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Dansk Geoteknisk forening, 12. september 2013
Artikler fra ICSMGE 2013

Modelling of soil-structure interaction for seismic
analyses of the Izmit Bay Bridge
Modellering af jord-struktur-interaktion i
jordskælvsanalyser for Izmit Bay Bridge
Jakob Hausgaard Lyngs, Thomas Kasper, Kristian Bertelsen
COWI A/S

1
Agenda

Izmit Bay Bridge
Seismisk risiko
Designstrategi for tårnfundamenter
Modelling af jord-struktur-interaktion
Konklusion
Spørgsmål

2

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Izmit Bay Bridge

3

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Izmit Bay Bridge

4

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Izmit Bay Bridge

566 m

252 m
MSL
40 m
566 m

5

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE

1550 m
Tårnfundamenter
› Nordtårn

-40.0

-43.0

Sand

Firm to stiff clay
Sand
Stiff to hard clay
6

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Tårnfundamenter
› Sydtårn

-40.0

-43.0

Soft to firm clay
Sand
Stiff clay
Sand
7

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Seismisk risiko
› Høj seismisk aktivitet
› North Anatolian Fault

8

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Seismisk risiko

9

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Seismiske design kriterier
› Functional Evaluation Earthquake (FEE)
› TR = 150 år
› PGAklippe = 0,25 g
› Minimal skade, fuld brugbarhed

› Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE)
› TR = 1000 år
› PGAklippe = 0,65 g
› Begrænset skade, kan repareres

› No Collapse Earthquake (NCE)
› TR = 2475 år
› PGAklippe = 0,87 g
› Stor strukturel skade tilladt, men intet kollaps

10

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Seismisk designkoncept
› Lad os gøre noget (næsten) nyt!
› "Base isolation" system for pylonfundamenterne
› Projektreference: Rion-Antirion skråstagsbro i Grækenland
› Caissoner ovenpå en gruspude, jord forstærket med stålpæle.
› Ingen strukturel forbindelse mellem caisson og pæle

› Tillader (begrænset) løftning og glidning
› Mindsker kræfter i strukturen

11

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Tårnfundamenter
› Nordtårn

-40.0

-43.0

Sand

Firm to stiff clay
Sand
Stiff to hard clay
12

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
13

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
14

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Jord-struktur-interaktion, modellering
Ikke en helt almindelig dag på kontoret…
› Detailed design-eftervisning med tidsdomæneanalyser
"standard": frekvensdomæne
› Tillad et "svagt led" in jord-struktur-interfacet, med styrke afhængig af
vertikalspændingen
standard: ingen plastisk deformation
› Beregning af spændingsfordeling under caissonerne i hvert tidsstep, i IBDAS
modellen
standard: kun verifikation af enkelte pseudo-statiske lasttilfælde, i separat
model

15

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Beregningsmodel
› Globalmodel i IBDAS
› Tidsdomæne, 7 forskellige tidsserier af flytninger for hvert designkriterium
› Modellering af jord-struktur-interaktion med fordelte fjedre og dæmpere
› Avanceret model, men dog implementerbar i design!

16

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Jord-struktur-interaktion – implementering 1
› "Standard" procedure:

› 6x6 lineære stivheds- og dæmpningsmatricer
› Visko-lineær  Kan ikke modellere plastisk deformation
› Bundplade skal antages stiv  ingen beregning af spændinger

17

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Jord-struktur-interaktion – implementering 2
› Fordelte fjedre
› Ikke-lineære, hysteretiske vandrette fjedre
› Lodret gapping element (ingen trækspænding)

18

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Jord-struktur-interaktion – implementering 3
› Hysteretisk opførsel, extended Masing rule
› Fmax afhængig af lokal vertikalkraft
› 2D-opførsel modelleret med i alt 8 fjedre

19

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Kalibrering af "grusfjedre"
› Lokal-respons i Abaqus og IBDAS
for varierende vertikal last

Foundation shear stress [kPa]

