POWERPOINT REALIZADO POR EL PROFESOR ALBERTO ARANDA SHAW PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN DE CONTENIDOS DEL SIGLO XIX EN ESPAÑA PARAEL NIVEL 4º ESO EN EL IES NICOLÁS SALMERÓN DE ALMERÍA.

2.  THE KINGDOM OF CARLOS IV (1708-1808)
 THE INDEPENDENCE WAR (1808-1814)
 THE KINGDOM OF FERNANDO VII (1814-1833)
 THE KINGDOM OF ISABEL II (1833-1868)
 THE DEMOCRATIC SEXENY (1868-1874)
 THE BORBONIC RESTORATION (1875- 1898)

3. ABSOLUTISM
SOCIAL, POLITICAL
AND ECONOMIC
STRUCTURE IN THE
XVI, XVII AND XVIII
CENTURY
FEUTURES:
-- ABSOLUTE
MONARCHY
--ESTAMENTAL
SOCIETY
-- ECONOMIC
INTERVENTION.
LIBERALISM
PROPOSED
ALTERNATIVE THAT
DEFEND THE NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY, THE
DIVISION OF POWERS,
THE EQUALITY OF
PERSONS AND
ECONOMIC FREEDOM.

4. ANCIEN RÉGIME LIBERALISM
ROYAL SOVERAIGNTY NATIONAL SOVERAIGNTY
ABSOLUT POWER
SEÑORIAL REGIME
ECONOMIC INTERVENTION
ESTAMENTAL SOCIETY
POWER DIVISSION
RATIONAL DIVISION
CLASSES SOCIETY
MARKET ECONOMY
FREE COMPANIES
COMPETENCE
PRIVATE PROPERTYAMORTIZED PROPERTY
MONOPOLY
GUILDS

5.  CARLOS IV CONTINUES WITH MODERATE REFORMS
 1789: FRENCH REVOLUTION. END OF REFORM. HE GAVE THE POWER TO GODOY
 1793: LOUIS XVI WAS GUILLOTINED. WAR OF THE CONVENTION. SPAIN IS TIED TO FRANCE.
 DISASTROUS ECONOMIC SITUATION: TRAFALGAR AND DISASTROUS SITUATION IN THE CROPS

6.  1807: FONTAINEBLEU TREATY : FRANCE CROSS INTO SPAIN TO CONQUER PORTUGAL.
 CARLOS IV AND GODAY ARE BLAMED OF THE SITUATION. RUMORS OF REVOLT
 THE PRINCE FERNANDO SUPPORTED BY A NOBILITY AND CLERGY ORGANIZED A RIOT
 CARLOS IV ABDICATES IN HIS SON. FERNANDO VII “THE WANTED”

7.  BAYONNE AGREEMENTS: CARLOS IV AND FERNANDO VII
ABDICATED IN NAPOLEÓN.
 NAPOLEONIC IMPERIAL POLICY:
JOSEPH I (BROTHER) AS THE KING OF SPAIN.
 ESTATUTE OF BAYONNE: END OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME
 THE SPANISH POPULATION AGAINST JOSE BONAPARTE.
ILLEGITIMATE AND FOREIGNER.

9. LA CARGA DE LOS MAMELUCOS-- GOYA

10. “LOS FUSILAMIENTOS DEL 3 DE MAYO”-- GOYA
FRENCH GENERAL MURAT
REPRESSED THE UPRISING
MANY SPANISH CITIES ALSO
REVOLTED
INDEPENDENCE WAR
BEGINS

11. DOUBLE POWER
FRENCHIFIED
-- INTELLECTUAL AND ILLUSTRATED
-- THEY SUPPORT THE ARMY INVADER
-- GOVERNED BY THE RULES OF
THE STATUTE OF BAYONNE.
PATRIOTS
-- REMAINS OF SPANISH ARMY
-- THEY WANT FERNANDO VII BACK
-- POLITICALLY THEY FORM “JUNTAS”

12. ( INFLUYENT PEOPLE FROM TOWNS)
(UNION PROVINCES FOR BETTER COORDINATION)
(TWO MEMBERS FOR EACH PROVINCES).
(DECLARE WAR AND SUMMON “CORTES”)
BECAUSE OF THE VACUUM POWER IN SPAIN, THE REBEL AREAS WERE
ORGANISED INDEPENDENTLLY TO THE FRENCH KING JOSEPH I.

