Growth of cranial vault and base /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF
CRANIAL VAULT AND BASE
Anatomy
Function
Prenatal growth
Postnatal growth
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INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental educationLeader in continuing dental education
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GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF
CRANIAL VAULT AND BASE
INTRODUCTION
Skull is a blend of the morphogenesis &
growth of three skull entities.

skull
Cranial vault/calvaria.
1. Neurocranium
Cranial Base
2. The face
Orognathofacial complex
( Splanchocranium,viserocranium)
3. The masticatory
appartus(i.m.)
Dentition
Neural Crest and Paraxial Mesoderm Tissue.www.indiandentalacademy.com

The Neurocranium
Cranial vault
(Desmocranium)
 The newly expanded
brain.
 Intramembranous bone
of paraxial mesoderm
origin.
Cranial Base
 Cranial floor
associated with the
nasal and auditory
sense organs.
 Endochondral bone of
neural crest origin.
 It’s cartilaginous
precursor is known as
chondrocranium.

Face
Orognathofacial complex
Brachial arch structure
Intramemranous bone of neural
crest origin.

ANATOMY
Norma Verticalis – Above
Norma Basalis – Below
Norma Lateralis – Side
Norma Occipitalis – Back
Norma Frontalis - Front

ANATOMY
Calvaria or brain box - 8 bone
2 Paired 4 Unpaired
Parietal Frontal
Temporal Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

SUTURE
Metopic suture
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Bregma
Lambda
FUNCTION
Protection of the
brain.

PRENATAL GROWTH
 intramembranous ossification.
MEMBRANOUS NEUROCRANIUM

PRENATAL GROWTH
Ectomeninx
Duramater Superficial membrane
Vault Base
Endomeninx
Arachnoid piamater

PRENATAL GROWTH
Capsular mevmbrane-
Endomeninx – Neural crest origin
Ectomeninx – Neural crest and paraxial mesoderm
Ectomeninx:
Mesoderm –
Frontal, Parietal, sphenoid, petrous temporal &
occipital.
Neural crest –
Lacrimal, nasal, squamous temporal, zygomatic,
maxilla & mandible

PRENATAL GROWTH
OSSIFICATION SITE
Frontal Bone
– Primary centre Super ciliary arch
– Secondary centres Zygomatic process,
Nasal spine,
Trochlear fossa
Parietal bone
– Region of Parietal eminencewww.indiandentalacademy.com

PRENATAL GROWTH
Occipital bone (Squamous part)
– Just above superior nuchal line
Temporal bone (Squamous part)
– Root of zygoma
Tympanic ring of temporal bone
– 4 centers in lateral wall of tympanum

FONATANELLES
 At birth ,skull bones separated by
loose connective tissue.
 6 in no.
Close at various times 2 months to 2
years

FONATANELLES
Posterolateral
fonatanelles
Anterior posterior
Postnatal growth results narrowing of
suture and elimination of fontanelles.

POSTNATAL GROWTH

Endosteal surface are resorptive .
The ectocranial surface are depository in
nature.
Remodeling allow for change in contour.

POSTNATAL GROWTH
Arc of curvature of whole bone decrease and bone
becomes flatter .

Only the inner aspects of frontal bone
can be used as stable reference point
for growth studies from age 7 yrs.
Onwards.
POSTNATAL GROWTH

CALVARIAL GROWTH
1. Suture growth-major mechanism.
2. Remodeling/ surface apposition-after 4 yrs.
3. Centrifugal displacement by the expanding brain (FMH)

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTGROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
OFOF
CRANIAL BASECRANIAL BASE

ANATOMY OF CRANIAL BASE
 ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
 MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
 POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
1. Orbital plate of frontal
bone
2. Cribriform plate of
ethmoid bone.
3. Anterior part of the
body of sphenoid &
lesser wing of
sphenoid.

