

. * ÷ 3 3 *

+ʩ ᑩ ƴ ƴ 3 ᐇ ƴ 3 ɇƽ

4 B* ƴ +ʩ ᑩ ǆ ƈ ᑩ ƴ

ƴ ÷ * ƴ, ȃ ÷ ÷ 3 . 3 ƴ

ᐇǄ ƴ 3 + Ȁ , ƴ . ɇ ƴ,
‫ﻛ‬
3 ƴ ǂ4 ƴ .ƴ3 Ɋ Ȍ

.Ɉ ƴȀ ȃ ƽ VɇƽɊ ƈ 0 ʑ ƺ

3 ȶ :3 1 Proposal ƽ ᑩ

ƴ 3ƴ *3 Ȁ 3ɇ 3 ɇ Ȑ ƴǄ ƴ

3 ɇ ƽ ƴ 3 ʩ ƴ ÷ 3ƴ . 3 ïᑩ Ȁ

! ƽ ƹ +ᐇ Ȑ .ʩ ᑩ

ƽ

* ʈ

ƴ
ƴ ᒅ :3 [ ɇ ཛྷȐ ᐇ ƴ c ƽ]

[ ƴ ] ƴ ÷ ʩ 3 ïᑩ + ƴ

+ƴ ᐇ . ʩ ᐇ 3 Ȁ ӆᐇ

ƽ ƴ ᐇ ƴ *ƽ ƴ

ᐇ ƴƽ ᐇ ʩ ᐇ . Ɉ
‫ﻛ‬
3 Ɋƺ ʩ ᐇ . ɇ Ȑ ƴ

-:ƈ 3 *3 ïᑩ Ȁ :3ƴ

. ᐇ *ᐇ ƴ .1

.ɇ Ɉ Ȁ ᐇ ƴ .2

.ɇ Ȑ ӆᐇ .3

.ɇ Ȁɾ ᐇ ᐇ .4

*3 + ɇ Ɇ *ƴ ʩ ƴ 3 3

3 ʩ ƴ ᑩ. ɇ ó ɇ ƽ *
 
. + ƴ ƴ +

+ƴ

* ʈ

Section A
ƴ


ʩ ƴ .1
: ƴ ƴ

:
ȃ ƴ Ȑƴ  ƴ

ƴ ɇ : ᐇ Ȁ
‫ﻛ‬
. ƴ B* ƴ


: B*

Ȁ 4 13.2 B* ƴ Ȁ 1997

Ȁ 2008 +ƺ Ȁ ƺ B* ƴ ƴ

B* ƴ Ƨ ï ᐇ 10

* Ƨ Ȁɾ ƴ .3 ƴ +

ƴ 13.2 B* ƴ ƪ

4 Ʌƴ Ȁ . Ɉ Ȍ B* ƴ

ƴ ʩ 3 B* ƴ ƴ ƪ

Ȁ 3 ƴ Ɋƴ
 
Ȁ . ƴ * Ƨ 3ƽ ʩƴ

ƴ ÷ 3 B* ƴ 3 ƽ
‫ﻛ‬
* . 3 ƴ ƴ ƴ ᒅ

. ï ƴᑦ Ȁ

: ƴ ʩ

* ᐇ * ƴ ʩ

.

: ƴ
3 ƈ) ” “ ᐇ ƹ* ƺ

3 ᑻ Ȑ ƺ ƪ ( ƺ ᑻ ᐇȶ ƺ ƪ

ƴ Ȁ 4 ƴ ƽ3 ɇƽ ƽ ƴ ƴȀ 3 ƴ

*ƴ ʩ * 3 80 ƴ ƴ . ᑻ Ȑ

ƴ ƈ3 ƺʩ ƽ  ƴ . Ȁ
‫ﻛ‬
:3 3 3 3 Ƨ Ȁ ƴ
“The Marwari languages are a subgroup of the “Rajasthani language” of

3 Ȁ ƴȀ + ƴ 3 ƽ Hindi dialects“.

ƽ ƴ + ƴ *ƴ ʩ * 3

* ƴ ᑻ *ᐇ ï3  Ȁ ƴ

ƴ 33 ƴ ིᐇ  . ᐇȋ

: 3 . ƴ

33 ƴ 3 3 ƴ ƴ .

ƽ . ƴ 3 ƴ ƴ ᑻ

B* ƴ ིȀ ƽ ƴʩ ƴ Ɉ ƴ4 B* ƴ ƴི

3 ƴ ƴ ɇ ƽ ƴ Ȁ+

. Ȁ ƽ ƴ . ƴ

*3 ƴ 3 ᐇ . ƴ 3 ƴ ᑻ3 Ȁ

Ȑ . ᐇ ᐇ 3 ƴ ƴ :3

ƴ + ᐇ Ɋƴ ƴ ƴ ƈƴ Ȁǂ

. +ʩ +ʩ ƴ +ɾ ʩ

: 3

Accents ʑᐇ 16


ƈ .7 ᒅ3 ƴᐇ .6 * * .5 ƴ.4 ĝ .3 ƴ.2 * .1
INDIA .8

.9

ɇ .10

* .11

.12

+ .13

c .14

Ȍ .15

. .16

:(ƪ +ɾ ) Dialects +ɾ 4

. .4 (+ )+ .3 .2 ( / ) .1

: + + ƴ 7
Pakistani Sociovernaculars

,ᐇ / ᐇ / / ᒅ ᐇ .1
Upper sindh region

/ /, .2
Lower Sindh region

/ / / .3

Punjab region.

ƴ /ʩ ƴ .4
Over Indus/


. Thar desert region .5 .Balochistan region

* ïʩ 3 3 ᐇ ǆƴ ƴ

ȶƴ ᐇ ƴʩ ƴ+ ʩ

. 3 ʩ * ƽ ƴʩ ƴ ʩ *

3 Ȍ [ ƴ Ȍ ] ƴ 3 Ȁ 3ɇ Ȁ ȇ

ƴ 3 Ȁ 3 . ƴʩ ɇ ʩ
‫ﻛ‬
:3 3
ƴ Ȍ . ʩ
“Dhatki, also known as Dhati or Thari, is a sociolect of Marwari dialect of
Rajasthani language.”