13. RESISTENCE IN SOME CITIES
ZARAGOZA, GERONA,
TORTOSA OR GERONA
FAIL TO ACCESS TO THE VALLEY
OF EBRO AND THE EAST
FIRST IMPORTANT
DEFEATS
BATTLE OF BRUC
BATTLE OF BAILÉN
THEY DIDN`T ACHIEVE
BARCELONA AND
ANDALUCIA
ENGLAND WON
FRANCE IN SINTRA,
CLOSE TO LISBOA.
CONSEQUENCES
THE FRENCH ARMY HAS
TO REMOVE TO VITORIA
(P.VASCO)

15. LA BATALLA DE BAILEN (Julio 1808)

16. THE SIEGE OF ZARAGOZA

19. WHAT ARE THE GUERRILLA?
MEMBERS: CITIZENS, OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS FLED, BANDITS, ADVENTURERS, ETC
FIGHTING METHOD: KNOW THE LAND / POPULAR SUPPORT / AMBUSH / DEPROVISION
ACHIEVEMENTS: UNDERMINE THE MORAL FRENCH AND NOT LET THEM MOVE.
EL EMPECINADO EL CURA MERINO ESPOZ Y MINA
ENGLAND SENT ADDITIONS IN COMMAND OF WELLINGTON
TWO IMPORTANT FACTS
THE GUERRILLA

20. THE GUERRILLA IS THE POPULAR EXPRESSION OF THE WAR

21. NAPOLEON REMOVE MOST OF HIS TROOPS TO WAR IN RUSSIA
ANGLO-SPANISH TROOPS LAUNCH
OFFENSIVE IN COMMAND OF WELLINGTON
VICTORIES IN THE PLATEAU, THE MOST
IMPORTANT IN ARAPILES NAPOLEÓN IS DEFEATED IN LEIPZIG
HE SHOULD REMOVE ITS TROOPS FROM SPAIN
VICTORIES IN
VITORIA AND
SAN MARCIAL
11TH DECEMBER 1813
VALENÇAY TREATY

22. 271 MEMBERS
MOST OF THEM LIBERALS
TWO TRENDS
LIBERALS ABSOLUTISTS
IN FAVOUR OF ANCIEN
REGIME AND ABSOLUTIST
MONARCHY
THEY WANTED TO FINISH
WITH THE ANCIEN REGIME
COURTS OF CÁDIZ

24. -NATIONAL SOVERAIGNTY. THE PEOPLE HAS THE POWER
-UNIVERSAL, INDIRECT AND MALE SUFFRAGE.
1.- LEGISLATIVE: Court with the king
-POWER DIVISSION 2.- EJECUTIVO: King
3.- JUDICIAL: Judges
- UNICAMERAL COURTS: COURTS VOTING BY THE CITIZENS
-POLITICAL SYSTEM: PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY.
- Freedom
- Property
-INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS: - Fiscal and legal equality
- Inviolability of the home
- Criminal guarantees
- Freedom of the press …
- CATHOLIC CONFESSIONAL STATE
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
ENACTED ON 19TH MARCH 1812: “LA PEPA”

25. OTHER AMENDMENTS OR REFORMS TO THE DISPOSAL OF OLD REGIME

26. STAGES OF THE KINGDOM OF FERNANDO VII
1814-1833
ABSOLUTIST SEXENY
1814-1820
LIBERAL TRIENIUM
1820-1823
OMINIUS DECADE
1823-1833
BACKGROUND:
•11 December 1813: Sign of the Valençay Treaty
•22 March 1814: Fernando VII return.
•12 April 1814: The absolutist gave to the king the
“Manifiesto de los Persas”.
•Real Decreto 4 de Mayo: Cancel the Constitution
and the work of the Cortes of Cadiz and restore
absolutism. The persecution of liberals begins.