300
250
200

100 kPa
200 kPa

150

400 kPa

100

fit 100 kPa
fit 200 kPa

50

fit 400 kPa

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

Horizontal foundation displacement [m]

20

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE

0.2
Kalibrering af "jordfjedre"
› Global-respons i Plaxis og IBDAS

Horizontal load [MN]

-600
-500
-400

PLAXIS NT, 930 MN
PLAXIS NT, 830 MN
PLAXIS NT, 730 MN
IBDAS NT, 930 MN
IBDAS NT, 830 MN
IBDAS NT, 730 MN

-300

-200
-100
0
0.00

-0.10

-0.20

-0.30

Horizontal displacement [m]

21

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE

-0.40

-0.50
Simulering

22

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Resultater - 1
› Meget data!
› Gennemsnit af 7 tidshistorier

23

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Resultater - 2
› NCE flytninger
› Totale

› Relative i
interfacet

24

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Resultater - 3
› Hysterese i fjedre under NCE-jordskælv

25

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Resultater - 4

› Større moment end den ikkelineære model (NCE)

250

200

Elevation [m TUDKA]

› Lineær model prøvet til
sammenligning

Nordtårn

150

100

50

› Nordtårn: 13%

0
-4000

› Sydtårn: 46%

Reference
Linear
-3000 -2000 -1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Moment around bridge transverse axis MY [MNm]

4000

Sydtårn
250

Elevation [m TUDKA]

200

150

100

50

26

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE

0
-3000

Reference
Linear
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Moment around bridge transverse axis MY [MNm]

3000
Konklusion
› Detailed design ved hjælp af tidshistorier
› Udnyttelse af begrænset plasticitet i jord-struktur-interfacet
› Begrænsning af påvirkning af strukturen
› Global model  effektivt design

› Lyngs, Kasper and Bertelsen (2013): Modelling of soil-structure
interaction for seismic analyses of the Izmit Bay Bridge. Proceedings
of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013

27

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
28

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Og der bygges…

29

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
Spørgsmål?

30

12. SEPTEMBER 2013
DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE

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Modellering af jord-struktur-interaktion i jordskælvsanalyser for Izmit Bay Bridge