:ɇ ƴ 3

ʑᐇ 16

+ɾ + 4

+ + ƴ 7

ƴ 4

Ȁ* 31

ƴ3Ȁ :3 ƽ * *3 Ȑ ᐇǂ 3

ɇ ᐇ ƴƴ + ʶ ᐇ *

ᒅ ᐇ ƴ 7 +ɾ + ƴ .

c* ʩ 3 ཛྷȐ ƴ 3 ʩ * Ȍ

ȃ B* ʑᐇ ƴ . ʩ ʩ +ɾ + ƴ
 ‫ﻛ‬
ȶ ƺ 33 Ȁȃ ȀȀ


ʩ +ɾ . +ʩ +ƴ ÷3 + +

. ƴ ʩɈƽ ʩ ƴȌᐇ Ɉ ƽ ʩƴ *ƽ

:

ʩ + ƴ ʩ ʩ ʩ ʩ ƈ ƴ ƴ

ƈ *. 0 * ᐇ ƴ ƴ0 3 ƽ . +

ᐇ 3 ƺ ᑻ ƴ ʩ+ :3 Ȑ Ɉ ï 

3 ƴ. ʩ ƴ ʩ+ ᐇ

Ɉᐇ ʩȀ ƴ 3 3 ƴʩ + + ƴ

.
Ɉƽ ɇ  * ʩ ƴ

. + + ƴ

Upper sindh region ,ᐇ / ᐇ / / ᒅ ᐇ .1

Lower Sindh region /*(ᒅ )/ /, .2

Very Upper area/ Punjab region / / / .3

Over Indus/ Balochistan region ƴ /ʩ ƴ .4
. .4 . .3 . ƴ .2 . .1

3 .2

. *ƴ ÷3 ᒅ 3 ƴ

ƴ . SOV (Subject, Object, Verb) ȃȐ

. (Fusional) ƴ 3ƽ ʩ . ʩ ƴ ʩ

[. ɇ + Ȁ ᐇ 3 ƴ]


:3ʩ + ƴ .3


: ó ƴ .3.1

Vowel Charts.

1. Marwari Oral Vowel Chart.

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Long Vowel Short Vowel Short Vowel Long Vowel
Close
i u
ɪ ʊ
Half Close
e o
ə
Open
α

2. Marwari Nasalized Vowel Chart.

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Long Vowel Short Vowel Short Vowel Long Vowel
Close
ĩ ũ
ɪ̃ ʊ̃
Half Close
ẽ õ
ə̃
Open
α̃

. ƈ ƴ ƈ *ʩ 3.1 3 * -: *


‫ﻛ‬
(Marwari syllable structure) 3.2

Syllables Marwari words in IPA Regularity
V [α] Regular
VV [αo] Regular
VC [αʤ] Regular
VCV [αd̪ʰo] Regular
VCCV [αkɽo] Irregular
VVC [αuʈ] Regular
VVCV [αoɾα] Regular
VCVC [əpip] Regular
CV [kʰα] Regular
CVV [kʰαo] Regular
CVVC [ᶑαɪ ̃ɳ] Irregular
CVC [kʰαɾ] Regular
CVCC [kəʃʈ] Irregular
CVCCV [ɾəvt ̪o] Irregular
CVCV [kαko] Regular
CCVC [kɾod̪ʰ] Irregular
CVCVC [kɪɾod̪ʰ] Regular
CCVCC [ɡɾə̃nt ̪ʰ] Irregular

: Ɋ ƴ .4
ᐇ ƴ + ᐇ *ȇ * Ȁ ᐇǄ Ɋ ƴ ƴ

Ɋƴ+ ƴ . ƴ ƈƴ ɇ + ᐇ


‫ﻛ‬
“Marwari as a written language : 3 3 3 ƴƈ Ƨ

ᐇ ᐇǄ ƴ ƴ has a 1500 year history”.

ƴ .ɇ ᐇ

ᐇǄ ƴ ï

ȶ* ᐇǄ ƴ ȃ ᑻ

ᐇ ʑȀ 3 ᐇ

ƽ 3 ʩ ƽ + .

3 ƈ Ɉ ƽ
.( * + ÷ :3 ȹ ƽ )

. ƽ ƈ ƈ 3ʩ + 3 ʩ + ƴ

ʩ ƴ ɇ ƴ ᐇǄ ƴ 3 3 ᐇ 3

. +ʩ ᐇǄ 3 ƴ 3 ƺʩ ƽ *
‫ﻛ‬
: 3 3 * Ƨ +ʩ ï 3ƴ* ƴ
“Marwari had two scripts before the present Devanagari script. The script presently is a
modified form of the one used for Hindi with the most notable difference being the
addition of a retroflex lateral ळ. This character is found in Sanskrit but not in Hindi.
Some publications in Marwari also use some other characters in substitution for
accepted letters.”

ïᑩ ƴ Ɉ3 ï Ȁ ƴȀ

.ƴ * Ɉƽ VɇɊ ɈƽȀ ʑ

3

.”‫“ ݪ‬ Ȁ ƈ ᒅ Ȁ .1

.”‫* “ ݪ، ݨ‬ ƈ Ȁ .2

.”‫“ ݪ‬ Ȁ Ȁ ƈ ᒅ Ȁ .3


ƈƴ ȇ Ȁ .ɇ 3 1968 ƺ ƽ

ᒅ :3 ƽ ƴ * ƽ ɇ ƽ Ɋ

Ȁɾ Ȁɾ - ƈ

. ƴƺ 4 . ᐇǄ 3 ᐇ

ƽ ƴ3 ïɾ *Ȁ -

Ȁ 3 . ƴƺ * ƪ ( ) * * 3

3 ཛྷȐ *ᑻ ICF ƴ . * ƴ Ȁ ȃ ɇ

ƴ ƈ .ɇ ᐇ ɇ Ɉ Ȁ ƈ 3 ʩ ƴƺ Ȁ3

4 ƽ *ᑻ ᐇ

ƽ ᐇ3 4 . ” “ ᐇ ᒅ ó

ƈ ƴ ƽ. 3 * +ɾ


ƴ 3 V3 + ᐇ

Ȁ ƽ3ƽ *ƴ .ɇ ƽ ʩ

ᒅ ᐇ , ƽ . ɇ

.+ ƴ ƴ ƽ . ʑ 33


Section B
ƈ ᐇǄ *ƴ

3


Writing systems

. 3 ӆᐇ *ƴ
*ƴ 3 ᐇʩ Ȁ  3 ǂ ᐇ ƴ

ƴ ÷ 3ƺ 3 Script or Writing system

. Writing systems ïᑩ ӆᐇ

Writing systems
Arabic, Baybayin, Bengali, Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, Chinese, Cyrillic,
Devanagari, Ge'ez (Ethiopic), Georgian (Mkhedruli), Hebrew, Latin, Tifinagh

ƴ 4 3 Writing systems ƴ 3

* Ȁ 3 ïᑩ ƽǄ ƽ 3 . Ɉ ʩ ᒅᐇ

: 3 +ƴ ᐇ . ɇ ïƴ Example

Arabic alphabet
Arabic, Azeri, Bosnian, Dari, Hausa, Kabyle, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kyrghyz,
Malay, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Siraiki, Tatar, Turkish, Urdu,
Uyghur

Please note: some of these languages, such as Bosnian and Turkish, were once written
with the Arabic alphabet, but nowadays are normally written with a different alphabet,
such as Latin or Cyrillic.