27. FIRST ACTION REPRESSION TO LIBERALS
ABROAD
CONTEXT
•DEFEAT OF NAPOLEON
•RESTORATION
•CONGRESS OF VIENA (1815)
•HOLLY ALLIANCE
SEGUNDA MEDIDA
TO DELETE ALL THE WORK OF
THE COURTS OF CÁDIZ

28. • INESTABILITY GOVERNMENT
•ECONOMIC CRISIS (BANKRUPT).
•WAR IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES.
• THE STATEMENTS.
SERIOUS
PROBLEMS
Comenzaba cuando ante el descontento popular un militar leía
un manifiesto ante las tropas y se “pronunciaba”. El militar
actuaba siempre en representacion de un grupo politico.
Si tenia éxito se producia un cambio de gobierno, en caso
contrario la represion podia dar lugar al fusilamiento o el exilio
LACY
PORLIER
ESPOZ Y MINA
STATEMENTS WERE MILITARY UPRISING SUPPORTED BY THE PEOPLE WHOSE
GOAL WAS A CHANGEIN THE GOVERN. IN THIS STAGE WERE MADE TO RESTORE
THE PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY AND THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812.

29. It begins with the
pronouncement of Rafael
Riego in Cabezas de San
Juan (Sevilla) on January 1,
1820.

30. REFORM OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ WERE RESTORED
THE NATIONAL MILITIA WAS ESTABLISHED: IT WAS A POPULAR
VOLUNTEER ARMY WHOSE AIM WAS DEFENDING THE
CONSTITUTION OF 1812 AND THE LIBERAL IDEAS.

31. Finally the invasion of “The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis”
in April 1823 led by the Duke of Angouleme caused the defeat of the
Liberals and the replacement of Fernando VII as absolute monarch

32. 1.- Resetting absolute monarchy institutions
2.- Repression
against the exalted
liberal
4.- Opposition to
Fernando VII
-- Absolutist: They dont want reforms. Malcontents and Carlists.
-- Liberals: Few and desorganized.
3.- Economic
problems
-- Finance Bankruptcy. great Deficit
-- Tax Reform.
MARIANA PINEDA
TORRIJOS

33. Fernando VII dies in 1833 and
leave the throne to his
daghter, Isabel II
Mª Cristina,
Wife and regent
Isabel II
Before dying,
Fernando VII
overrides the Salic
Law and enforces
the Pragmatic
Sanction of 1788.
Carlos Maria Isidro,
brother of Fernando VII
Carlos rejects this decision
THE DINASTYC
CONFLICT
Liberalism
FIRST
CARLIST
WAR
(1833-39)
Absolutism
Political conflict

35. LEADER: CARLOS Mª ISIDRO
IDEOLOGY: ABSOLUTIST, RETURN TO
ANCIEN RÉGIME AND FORALISM.
SOCIAL SUPPORT: RURAL
PEASANTRY, SOME MILITARY
LOW CLERGY, LOW NOBILITY AND
CRAFTSMAN.
AREAS OF INFLUENCE: PAIS VASCO,
NAVARRA, CATALUÑA AND
MAESTRAZGO
CARLISTS

36. LEADER: Mª CRISTINA AND HIS DAUGHTER ISABEL II
IDEOLOGY: LIBERAL AND MODERATE MONARCHY
SOCIAL SUPPORT: NOBILITY, HIGH CLERGY, HIGH MILITARY,
BOURGEOISIE AND URBAN MIDDLE CLASS.
AREA OF INFLUENCE: REST OF SPAIN AND BIG CITIES.
ISABELINOS

37. 
ARMIES AND AREAS OF INFLUENCE
The Carlists organized armed bands (guerrillas) and were especially strong in Navarra
and the Basque Country, but also extended their influence into the valley of the
Ebro, Catalonia, Aragon and high areas of the Iberian System (Maestrazgo)
The liberal army was far
superior in number of men and
weapons and his control of the
territory was greater.

