1. Chapter-5
Converter
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

2. Computer Science & Engg.
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

3. • Since a computer is capable of only understanding the
machine level language or instructions hence it
becomes necessary to convert the instructions written
in high level languages to machine level instructions
before the execution of the program.
There are the programs available to convert the
source program into machine level program known as
converters. These convectors converts the source
program into machine level language understandable
to computer.
• Types of Converters:
• Assembler
• Interpreter
• Complier
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

4. A program written by user in any
language is known as source program
and its equivalent conversion by any
converter is known as object program
or machine level instructions or program.
An assembler is a program used to
convert the source programs written in
assembly language in to machine level
language.
Assembly lang.prog. (input) Machine Lang.prog.(Output)
Assembler
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

5. • An interpreter is a type of translator used for translating
high level language into machine level language.
Interpreter translates the source program into machine
level language line by line. Interpreter takes up one line
from source code and then converts it first and then
again takes up second line from the source code and
then converts it and so on till the whole program is not
converted.Example-Gwbasic,Fortran etc.While
converting line by line if interpreter found any error in any
line it stops the conversion and ask user to remove the
error first and only will convert the line.
• High level lang.(Input) Machine level
lang.(Output)
» (Line by line)
Interpreter
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

6. • A compiler is program used to
translate the whole program written in
high level language into machine
level language at a time. A compiler
at last asks the user to remove errors
if any found and then after this user
has to recompile it for correct
equivalent conversion of machine
code.
• High level lang.(Input) Machine level
Complier
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

7. Q. What do you understand by loader and
linker?
Ans. A loader is a system program or
operating system utility program that loads
or copies programs from secondary storage
device to main memory, from where they
can be executed.
-A Loader allocate space in memory for the
program
-It is the power of loader program of
operating system which loads the machine
code to main memory means loader
accepts the object code programs only.
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

8. • Linker: Also called as link editor and
binder. A linker is a program that
combines the object modules to form
an executable program.
• Main memory description
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi

9. • Many times the whole program is
divided in to many modules and
program object codes are also in
many parts .This is the liner which
really links them out in proper way
before going for execution.
Prof.(Dr.) Anand K. Tripathi