Baybayin syllabary
Ilocano, Tagalog

Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari / Eastern Neo-Brahmic script)
Bengali, Assamese


Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Blackfoot, Carrier, Cree, Inuktitut, Naskapi, Ojibwe

Chinese script
Modern Standard Chinese, Cantonese, Japanese (kanji), Korean (hanja), Vietnamese
(ch -nôm)

Cyrillic alphabet
Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Avar, Azeri, Balkar, Bashkir, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Buryat,
Chechen, Chukchi, Church Slavonic, Chuvash, Crimean Tatar, Dargwa, Dungan,
Erzya, Even, Evenki, Gagauz, Ingush, Kabardian, Kalmyk, Kazakh, Khanty, Komi,
Koryak, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Lak, Lezgi, Lingua Franca Nova, Macedonian, Mansi,
Mari, Moksha, Moldovan, Mongolian, Nanai, Nenets, Nivkh, Old Church Slavonic,
Ossetian, Russian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovio, Tabassaran, Tajik, Tatar, Tsez,
Turkmen, Tuvan, Ubykh, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Uzbek, Votic, Yakut, Yupik

Devanagari alphabet
Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Sanskrit, Sindhi

Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script
Amharic, Ge'ez, Tigrinya

Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet
Georgian, Laz, Svan

Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish


Latin alphabet
Abenaki, Afaan Oromo, Afar, Afrikaans, Akan, Albanian, Aleut, Alsatian, Apache,
Aranese, Arapaho, Aromanian, Arrernte, Asturian, Aymara, Azeri, Bambara, Basque,
Belarusian, Bemba, Bikol, Bislama, Breton, Burushaski, Catalan, Cayuga, Cebuano,
Chamorro, Chechen, Cheyenne, Cimbrian, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Comanche, Cornish,
Corsican, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Delaware, Dinka, Drehu, Dutch, English,
Esperanto, Estonian, Ewe, Ewondo, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, Folkspraak,
French, Frisian, Ga, Gagauz, Galician, Ganda, Genoese, German, Gooniyandi,
Greenlandic, Guarani, Gwich’in, Haida, Haitian Creole, Hän, Hausa, Hawaiian,
Hiligaynon, Hixkaryana, Hopi, Hotcąk, Hungarian, Icelandic, Ido, Igbo, Ilocano,
Indonesian, Interglossa, Interlingua, Irish, Kaingang, Kala Lagaw Ya, Italian, Jèrriais,
Kabyle, Karelian, Kashubian, Kinyarwanda, Kiribati, Kirundi, Klallam, Klamath,
Kurdish, Kwakiutl, Lingala, Latin, Latvian, Lingua Franca Nova, Lithuanian, Livonian,
Lojban, Lombard, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Maasai, Makhuwa, Malagasy, Malay,
Maltese, Manx, Māori, Marshallese, Meriam Mir, Mi'kmaq, Mohawk, Montagnais,
Murrinh-Patha, Nahuatl, Nama, Naskapi, Navajo, Naxi, Ngiyambaa, Noongar,
Norwegian, Novial, Occidental, Occitan, O'odham, Old Norse, Ossetian, Piedmontese,
Pitjantjatjara, Polish, Portuguese, Potawatomi, Quechua, Romanian, Romansh,
Romany, Rotuman, Saami/Sami, Saanich, Samoan, Sango, Sardinian, Scots, Scottish
Gaelic, Serbian, Shavante, Shawnee, Sicilian, Sioux, Slovak, Slovene, Slovio, Somali,
Sorbian, Southern Sotho, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Tahitian, Tatar,
Taiwanese, Tlingit, Tok Pisin, Tongan, Turkish, Turkmen, Tuvaluan, Tuvan, Twi,
Uyghur, Venetian, Vietnamese, Volapük, Võro, Walloon, Warlpiri, Waray-Waray,
Welsh, Wik-Mungkan, Wiradjuri, Wolof, Xhosa, Yapese, Yindjibarndi, Yolngu,
Yoruba, Zhuang, Zulu

Tifinagh alphabet
Kabyle, Tamazight

Ȁ ƺ Writing system ÷3 *ƴ +ƺ ᐇ 3

3ᐇ Ȁ Ǆ . ᐇǄ ƴƽ ÷ 3ƺ

ɇ ƴ ȶ  * Writing systems 3 ɇ

ƴ ȶ Writing systems ƈ 3 3 ƽ .

Writing system ȶ ƴ 3ƴ . ƺ ȶ 3 Ȁ

.ɇ +Ȑ 3
[ 3 ᐇ ȶ Writing systems ÷ʈ ]


. ÷ʈ Writing systems

1. Latin alphabet

2. Cyrillic alphabet

3. Arabic alphabet

4. Chinese script

5. Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and Devanagari alphabet

6. Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script and Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet

7. Baybayin syllabary and Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari / Eastern Neo-
Brahmic script) and Tifinagh alphabet