38. ZUMALACÁRREGUI
THE CARLISTS LEADERS
CARLOS Mª ISIDRO
MAROTO

39. Las fases del conflicto

40. THE WAR ENDS WITH PEACE AGREEMENT SEALED IN “THE EMBRACE
OF VERGARA” BETWEEN MAROTO AND ESPARTERO.

43. AT THE BEGINNING
OF THE REGENCY
OF Mª CRISTINA,
SHE HAS TO RELY
IN LIBERALS,
WHICH SUFFER A
INTERNAL DIVISION
BETWEEN
PROGRESSIVE AND
MODERATE. THE
REGENT WILL
SUPPORT IN ONES
OR ANOTHERS BY
THE TIME, BUT
THERE WAS
GREATER CHOICE
FOR MODERATE

44. THE MODERATE GOVERNMENTS (1833-1835)
CEA BERMÚDEZ MARTÍNEZ DE LA ROSA
REGIONAL DIVISION STATUTE REAL OF 1834
STATUTE OF 1834
--NO CONSTITUTION
-- NO RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
-- NO DIVISION OF POWERS
-- RESTRICTED SUFFRAGE
CEA BERMÚDEZ

45. THE PROGRESSIVE GOVERNMENTS (1835-1837)
J. A. Mendizábal
THE DEMOLITION
OF THE ANCIEN
REGIME
The dissolution of
the feudal system
The decoupling of
the properties
The confiscation of
the properties of
the regular clergy
Liberalization of
the economy

46. THE PROGRESSIVE GOVERNMENTS (1835-1837)
SIGNIFICADO DE LA CONSTITUCION DE 1837 (PROGRESISTA):
• Consolida el sistema liberal en España basado en la existencia de una Constitución y la
alternancia de dos partidos (moderado y progresista). Estuvo vigente hasta 1845.
• Termino medio entre la Constitución 1812 (progres) y el Estatuto real 1834 (moderado)
1. Progresista: Soberanía nacional, amplia declaración de derechos, división de poderes.
2. Moderados: Bicameralismo, amplios poderes Corona, financiación de la Iglesia.
Además de la Constitución de 1837 las Cortes aprobaron otras leyes: Ley de Imprenta (sin
censura) y Ley Electoral ( del 0,4% del Estatuto Real al 2,2% de votantes)

47. RULED IN
AUTHORITARIAN WAY
LOST SUPPORT
BETWEEN HIS
FOLLOWERS
APPROVED THE
TARIFF OF 1842
UPRISING OF
BARCELONA IN
1842
THE MODERATES TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
THE SITUATION FOR CONSPIRACY AND
REMOVE HIS POWER. ISABEL II NOMINATED
SENIOR CITIZEN.

49. NARVÁEZ: “EL ESPADÓN DE LOJA”
GOVERN SYSTEM
DISTORSION OF ELECTIONS AUTHORITARISM
REPRESSION CORRUPTION
“CAMARILLAS” NO PARLIAMENT

50. “Art. 7. No puede ser detenido, ni preso, ni separado de su domicilio ningún español, ni allanada su casa sino en los
casos y en la forma que las leyes prescriban.(…)
Art. 10. No se impondrá jamás la pena de confiscación de bienes, y ningún español será privado de su propiedad, sino
por causa justificada de utilidad común, previa la correspondiente indemnización.
Art. 11. La religión de la Nación española es la católica, apostólica, romana. El Estado se obliga a mantener el culto y
sus ministros.
Art. 12. La potestad de hacer las leyes reside en las Cortes con el Rey.
Art. 13. Las Cortes se componen de dos Cuerpos Colegisladores, iguales en facultades: el Senado y el Congreso de los
Diputados.(…)
Art. 22. Para ser Diputado se requiere ser español, del estado seglar, haber cumplido veinticinco años, disfrutar la
renta procedente de bienes raíces, o pagar por contribuciones directas la cantidad que por ley se prefijen(…)
Art. 42. La persona del rey es sagrada e inviolable y no está sujeta a responsabilidad”