CRIBRIFORM PLATE OF
ETHMOID
It separates the fossa from nasal cavity &
forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
A median crest like elevation
-CRISTA GALLI
THE SPHENOID BONE
Anterior part of the upper surface of its body is
termed the JUGUM SPHENOIDALE

ORBITAL PLATE OF FRONTAL
BONE
It separates the orbit and its contents from the
inferior surface of the frontal lobe of the
brain.
Its antero medial part split into 2 laminae
FRONTAL SINUS

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
It is deeper than the anterior fossa
 It shaped like a butterfly.
 In front it is bounded by
posterior borders of the
lesser wing of the sphenoid
and the body of the sphenoid,
 Behind by superior borders
of the temporal bones &
Dorsum sellae of sphenoid
bone

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
Centrally
 OPTIC CANAL
 HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA
Laterally
 SUPERIOR ORBITAL
FISSURE
 FORAMEN ROTUNDUM
 FORAMEN OVALE
 FORAMEN SPINOSUM
 FORAMEN LACERUM

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
Largest and deepest of the cranial fossaLargest and deepest of the cranial fossa
Anteriorly – Dorsum sellaeAnteriorly – Dorsum sellae
& body of the sphenoid& body of the sphenoid
Posteriorly –Squamous part ofPosteriorly –Squamous part of
the occipital bonethe occipital bone
Laterally – Petrous & mastoidLaterally – Petrous & mastoid
parts of temporal boneparts of temporal bone

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
VARIOUS FORAMINA
FORAMEN MAGNUM
JUGULAR FORAMIN
INTERNAL ACOUSTIC
MEATUS
HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

CRANIAL BASE
FUNCTIONS
 Supports & protects the brain & spinal cord.
Articulation of skull with vertebral column ,
mandible & maxilla.
Buffer zone between the brain, face &
pharyngeal region.

PRENATAL GROWTH
Cranial base develops by endochondral
bone formation

PRENATAL GROWTH
CHONDRIFICATION
Mesenchyme paraxial mesoderm and
neural crest .
Form ECTOMENINGEAL CAPSULE .
 Earliest evidence of skull formation.
 Mesenchyme
Starting on day 40 i.u.
Cartilage

GROWTH OF CRANIAL BASE
(proffit)
 Cartilages (initially)
Endochondral ossification
Bone.
 Midline structure.
 Moves laterally ,sutures growth &
surface remodeling becomes
prominent.

GROWTH OF CRANIAL
BASE (MOYER)
1. Complex balance among sutural growth.
2. Elongation at synchondrosis.
3. Extensive cortical drift.
4. Remodeling.

PRENATAL GROWTH
CARTILAGES
 PARACHORDAL CARTILAGE
 HYPOPHYSEAL / POSTSPHENOID CARTILAGE
 TRABECULAR / PRESPHENOID CARTILAGES.
 OTIC CAPSULE
 NASAL CAPSULE

PRENATAL GROWTH

PRENATAL GROWTH
PARACHORDAL CARTILAGES
 The sclerotomes cartilage -four occipital somites.
first part of skull to develop
foramen magnum boundaries
occipital bone (basilar and condylar part)

PRENATAL GROWTH
2 Hypophyseal cartilages - Postsphenoid
Sella turcica
Body of the sphenoid
(post. Part)

PRENATAL GROWTH
2 Presphenoid cartilage- Presphenoid bone
Body of the sphenoid bone
(ant. Part)

PRENATAL GROWTH
Orbito sphenoid - Lesser wing
Alisphenoid - Greater wing
Optic capsule not chondrify.