ȶ *ƴ ʩ 3 Writing systems Ȁ

Ȁ ƴƽ 4 ƴ ƴ

ƴ ᑩ 0 Ȑ ཛྷȐ ཛྷȐ ɇ

Script 3 Ȁ ƴ ƴ 3 Writing system

. 3 ïᑩ ᐇǄ 3

ᐇ
ƽ* 3 Writing system Ȁ ʑ ᐇ 3

ƴ 3 3 . ɇ ïƴ Ȑ + ƴ

+ Ȁɾ ,* ƽ * ʩ ƴɇ Script 3 Ȁ

ƽ . ʩ +ƴ Ȑ ɇ ʩ Ɋƺ ƈ3ʩ

ɇ Ȑ * ƴȃ 3 ɇ Ɉ ï Script ƴ Ȁ 3

ɇ 3 *ɇᑦ 3 ɇ Ɉᑦ ƴ


3ƽ ᑩ ƺ Ȁ 3ɇ ĝ ᐇ ƴ

, 3 . ƴ÷ +
Ɉƽ 
Ȁ Ɉ Writing systems ƈ 3 ɇ ʩ

. ɇ ᐇǄ ᐇǄ ƽ ƴ *3

Writing systems *ᐇ ï3 ƴ ƴ

1. Arabic alphabet

2. Devanagari alphabet

3. Latin alphabet AaBbCc

3 ï Ȁ ƴ ƺ ʩ ᒅᐇ ƈ ƴ

ï 3ƴ* Ȍ ཛྷȐ ཛྷȐ ï Ȁ Ȍ * . Ɉ

Ɉƽ ᐇ ï . ƽ . 3

. ƴʩ ƴ ᐇ ï Ȍ ïʈ Ȁ ï ƽ3

ƴ ƴɇ *ƴ + ƴ Latin Script ƈ ᐇ

Ȁȃ ï Ȁ ƴï ƽ3 3 ᐇ÷

ʩ . ᐇ ȶƺ 3ɇ
‫ﻛ‬
: ʩ +ɇ 3 ᐇ ᐇ


3. Arabic alphabet


Writing system ᐇ

: 3 ï Latin

Latin alphabet
• Ancient Latin alphabet
• Roman alphabet for Latin
• Irish uncial alphabet
• Old English alphabet
• Modern Latin alphabet
• Accented letters special characters
• Languages written with the Latin alphabet

Ancient Latin alphabet
The earliest known inscriptions in the Latin alphabet date from the 6th century BC. It
was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC. The letters Y and Z
were taken from the Greek alphabet to write Greek loan words. Other letters were
added from time to time as the Latin alphabet was adapted for other languages and
many letters had several different shapes.

Other versions of the Latin alphabet
Ancient Latin, Irish Uncial, Old English

Roman alphabet for Latin
The Romans used just 23 letters to write Latin:

ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVXYZ


There were no lower case letters, and K, Y and Z used only for writing words of Greek
origin. The letters J, U and W were added to the alphabet at a later stage to write
languages other than Latin. J is a variant of I, U is a variant of V, and W was
introduced as a 'double-v' to make a distinction between the sounds we know as 'v' and
'w' which was unnecessary in Latin.

Modern Latin alphabet
The modern Latin alphabet consists of 52 letters, including both upper and lower case,
plus 10 numerals, punctuation marks and a variety of other symbols such as , % and
@. Many languages add a variety of accents to the basic letters, and a few also use
extra letters and ligatures.

The lowercase letters developed from cursive versions of the uppercase letters.

Uppercase

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Lowercase

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Accented letters special characters
Accented letters

Many languages supplement the basic Latin alphabet with a variety of accented letters:

These accented letters can have a number of different functions:

• Modifying the pronunciation of a letter
• Indicating where the stress should fall in a word
• Indicating emphasis in a sentence
• Indicating pitch or intonation of a word or syllable
• Indicating vowel length
• Visually distinguishing homophones


Some extra letters

Eth, Thorn, Yogh and Wynn were used in Old English; Eth and Thorn are also used in
Icelandic; the dotless i is used in Turkish, and the schwa is used in Azeri. The other
letters are used in various other languages, particularly those spoken in West Africa.

Ligatures (two or three letters joined together)

These are used in a number of languages including French, German, Icelandic, Croatian
and Dutch:



ï 3ƴ* ᐇ Ǆ Latin alphabet

ƽƴ* ʩ ƈ Devanagari script 3 3 ᐇʩ

* 3 3 *3 ƽ ᑩ. ƴ ɇ ï

*
Introduction:
The Nāgarī or Devanāgarī alphabet descended from the Brahmi script sometime around
the 11th century AD. It was originally developed to write Sanksrit but was later adapted
to write many other languages.

The name Devanāgarī is made up of two Sanskrit words: deva, which means god,
brahman or celestial, and nāgarī, which means city. The name is variously translated as
script of the city, heavenly/sacred script of the city or [script of the] city of the
Gods or priests. The origins and meaning of the name are uncertain.

: 3 Devanagari script


Consonants

Variant letters
Some letters are two forms: the Classical, Northern or Kalikata (Calcutta) form is used
in the north of India; while the Modern, Southern or Mumbai (Bombay) form is used in
the south India and has become the standard form


A selection of conjunct consonants
There are about a thousand conjunct consonants, most of which combine two or three
consonants. There are also some with four-consonant conjuncts and at least one well-
known conjunct with five consonants.

Numerals


3. Arabic alphabet

: 3 ï Ȁ
Arabic script

Origin
The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script. It has been used since
the 4th century AD, but the earliest document, an inscription in Arabic, Syriac and
Greek, dates from 512 AD. The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic,
so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing
letters in order to avoid ambiguities. Further diacritics indicating short vowels were
introduced, but are only generally used to ensure the Qur'an was read aloud without
mistakes.

There are two main types of written Arabic:

1. Classical Arabic - the language of the Qur'an and classical literature. It differs
from Modern Standard Arabic mainly in style and vocabulary, some of which is
archaic. All Muslims are expected to recite the Qur'an in the original language,
however many rely on translations in order to understand the text.
2. Modern Standard Arabic - the universal language of the Arabic-speaking
world which is understood by all Arabic speakers. It is the language of the vast
majority of written material and of formal TV shows, lectures, etc.

Each Arabic speaking country or region also has its own variety of colloquial spoken
Arabic. These colloquial varieties of Arabic appear in written form in some poetry,
cartoons and comics, plays and personal letters. There are also translations of the bible
into most varieties of colloquial Arabic.

Arabic has also been written with the Hebrew, Syriac and Latin scripts.

Notable Features
• The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Some additional letters are used in
Arabic when writing placenames or foreign words containing sounds which do
not occur in Standard Arabic, such as /p ‫ /پ‬or /g ‫./گ‬
• Words are written in horizontal lines from right to left, numerals are written
from left to right
• Most letters change form depending on whether they appear at the beginning,
middle or end of a word, or on their own.
• Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printed
Arabic. The only exceptions to this rule are crossword puzzles and signs in
which the script is written vertically.
• The long vowels /a:/, /i:/ and /u:/ are represented by the letters 'alif, ‫ ا‬yā' and
wāw ‫ و‬respectively.
• Vowel diacritics, which are used to mark short vowels, and other special
symbols appear only in the Qur'an. They are also used, though with less


consistency, in other religious texts, in classical poetry, in textbooks children
and foreign learners, and occasionally in complex texts to avoid ambiguity.
Sometimes the diacritics are used for decorative purposes in book titles,
letterheads, nameplates, etc.

Arabic consonants

Arabic vowel diacritics and other symbols

Arabic numerals and numbers

These numerals are those used when writing Arabic and are written from left to right.
In Arabic they are known as Indian numbers (‫أر م‬ ‫ ه‬arqa-m hindiyyah). The term
'Arabic numerals' is also used to refer to 1, 2, 3, etc.


The first set of numbers are Modern Standard Arabic. The others are Moroccan Arabic.

