1. SOCIAL PARTNERS AND VET
The modernisation of vocational education and training is high on agendas all over the world. The key
issue in the policy debate is the shift from a supply-driven to a demand-driven provision of VET. The
world of work needs to be involved in the reform processes to ensure that VET meets the immediate
and long-term needs of labour market.
The world of work is represented by the social partners who are trade unions representing workers
and employers and their organisations. The social partners represent both sides of the labour market.
They exist to promote and protect the interests of their members.
Their main activity is social dialogue, in which the public authorities usually participate too. Social
dialogue encompasses all kinds of negotiation, consultation and exchange of information between the
partners including employers, trade unions and public authorities. Vocational education and training or
lifelong learning is also covered by the social dialogue as it promotes skill development processes
beneficial to both workers and enterprises. Social dialogue and social partnership are tools to channel
messages from the labour market to the VET reform agenda.
The main argument for involving social partners in VET policies and practice is that it supports
effective, relevant and demand-driven VET. As representatives of the labour market they are the main
beneficiaries or customers of VET. Stakeholder participation promotes ownership and democracy at
different levels of the VET system if stakeholders are given real power. Social partners can be a
driving force in the promotion of lifelong learning.
Involvement of social partners in VET depends on the structures of cooperation and the legal
frameworks that support these. Social partners can play a role if there is room for their contribution.
Therefore, VET councils, sector skill councils and certification bodies are needed. These can be
effective cooperation platforms if they have the required mandate and means. These structures need
to be recognised through appropriate legislation that gives them authority. They need resources (e.g.
a secretariat) to successfully perform their tasks. Training of employees can be covered in collective
agreements and social partners can contribute to the funding of training through levies on payroll. This
gives them ownership of training.
Governments need to show the will to work with social partners by incorporating the mandates of VET
or sector council into legislation. Policy documents can support the involvement of employers and
trade unions in the preparation of strategies, educational standards and qualifications. This would
transform their role from one of reactive consultation to one of active participation in policymaking.
Social partners can be awarded with practical tasks in the provision of (work-based) training and in the
certification of competencies but this should always happen in accordance with and based on
dialogue or negotiations with the organisations involved.
Social partnership and social dialogue depend on the skills and the resources of their participants.
These need awareness of the importance of skills and competences for VET and lifelong learning.
They require a profound understanding of VET and its links to the labour market. The overall capacity
of social partner organisations depends on the interests and capacity of their elected people and the
staff. An effective organisation has dedicated people to follow the VET dossier, but it also needs a
wider network of affiliates or partners with whom it can develop its thoughts and ideas.
The role of social partners in VET can be evaluated on the basis of their involvement in policymaking,
development and governance of VET. Do social parents participate in prioritising and developing new
initiatives at the policymaking level? Are they really contributing to policymaking or is their role in
practice limited to formal participation? Such an evaluation should also take into consideration less
formal ways of influencing. But also the contribution of social partners to the development of curricula
and methods of training is a measure of their roles.

2. Most of the national employer organisations and trade unions are based on sectoral and regional
affiliation. When involving labour market representatives in different activities, the authorities need to
carefully identify which organisational level is the most representative and competent to take part.
National level confederations can have policymaking competences, but sector federations are
probably more suitable for the development of occupational standards. Organisations do not
necessarily need to be big to be functional but in general they should represent a wider interest than
an individual actor or enterprise.
Representation of small- and medium-sized enterprises, the informal economy and migrant workers is
an issue. SME’s are seldom members of employer or business associations. An active chamber of
commerce can cover smaller enterprises, but it will usually not represent companies from the informal
sector. Trade unions very rarely cover all sectors of the economy. In some ETF partners countries
they concentrate on the public sector or state enterprises. Teachers are often a well-unionised
profession but employees of SMEs and the informal sector are typically not unionised. Neither are
migrant workers. The state is often an important employer but the interest of the government as an
employer is not always the same as the interest of government as a training provider or VET
policymaker.
ETF supporting partner countries to develop vocational education and training systems responsive to
the requirements of the labour market and enhancing the employability of individuals ensures social
partners’ participation in its different activities.
The main task of the ETF is to make social partners aware of the importance of VET and human
resources for the labour market and to expose them to good practice of social partner involvement in
VET. This is the basis of capacity development that is needed to enforce their role in national or
sectoral VET activities and debates.
Contacts
Mr Petri Lempinen
Specialist on VET and Social Partnership
Tel. 0039 011 630 2221
Email. PTL@etf.europa.eu
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