PRENATAL GROWTH
OTIC CAPSULE
Mastoid and petrous portions of the temporal bones

PRENATAL GROWTH
MESETHMOID CARTILAGES

PRENATAL GROWTH
NASAL CAPSULE - Nostril cartilages
Nasal septal cartilage
Nasal septal cartilage – Functional matrix
Midface growth

CHODROCRANIAL OSSIFICATION
110 ossification centers in embryonic
human skull.
Ossification starts in the 4 months

UNOSSIFIED CHONDROCRANIAL REMNANTS –
 Alae & septum of the nose,
 Spheno-occpital & spheno-petrous junctions,
 The apex of the petrous bone and
 Between the separate parts of the occipital
bone

OSSIFICATION
occipital bone – 7 centres
Intramembranous
ossification centre
Supranuchal squamous - 2
Endochondral
ossification centre
Infranuchal squamous - 2
Basilar - 1
Exoccipital - 2

OSSIFICATION
temporal bone -21 centers
Intramembranous
ossification centre
Squamous portion -1
Tympanic ring - 4
Endochondral
ossification centre
 Petrosal part - 14
 Styloid process - 2

OSSIFICATION
ETHMOID BONE – 3 endochondral centres
Perpendicular plate & crista galli – 1
 Lateral labyrinths - 2

OSSIFICATION
sphenoid - 19 centres
Intramembranous
ossification centres
Medial pterygoid
plates – 2
Lateral pterygoid
plates -2
Endochondral
ossification centres
Presphenoid – 3
Postsphenoid – 4
Orbitosphenoids - 2
Alisphenoids - 2
Pterygoid hamuli - 2

OSSIFICATION
VOMER
Alae – 2 intramembranous centres
Inferior nasal concha
Lamina – 1 endochondral centre
Sphenoidal conchae -2 endochondral centre

CRANIAL BASE ANGULATION
Hypophyseal fossa ( prechordal & chordal parts)
Nasion - Sella - Basion .
 Precartilage stage – 150°, highly obtuse
 Cartilage stage - 130°
 Preossification stage – 115°-120°,more acute
 Ossification stage – 125°-130 , postnatally.

CRANIAL BASE ANGULATION

PRE NATAL GROWTH
Highly Uneven
Anterior cranial base increases its length
and width by 7 folds( 10th
& 40th
week of
I.U)
Posterior cranial base grows only 5 fold

POSTNATAL GROWTH
Cranial base acts as a template from which the
face develops.
Suture growth is unidirectional. So remodeling
is requried.

POSTNATAL GROWTH
 The mid ventral segments of cranial base grows
more slowly than the floor of the lateral located
fossae.
 To accommodate the medulla,pons,hypothalamus
& optic chiasma.
Foramen Drift process
Spinal Cord Differential remodelling

POSTNATAL GROWTH
SYNCHONDROSIS - They are a retention left
from the primary cartilages of the
chondrocranium after the endochondral
ossification centers appear during fetal
development.

POSTNATAL GROWTH
SYNCHONDROSIS – Fetal & early postnatal
peroids.
1. Spheno-ethmoidal synchondrosis
2. Inter-spenoidal synchondrosis - before birth
3. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis

POSTNATAL GROWTH
SPHENO-OCCIPITAL
SYNCHONDROSIS
Major contributor in the
postnatal growth.
Fuses at 12-13 years in girls &
14-15 years in boys and
ossifies at 20 years of age

POSTNATAL GROWTH
Sinus secondarily grows as the body of the sphenoid
bone expands with the moving naso-maxillary
complex

POSTNATAL GROWTH
ZONES OF SYNCHONDROSIS
1. Familial reserve zone
2. Cell division zone
3. Hypertrophic zone
4. Calcified zone
A growth centre
Bipolar direction of growth

POSTNATAL GROWTH
Middle cranial fossa & it’s neural
contents
Secondary displacement effect
(Anterior cranial floor , nasomaxillry
complex & mandible)

POSTNATAL GROWTH
Frontal lobe growth
completes by 5years.
Temporal lobes continue
to enlarge for several
more years and displaces
the frontal lobe forward.

Craniofacial Embryology
-G.H.SPERBER
Essentials Of Facial Growth
-D.H.ENLOW
Anatomy –Gray
Contemporary orthodontics
W.R.PROFFIT

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