* ƴ ƺ ï Ȁ *3 ƴ 3

ïƴ Ȁ ᒅ Ȁ .ɇ Ȑ Ȁ Writing (2 ) 

3 ɇ ƴ ǂ ƴ . ïƴ Ȁ

ƈ Ȁ

*  3ƴ 3 ᐇ * * .ɇ ɈȀȃ  ƽ ƴ

. ɇ ʩ Ɋƺ

Ȁ ᒅ .1

Ȁ .2

ᒅ + ƴ ƈ ï Ȁ ᐇ

: 3 ᒅ Ȁ .1

Arabic script for Sindhi (‫الفابيٽ‬ ‫)سنڌي‬
Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language with about 17 million speakers in the south-eastern
province of Sind in Pakistan and about 2.8 million people in India.

The Sindhi language first appeared in writing in the 8th century AD. Sindhi literature,
in particular lyric poetry, began to appear towards the end of the 15th century. During
the 19th century, the Landa script was adapted to write Sindhi.


The modern Sindhi abjad is based on the version of the Perso-Arabic script used to
write Urdu and was adopted, under British influence, in 1852. In India Sindhi is also
written with the Devanagari script.

Numerals

. 3 Ȁ .2

[ᐇ ]


Urdu ( )

Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language with about 104 million speakers, including those who
speak it as a second language. It is the national language of Pakistan and is closely
related to Hindi, though a lot of Urdu vocabulary comes from Persian and Arabic,
which is not the case for Hindi.

Urdu is also spoken in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Fiji, Germany,
Guyana, India, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South
Africa, Thailand, the UAE, the UK and Zambia.

Urdu has been written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script since the 12th century
and is normally written in Nastaliq style. The word Urdu is Turkish for 'foreign' or
'horde'.


Urdu numerals


Section C
ƽǄ


‫ﻛ‬
ᐇ ƴǂ Ȑ IAL Orthography 3 MLTC

Writing system 3 ʩ ƽ 3ƴ 4+ Ȁ
‫ﻛ‬
. 3 Ɋƺ ʩ * .

100
90
80
70
60
50 Hindi
40 Latin
30 Arabic

20
10
0
Hindi Latin Arabic

ƴƈ ᐇ ᐇ ᐇǄ 3 ƴᒅ ƈ ï Ȁ
‫ﻛ‬
. * Ɋƺ

100
90
80
70
60
50
Sindhi
40
Urdu
30
20
10
0
Sindhi Urdu


ᐇǄ 3 3ƴ* ƪ Ǆ

. ᐇ ó Ȁ ᐇǄ 3 ᐇ .
 Ȁ ᒅ ï Ȁ ƪ * 4

ƽƴ ƽ 3ᑩ ƴ ƽ Ȁ . ᐇ

ƴ Ǆ . ƽ ïʈ 3 ɇ

ƴ . Ȑ Ɉï  ɇ ï

. 3 ᐇ

*ᐇ ƴ Writing systems ƴ

Ɉƽ . ɇ Ɋƺ 3ƴ . ᐇʩ ƴ

Ȁ ᐇ ƴƈ 3 3 ïᑩ Ȁ ƴ

.ɇ Ɉ

ƴ 3 ƴ ᑻ ƽ  ᐇʩ ]

.ɇ ʩ ï 3 ïᑩ ི3

ʩ ƈ ƴ ƈ 4 3 ɇʩ ƽ ᑩ

ȃȐ ʩ * ƴ 3ƴ. ᑩ Ȁ

Ȁ . ʩ ƺ ƴ ƴ 3 ྲྀ 3 ʩ ɇ ƴ Ɇ

.ɇ Ʋ ȇ ʶ 3 Ū

ƴ Writing system 3 ᑩ 3

Ȁ ó 3 + ᐇ ƈ ƴ

[.+ƴ .ʩ ʩ


ƴ 3 ï ” 3ƴ* “ ᐇ   ȶ .1

. ʶ

Marwari alphabet from Devanagari script
Marwari normal LETTERS.

ज प ट त ब
ʤ ‫ج‬ p ‫پ‬ ʈ ‫ٹ‬ t̪ ‫ت‬ b ‫ب‬
ज़ ड़ र ड द
z ‫ز‬ ɽ ‫ڑ‬ ɾ ‫ر‬ ɖ ‫ڈ‬ d̪ ‫د‬
ल ग क श स
l ‫ل‬ ɡ ‫گ‬ k ‫ک‬ ʃ ‫ش‬ s ‫س‬
च ह व न म
ʧ ‫چ‬ h ‫ہ/ھ‬ v ‫و‬ n ‫ن‬ m ‫م‬
य फ़
j ‫یے‬ f ‫ف‬
Marwari additional LETTERS.

ड ण ळ ख़ ब॒
ᶑ ɳ ɭ χ ɓ
‫ڏ‬ ‫ݨ‬ ‫ݪ‬ ‫ښ‬ ‫ٻ‬

Marwari aspirated LETTERS.

झ फ ठ थ भ
ʤʰ ‫جھ‬ pʰ ‫پھ‬ ʈʰ ‫ٹھ‬ t ̪ʰ ‫تھ‬ bʰ ‫بھ‬
ज़॒ ढ़ ऱ ढ ध
zʰ ‫زھ‬ ɽʰ ‫ڑھ‬ ɾʰ ‫رھ‬ ɖʰ ‫ڈھ‬ d̪ʰ ‫دھ‬
¿ घ ख Â Ä


lʰ ‫لھ‬ ɡʰ ‫گھ‬ kʰ ‫کھ‬ ʃʰ ‫شھ‬ sʰ ‫سھ‬
छ ड़॒ ख़॒ ऩ ¼
ʧʰ ᶑʰ χʰ nʰ mʰ
‫ڏھ‬
º॒ ² ऴ
ɓʰ ɳʰ ɭʰ

Marwari LETTERS for VOWELS.

उ-◌ु ऊ-◌ू ओ-◌ो अ आ-◌ा
ʊ ُ
◌ u ‫ُاو‬ o ‫او‬ ə َ
‫◌/ا‬ α ‫ٓا‬
इ-ि◌ ए-◌े ई-◌ी
ɪ ِ
◌ e ‫اے‬ i ‫ِای‬

Symbol for Nasalized Vowels.