  • 1. Dansk Geoteknisk forening, 12. september 2013 Artikler fra ICSMGE 2013 Modelling of soil-structure interaction for seismic analyses of the Izmit Bay Bridge Modellering af jord-struktur-interaktion i jordskælvsanalyser for Izmit Bay Bridge Jakob Hausgaard Lyngs, Thomas Kasper, Kristian Bertelsen COWI A/S 1
  • 2. Agenda Izmit Bay Bridge Seismisk risiko Designstrategi for tårnfundamenter Modelling af jord-struktur-interaktion Konklusion Spørgsmål 2 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 3. Izmit Bay Bridge 3 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 4. Izmit Bay Bridge 4 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 5. Izmit Bay Bridge 566 m 252 m MSL 40 m 566 m 5 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE 1550 m
  • 6. Tårnfundamenter › Nordtårn -40.0 -43.0 Sand Firm to stiff clay Sand Stiff to hard clay 6 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 7. Tårnfundamenter › Sydtårn -40.0 -43.0 Soft to firm clay Sand Stiff clay Sand 7 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 8. Seismisk risiko › Høj seismisk aktivitet › North Anatolian Fault 8 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 9. Seismisk risiko 9 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 10. Seismiske design kriterier › Functional Evaluation Earthquake (FEE) › TR = 150 år › PGAklippe = 0,25 g › Minimal skade, fuld brugbarhed › Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) › TR = 1000 år › PGAklippe = 0,65 g › Begrænset skade, kan repareres › No Collapse Earthquake (NCE) › TR = 2475 år › PGAklippe = 0,87 g › Stor strukturel skade tilladt, men intet kollaps 10 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 11. Seismisk designkoncept › Lad os gøre noget (næsten) nyt! › "Base isolation" system for pylonfundamenterne › Projektreference: Rion-Antirion skråstagsbro i Grækenland › Caissoner ovenpå en gruspude, jord forstærket med stålpæle. › Ingen strukturel forbindelse mellem caisson og pæle › Tillader (begrænset) løftning og glidning › Mindsker kræfter i strukturen 11 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 12. Tårnfundamenter › Nordtårn -40.0 -43.0 Sand Firm to stiff clay Sand Stiff to hard clay 12 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 13. 13 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 14. 14 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 15. Jord-struktur-interaktion, modellering Ikke en helt almindelig dag på kontoret… › Detailed design-eftervisning med tidsdomæneanalyser "standard": frekvensdomæne › Tillad et "svagt led" in jord-struktur-interfacet, med styrke afhængig af vertikalspændingen standard: ingen plastisk deformation › Beregning af spændingsfordeling under caissonerne i hvert tidsstep, i IBDAS modellen standard: kun verifikation af enkelte pseudo-statiske lasttilfælde, i separat model 15 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 16. Beregningsmodel › Globalmodel i IBDAS › Tidsdomæne, 7 forskellige tidsserier af flytninger for hvert designkriterium › Modellering af jord-struktur-interaktion med fordelte fjedre og dæmpere › Avanceret model, men dog implementerbar i design! 16 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 17. Jord-struktur-interaktion – implementering 1 › "Standard" procedure: › 6x6 lineære stivheds- og dæmpningsmatricer › Visko-lineær  Kan ikke modellere plastisk deformation › Bundplade skal antages stiv  ingen beregning af spændinger 17 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 18. Jord-struktur-interaktion – implementering 2 › Fordelte fjedre › Ikke-lineære, hysteretiske vandrette fjedre › Lodret gapping element (ingen trækspænding) 18 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 19. Jord-struktur-interaktion – implementering 3 › Hysteretisk opførsel, extended Masing rule › Fmax afhængig af lokal vertikalkraft › 2D-opførsel modelleret med i alt 8 fjedre 19 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 20. Kalibrering af "grusfjedre" › Lokal-respons i Abaqus og IBDAS for varierende vertikal last Foundation shear stress [kPa] 300 250 200 100 kPa 200 kPa 150 400 kPa 100 fit 100 kPa fit 200 kPa 50 fit 400 kPa 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Horizontal foundation displacement [m] 20 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE 0.2
  • 21. Kalibrering af "jordfjedre" › Global-respons i Plaxis og IBDAS Horizontal load [MN] -600 -500 -400 PLAXIS NT, 930 MN PLAXIS NT, 830 MN PLAXIS NT, 730 MN IBDAS NT, 930 MN IBDAS NT, 830 MN IBDAS NT, 730 MN -300 -200 -100 0 0.00 -0.10 -0.20 -0.30 Horizontal displacement [m] 21 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE -0.40 -0.50
  • 23. Resultater - 1 › Meget data! › Gennemsnit af 7 tidshistorier 23 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 24. Resultater - 2 › NCE flytninger › Totale › Relative i interfacet 24 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 25. Resultater - 3 › Hysterese i fjedre under NCE-jordskælv 25 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 26. Resultater - 4 › Større moment end den ikkelineære model (NCE) 250 200 Elevation [m TUDKA] › Lineær model prøvet til sammenligning Nordtårn 150 100 50 › Nordtårn: 13% 0 -4000 › Sydtårn: 46% Reference Linear -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 Moment around bridge transverse axis MY [MNm] 4000 Sydtårn 250 Elevation [m TUDKA] 200 150 100 50 26 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE 0 -3000 Reference Linear -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 Moment around bridge transverse axis MY [MNm] 3000
  • 27. Konklusion › Detailed design ved hjælp af tidshistorier › Udnyttelse af begrænset plasticitet i jord-struktur-interfacet › Begrænsning af påvirkning af strukturen › Global model  effektivt design › Lyngs, Kasper and Bertelsen (2013): Modelling of soil-structure interaction for seismic analyses of the Izmit Bay Bridge. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013 27 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 28. 28 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE
  • 29. Og der bygges… 29 12. SEPTEMBER 2013 DGF, IZMIT BAY BRIDGE