diagnosing hypertension in children
work up for increased blood pressure
guide line for controling hypertension in pediatrics
treatment of hypertension
hypertensive crisis/emergency
3. What is hypertension
How to diagnose hypertension in children
Measuring BP in children
Learning normal BP range for children
Causes of hypertension in children
Evaluating the cause
Management
4. NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE is defined as a systolic and diastolic blood pressure
below the 90th percentile for gender, age and height percentile
PRE-HYPERTENSION is defined as the 90th percentile to less than 95th percentile or
if BP greater than 120/80 even if below the 90th percentile (up to below the 95th
percentile).
STAGE 1 HYPERTENSION is defined as a blood pressure between the 95th percentile
and the 99th percentile plus 5mmHg.
STAGE 2 HYPERTENSION is defined as a blood pressure above the 99th percentile
plus 5mmHg.
WHITE COAT” HYPERTENSION is defined in a patient with blood pressure above
the 95th percentile in the physician’s office or clinic, who is normotensive outside the
clinical setting.
5. Children >3Years must check BP
Children <3 years who have congenital heart
defect/renal disease/malignancies ,recurrent
Uti ,solid organ transplant, raised icp.
The preferred method ?.
Appropriate to the size of cuff ?
Repeated elevated BP must be confirmed
Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM)
6. Normally, BP is 10–20 mmHg higher in the legs than the
arms.
The blood pressure must be obtained on three separate
occasions. If the systolic and diastolic blood pressure
falls into different categories, classify by the higher
category.
Child should be calm resting on his/her back for 5 min
touching feets on ground
Measures obtained by oscillometric devices that exceed
the 90th percentile should be repeated by auscultation
in all limbs preferably
Different charts are designed for boys /girls in pediatric
17. Classification of
Hypertension
Therapy Recommendations
Normal Encourage healthy diet, sleep, & physical activity
Recheck on next visit
Prehypertension Physical activity & diet management; No medication
unless compelling indications such as CKD, DM, HF or
LVH exist
Stage 1 Hypertension Physical activity & diet management; Initiate therapy if
indicated as above + Symptomatic hypertension +
Persistent hypertension despite
nonpharmacologic measures
Stage 2 Hypertension Physical activity & diet management; Initiate therapy
18. Weight reduction
Dietary modifications:
consumption of more fruits, vegetables, fiber, nonfat diary,
reduced sodium intake (1.2g/day in younger kids and 1.5g/day
in older kids)
19. Indications:
1. Symptomatic hypertension
2. Secondary hypertension
3. Target-organ damage
4. Poor response to non pharmacologic therapy
5. Diabetes mellitus
Goal is to reduce BP <95th percentile (<90th percentile if
concurrent conditions or LVH present)
Treat severe symptomatic BP with IV antihypertensives
20. Class of Drugs Patients’ Characteristics
ACE-Is/ARBs First-line therapy
CCBs First-line therapy
(recommended >6years)
Diuretics Adjunct second-line drug
β–Blocker controversial in diabetes
21.
22.
23. Machanism of action
prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which leads to an increase
in plasma renin activity and a reduction in aldosterone secretion
Characteristic:
Renal insufficiency (unilateral renovascular hypertension, renal parenchymal
disease, renal proteinuria)
Congestive heart failure
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia
Comments:
Monitor serum potassium and SCr
Cough and angioedema
May require a dosing adjustment in renal impairment
24. Mechanism of action
angiotensin II receptor antagonist blocks the vasoconstrictor and
aldosterone-secreting effects of anigotensin II
Characteristic :
same as ACE-I
Coments:
Less cough/ angioedema
• Monitor K & s-cr
• Less studies then ACE I in pediatrics
25. mode of action:
decrease intracellular calcium concentrations and results in dilation of
peripheral arterioles
Characteristics:
Emergency hypertension (nifedipine)
Diabetes
Chronic obstructive lung disease
Broncho-pulmonary dysplasia
Gout
Hyperlipidemia
PeripheralVascular Disease
RenalTransplant (cyclosporine-induced)
Coments:
edema, arrhythmias, headache, fatigue, dizziness, flushing
May need adjustment in hepatic impairment
26. Admit to the ICU!
Goal is to safely lower BP
Use titratable short-acting IV antihypertensive for BP
management
Reduce BP by 25% of goal reduction in first 2 hrs and
then down to normal in next 3-4 days