◌ं
िमयाळो नां : .ɇ Ȁ ᐇ ó 3 ᑻ
कशाली हे . हंू मीर पुर Âार मɅ रहीं. आंन मारवाड़ी बो॒ ली ते कांम
करीं. आज हंू डा॒ धो ख ुश हां क मɅ ए आलफ़ा बेट ठाही हे . ठीक.
े

ï ᐇ ᐇ . ƴʩ Left to Right ᐇ ï -: *

. 3 3 Mangal.OTF ƺ ï 3ƴ* Ȁ

. 3 ᐇ ƴ ɇ ʩ ï

:
ᑃ ïᑩ ï 3ƴ* ƴ ɇ ï Ȍ Ȁ .1

. ʩ 


ï ӆᐇ *ƴ ÷3 ƴ 3 .2

. ɇ ʩ

: ƴ
ᒅ : *ƴ +ƴ [ ƴ ] ƴ ƴ ɇ ƴ .1

Devanagari type ƴ 3 ȉ ɇᐇ ཷ +

3 ƽ . ᐇɈƽ Ɉƽ3

ɾ *V ƽɈ 3 ƴᐇ  *ƴ ÷3

ᐇ ᐇǄ ƴ ᐇ ᒅ ƴ ᐇ ƴ .2

ɇ ƽ ƴ Devanagari type .

.ɇ ɾ

ᐇ Devanagari type ɇ ƴ .3

ƴ 3 ᑻ Ȁ ƴ

.ɇ ƴ ᒅ .

ᐇ ʩ Devanagari type .4

. ᐇ 3

ï ᒅ ƴ ᐇ Devanagari type .5

.ɇ Ɉ  ƽ . ᐇ ᐇ

. ᐇ ƴ3 Ȁ Devanagari type ƈ .6

. ɇ ïƴ 3 + ƽ

...

. ƈ ï ( ) ᐇ ᐇʩ

Marwari alphabet from Latin script

J-j P-p Ŧ-ŧ T-t B-b
ʤ ‫ج‬ p ‫پ‬ ʈ ‫ٹ‬ t̪ ‫ت‬ b ‫ب‬
Z-z Ŕ-ŕ R-r Ď-ď D-d
z ‫ز‬ ɽ ‫ڑ‬ ɾ ‫ر‬ ɖ ‫ڈ‬ d̪ ‫د‬
L-l G-g K-k Ŝ-ŝ S-s
l ‫ل‬ ɡ ‫گ‬ k ‫ک‬ ʃ ‫ش‬ s ‫س‬
Ĉ-ĉ H-h W-w N-n M-m
ʧ ‫چ‬ h ‫ہ/ھ‬ v ‫و‬ n ‫ن‬ m ‫م‬
Y-y F-f

ð-ñ Ň-ň Ł-ł X-x ß-Б
ᶑ ɳ ɭ χ ɓ
‫ڏ‬ ‫ݨ‬ ‫ݪ‬ ‫ښ‬ ‫ٻ‬


Jh-jh Ph-ph Ŧh-ŧh Th-th Bh-bh
Zh-zh Ŕh-ŕh Rh-rh Ďh-ďh Dh-dh
Lh-lh Gh-gh Kh-kh Ŝh-ŝh Sh-sh
Ĉh-ĉh ðh-ñh Xh-xh Nh-nh Mh-mh
ʧʰ ‫چھ‬ ᶑʰ ‫ڏھ‬ χʰ nʰ ‫نھ‬ mʰ ‫مھ‬

ßh-Бh Ňh-ňh Łh-łh
ɓʰ ‫ٻھ‬ ɳʰ ɭʰ


Ů-ů U-u O-o A-a Á-á
ʊ ُ
‫◌/ا‬ α ‫ٓا‬
- E-e I-i
ɪ ِ
. ɇ Ȑ ᑦ [ñ] 3 ᑻ Nasalization

. ƴʩ Left to Right ᐇ ï -: *

Ȑ + ó aspirated ƈ 3ƴ*

3ƴ* ᑻ 3 h ó aspirated

. ɇ

. 3 ᐇ ƴ ɇ ʩ ï

:
. ɇ ᐇ World level . ʩ Script Ȁ ƴ .1
‫ﻛ‬
. ï ӆᐇ ƴ English 3 .2

Ȁɾ 4  ƴ ᐇ ƴ ᐇ .3

.ɇ

: ƴ
ᒅ : *ƴ +ƴ [ ƴ ] ƴ ƴ ɇ ƴ .1

Latin type ƴ 3ȉ ɇᐇ ཷ +


÷3 3 ƽ . ᐇɈƽ Ɉƽ3

ɾ *V ƽɈ 3 ƴᐇ  *ƴ

ᐇ ᐇǄ ƴ ᐇ ᒅ ƴ ᐇ ƴ .2

ɾ ᐇ Latin type .

.ɇ

ƴ ᐇ Latin type ɇ ƴ .3

. ƴ 3 ᑻ Ȁ

.ɇ ƴᒅ

3 ᐇ ʩ Latin type .4

. ᐇ

ï ᒅ ƴ ᐇ Latin type .5

.ɇ Ɉ  ƽ . ᐇ ᐇ

ƽ . ᐇ ƴ3 Ȁ Latin type ƈ .6

. ɇ ïƴ 3 +

...

3 3 . ï Ȁ + ƴ ï 3ƴ*

ƴᒅ Ȁ ï ƴ *ɇ ï Ȁ 3

ᒅ * . ɇ ƴ3 ï

. 3 3ƴ. ʩᐇ

[. *3 3 ï + 3 Ȁ ᐇʩ 3 ]


. ʶ 3 ï ᒅ Ȁ
Marwari alphabet from Arabic based Sindhi script

‫ج‬ ‫پ‬ ‫ٽ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬
ʤ ‫ج‬ p ‫پ‬ ʈ ‫ٹ‬ t̪ ‫ت‬ b ‫ب‬
‫ز‬ ‫ڙ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ڊ‬ ‫د‬
z ‫ز‬ ɽ ‫ڑ‬ ɾ ‫ر‬ ɖ ‫ڈ‬ d̪ ‫د‬
‫ل‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ڪ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬
l ‫ل‬ ɡ ‫گ‬ k ‫ک‬ ʃ ‫ش‬ s ‫س‬
‫چ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬
ʧ ‫چ‬ h ‫ہ/ھ‬ v ‫و‬ n ‫ن‬ m ‫م‬
‫ي‬ ‫ف‬

‫ڏ‬ ‫ڻ‬ ‫ݪ‬ ‫ښ‬ ‫ٻ‬
ᶑ ɳ ɭ χ ɓ
‫ڏ‬ ‫ݨ‬ ‫ݪ‬ ‫ښ‬ ‫ٻ‬


‫جھ‬ ‫ڦ‬ ‫ٺ‬ ‫ٿ‬ ‫ڀ‬
‫زھ‬ ‫ڙھ‬ ‫رھ‬ ‫ڍ‬ ‫ڌ‬
‫لھ‬ ‫گھ‬ ‫ک‬ ‫شھ‬ ‫سھ‬

‫ڇ‬
‫ڏھ‬
‫ٻھ‬ ‫ڻھ‬
ɓʰ ɳʰ ɭʰ


ُ ُ َ
◌ ‫◌و‬ ‫و‬ ‫◌،ا‬ ‫آ‬
ʊ ُ
‫◌/ا‬ α ‫ٓا‬
◌ِ ‫ي‬ ‫ِ◌ ، ِی‬
ɪ ِ
.ɇ ᑦ [‫]ن‬ 3 ᑻ Nasalization

ï ᐇ ᐇ . ƴʩ Right to Left ᐇ ï -: *

ï Ȁ . 3 3 ĝ Ȁ

. ᐇ * ĝ

. 3 ᐇ ƴ ɇ ʩ ï

. ʩ Ȍᐇ +Ȑ ƴ Ȁ ᒅ .1


ƴ

Ȁ ᒅ ᐇ ƴ * .1

. ʩ 3 ɇ

3 3ƴ* Ȁ ᒅ .2

Ȁ ᒅ ᒅ ƈ .

. ƴ ƴ3 ƴ . * 3

+Ȑ ƴƴ ÷3 ƴ ᐇ Ȁ ᒅ .3

. Ȁ ƺ Ȑ . ᐇ

. Ȁᐇ ƪ ï Ȁ ó
Marwari alphabet from Arabic based Urdu script

‫ج‬ ‫پ‬ ‫ٹ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬
ʤ ‫ج‬ p ‫پ‬ ʈ ‫ٹ‬ t̪ ‫ت‬ b ‫ب‬
‫ز‬ ‫ڑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫د‬
z ‫ز‬ ɽ ‫ڑ‬ ɾ ‫ر‬ ɖ ‫ڈ‬ d̪ ‫د‬
‫ل‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬
l ‫ل‬ ɡ ‫گ‬ k ‫ک‬ ʃ ‫ش‬ s ‫س‬
‫چ‬ ‫ہ/ ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬
ʧ ‫چ‬ h ‫ہ/ھ‬ v ‫و‬ n ‫ن‬ m ‫م‬

‫ی‬ ‫ف‬


‫ڏ‬ ‫ݨ‬ ‫ݪ‬ ‫ښ‬ ‫ٻ‬
ᶑ ɳ ɭ χ ɓ
‫ڏ‬ ‫ݨ‬ ‫ݪ‬ ‫ښ‬ ‫ٻ‬


‫زھ‬ ‫ڑھ‬ ‫رھ‬ ‫ڈھ‬ ‫دھ‬

‫ڏھ‬

ɓʰ ɳʰ ɭʰ


ُ ُ َ
◌ ‫◌و‬ ‫و‬ ‫◌،ا‬ ‫آ‬
ʊ ُ
‫◌/ا‬ α ‫ٓا‬

◌ِ ‫ے‬ ‫ِ◌ ، ِی، ی‬
ɪ ِ
ᑦ [( ) ] 3 ᑻ Nasalization

. ɇ

ï ᐇ ᐇ . ƴʩ Right to Left ᐇ ï -: *

ï Ȁ . 3 3 ĝ Ȁ

ï Nastaliq Ȁ ʩ . ᐇ * ĝ

.ƴ ï ʩ ï . ɇ

. 3 ᐇ ƴ ɇ ʩ ï

ʩ ӆᐇ +Ȑ ƴ ƴ * Ȁ .1

+ʩ +Ȍᐇ Ȑ ཛྷȐ ƴᒅ . ɇ Ȁɾ

.ɇ Ȑï 

.ɇ Ȑ ᐇĝ
Ȁ . ɇ ƈ .2

ᐇ÷ 9 3 .ɇ Ȑ ᐇ .3

*. 3 Ȑ ƴ

. +3 3 ᐇ

. ɇ ʩ 3 ƴ .4


ᐇ +Ȑ ƴ *ƴ ʩ * ƴ3 .5

. ʩ

ƴ


ᐇ 3ƴ* 3 Ȁ .1

. Vʩ Ȍᐇ ཛྷȐ +Ȑ ÷ ᒅ

ƈ ᐇǄ ƈ ƈ ᒅ .2

. ᐇ ƴ3 Ȁ

‫ﻛ‬
*ᐇ ƴ 3 ɇ 3
‫ﻛ‬
. ʩ +ɇ 3 ȶ Writing systems ᐇǄ 3

1. Arabic alphabet

‫ﻛ‬
. ʩ +ɇ ᐇ ᒅ ï Ȁ

.1

. ᒅ .2
ï 3 ƴ3 . Ȑ

ƽ . ɇ ïƴ Ȁɾ ᐇ 3 ᐇ Ȑ ɾ ƴ ƴ

4 ï 3 *ƴ Ɉ

) . ɇ *ᐇ Ȁɾ Ȑ ƈ 3 ʩ ȉ

( Ȑ

Section D
ᐇǆ
Proposal


 ‫ﻛ‬
3 ƽ 3 ƴ Ǆ

. ƴ ƈ ï Ȁ ƴ

ƴ 3 ʩƽ Ǆ . Ɉƽ

ᒅ Ȁ * V ɇ ƽ ƽ 3 ɇ ƈ ï 3 ɇƽ*

! + Ȁ .ɇ * ƈ ï

. 3ƺ ᐇ 3 * ƴ Ȁ
 ‫ﻛ‬
* ƴ *3 3 ƴ. ɇ Ȁ ȶ 3 . 3 +

. ƈ 3 +

:*

”.ɇ ƈ ï Ȁ ƴ “ :3 Ɉ ƽ ᐇǆ

ɇʩ ƴƺ . Ɉ 3 ƴ * ƴ

÷ ƺ *Ǚ 3

*ɇ ï ƽǄ ƈ . ʈ+

. ɇ ʩƴ ǂ
ƴ Ȁ 3 ƺ Ȁ

ƴ + ᐇǆ 3 ɇ ᐇǆ ȶ 3

. 3 *ɇ

: ó

‫ءآابٻپتٹجچدڈڏرڑزسښشفكگلݪمنݨوہ‬
ّ ُ َ
.”‫ “ھ‬ ó Aspirated ‫اور‬ (‫ی ے ) ِ◌ ، ◌ ، ◌ ، ◌ ، ں‬


ó ” ‫“ٻ، ڏ، ښ، ݪ، اور‬


ƴ ،‫ݪ‬ ᒅ ‫ڏ‬ . ƈ


. +ɇ Ȁ ‫ښ‬ . ó ᑃ Ɉ

ƴ ƴ ƽ .ƴƺ Ȁ ƈ ƴ ʩ
‫ﻛ‬
” “ ƴ . +ʩ +ƴ *ƴ

. ƴʩ ᑻ

. ƈ 3 ó + ĝʑ

.‫1. ٻ، ڏ‬

ᒅ : ) ƴ ƺ . ƴ ” “ .1.1

4 ƈ ƽ ྲྀ 3 (.ƴ

. ó . 3

+ʩ ƈ 3 ƴ ʩ * ᒅ ” ‫2.1. “ ڏ‬
Ȁ ”“ ”“ . +3 Ɉƽ

ᒅ 3 ᑻ . 3

. ïʈ Ȁ ”‫ “ڏ‬ƈ

ʩ  3 *÷ ƴᑦ ƽ

. Ȑ

ᒅ . +ɇ ƴ ƽ .2

” “ . +ɇ ƽ ”‫“ ڻ‬


* ƽȃ .ɇ +Ȑ ƴ ƪ ” “ ” “ 3ƴ

: . +ɇ Ɉ Ȁ * +ʩ

. ᐇƹ .1
ِ ُ
.‫2. مناں کوٹڻو پڑ گیو‬
.‫3. ݪ‬
Ɋƴ ƴ3 ɇ ƺɈ  3

. 4 . ʩ ᐇ *

* . +3 ” ‫ “ ۯ‬ƴ B*

” “ 3 3 ƽ ”‫“ ݪ‬

ƴ ÷3 ƴ ᒅ ȃ ”‫“ ݪ‬ ƴ .

. ʩ ɇ Ȁ Ɉ” “ ᐇ ƴ* 3 ᐇ

3 *ɾ Ȁᐇ Ɉ ƴ ”‫“ښ‬ .‫4. ښ‬

-: .ƴƺ ”‫“ ښ‬ 3 75 4 .

3 ʩ +ɾ ʩ ƴ

”/ / “ ” “ ” “ Ȁ .

” “ ”‫“ ښ‬ . 3 ” ‫“ښ‬ ƈ
 
” “ 4 ƴ ” “ ƴ ” “
‫ﻛ‬
”‫“ ښ‬ ᐇ ƺ ƈ Ɉ . B* ӆᐇ ” “

“ƈ * B* 3 ” “ ƈ 3 ƴƺ ǂ


“ 3 .ɇ ɈȀ B* 3 ”‫ښ‬

. *ᐇ ï3 ” “ ”‫ښ‬

‫ښ‬ 3 ɈȀ ƽ Ȁ

3 ”/ / “ ƴ. ɇ Ȑ

‫ش‬ ‫س‬ 3 3ƽ * 3

ɇ Ɉ *

3 ʩ .*3 ”“ * 3

: 3

‫ں‬ ‫. آ ں‬a

33ƽ ‫ں‬ ‫. آ ں‬b

. ʩ ɈȀ B* ‫ں‬ ‫. آ ں‬c
. Ɉ Ȁ ‫ں‬ /‫.آ ں زا ں‬d

. ó Ȑ .5
ƽ 3ƴ ཛྷȐ ó ó ᑃ 3

ƈ ó ó . *
 
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. 3 ᐇǆ

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. ƴ + 3 ི 3 3 4 ƴ. ƴ


” “ ” “ ” “ ” 3“ ”ཷ 3“ ” ƴ“ 3 ” ƴ“

ƴ÷ ǂ4 3 ƺ ƴ ÷ . ” “

3ƽ * ƴ ÷ 3 ʩ . ƽ ཛྷȐ

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ɇ + [ 3 3
ᐇ * 3 3

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. ʑ ó3 3 ƴ .2

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.ɇ Ȑ

. Ȑ ï  ᒅ 3 Aspirated .4

ᒅ . ɇ ƴ3 3 ཛྷȐ ó

. 3 ᑻ 3 3ƴ*

Ȑ 3ƽ . ɇ ƴ3 ” “ƪ 3 .5
‫ﻛ‬
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Ȑ ” “ ᐇ + ƈ .6

ƽ . ”‫“ي‬ ɈȀ * ᒅ .

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. ƴ3 +Ȑ ƴɇ 3


ó ƈ ó *ƴ 3 .7

ᐇ óȀ Ȁ ó

/ Ȁ 3 4

. ɇ ʩ Ȁ

ᐇ * ƽ ƈ ƽ ƈ .8

. Ȁɾ ɇ ᐇ

. 3 +Ȑ ƴ ʩ ƴ .9

ó ƈ 3 ƽ ᑩ . ɇ ᐇƈ ƈ .10

. ʩ +Ȑ ƴ Ȁ Ȁ ƴ ᒅ

.

. ƴƺ ó ” ‫ “ ښ‬ ƺ 3 ɇ 33 ᐇ 3

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‫ﻛ‬
ó 3ƴ . ƺ ï 3 *

. ᐇᐇ

* ƺ ó ƺ + ȃ3ƽ ᐇï ƽ

ƺ 4 ï ƽ ƴ . ɇ Ȑ Ɋƴ ᐇ ᐇ

* *ɾ 3 .ɇ ï ɇ ȃ ᐇ ᐇ 3

. ƺ Key board layouts ĝ .ɇ ᐇᐇ

.V ʩ +Ȑ ƴ3 Keys Ȑ ᐇ
* 3ƴ


.
ᐇ ᐇǆ

. Ɉƴ 3 ƴ *ᑻ ᐇ ƴƺ
‫ﻛ‬
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ƴ

ʩ 34 ɇȀ 3ི . +Ȑ ƴ ᐇ

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ɈȀ . ɇ Ȑ Ɉ Ȁ

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Ȁ .

+ 3.
*3 ƴ . ɇ ƴ ཛྷȐ

3 33 ᐇ ƴ . ɇ +Ȑ ƴ ȶ ƈ 3 ʩ

ƽ ᐇǆ * . 3 Ȁ ï3 Ȁ

.ʩ ƴ ƴ3 3 Ȍ 3 ɇƽ* ȶ3

ƴ .ʩ 3 ƪ Ȑ

* 3 3 .( ʑᐇ ) .” “

(. +ɇ 3 Ȑ ᐇǄ ). ƴ
‫ﻛ‬
ʩ3 :3 3 ᐇǆ ƴ

ʩ Ȁ 4 . 3ǂ

ʩ . ʩ ƴɇ
3 Ɉ ƈ3 . ɇ ƴ3

. ƴ ʩ + +ɾ ƴ 3 3 * 

. + 3 ᐇȶ + ʩɈ


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Marwari writing system proposal