51. REGIONAL ORGANIZATION
APPOINTMENT OF MAYORS
SHERIFF
NATIONAL MILITIA
REPLACED BY
GUARDIA CIVIL

52. TAX REFORM: MÓN-SANTILLÁN LAW
TAXES
DIRECTS: PROPERTY AND JOB
INDIRECTS: PRODUCTS
LEGAL
-- CREATING A PENAL CODE
-- PROJECT A CIVIL CODE
CONCORDATO WITH
THE HOLY SEE IN 1851
FINISH OF THE CONFISCATION
STATE FUNDING
PREVAIL OF THE CATHOLIC RELIGION
EDUCATION
-- PIDAL LAW
-- MOYANO LAW

53. O´DONELL
ESPARTERO

54. video

55. CONFISCATION OF MADOZ
IT AFFECTED THE ECCLESIASTICAL AND MUNICIPAL GOODS.
GREAT BENEFIT: BOURGEOISIE
MADOZ
OBJECTIVES: DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
OF THE COUNTRY AND RAILWAY.

56. RURAL CONFLCIT
-- BAD HARVEST
-- INCREASE THE PRICES
LABOR CONFLICT
-- SOCIAL IMPROVEMENTS
-- WORK IMPROVEMENTS
PEASANT UPRISINGS FIRST STRIKES
CRISIS IN THE GOVERNMENT COALITION– RESIGNATION OF ESPARTERO
THE QUEEN CALL LEOPOLDO O`DONELL TO FORM A NEW GOVERNMENT

57. “LA UNIÓN LIBERAL” (1856-63) OF
O,DONNELL
• Political Estability.
Economic Prosperity
• Active abroad policy:
Conchinchina, México and
Morocco.
MODERATE GOVERNMENTS (1863-68) OF
NARVÁEZ

60. REASONS
ECONOMICS SOCIALS POLITICAL
-- 1866: 1ª CAPITALIST CRISIS
-- FINANCIAL CRISIS:
RAILWAY
--INDUSTRIAL CRISIS: TEXTILE
-- FOOD CRISIS
-- “IMPUESTO DE CONSUMOS”
-- “SISTEMA DE QUINTAS”
-- RESISTENCE OF THE
POWER OF THE QUEEN.
-- AUTHORITARISM AND
REPRESSION OF THE
MODERATES
-- MILITARY UPRISINGS
-- OSTENDE`S PACT

61. TOPETE, PRIM AND SERRANO
“VIVA ESPAÑA CON HONRA”
ALCOLEA`S BATTLE (CÓRDOBA)
REVOLUTIONARY “JUNTAS”
TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT

62. 1.- la consagración del sufragio universal y libre (…)
2.- la libertad absoluta de imprenta (…)
3.- La consagración práctica e inmediata de todas las demás libertades,
la de enseñanza, la de cultos, la de tráfico e industria, etc,
4.- La abolición de la pena de muerte (…)
5.- La seguridad individual eficazmente garantizada, así como la absoluta
Inviolabilidad del domicilio y de la correspondencia.
6.- La abolición de la constitución bastarda que nos venía rigiendo (…)
7.- Igualdad en la repartición de las cargas públicas (…)
11.- Cortes constituyentes por sufragio universal directo, para que decreten una
Constitución en armonía con las necesidades de la época.
¡¡¡VIVA LA LIBERTAD!!!
¡¡¡ DEBAJO DE LA DINASTÍA!!!
¡¡¡ VIVA LA SOBERNÍA NACIONAL!!!
Proclama de las Juntas revolucionarias, 1868.

63. UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE
MORE FREEDOMS (PRESS, RELIGION, ASSOCIATION
AND MEETING ASSEMBLY.
ELECTIONS TO CONSTITUENT PARLIAMENT
FIRST ACTIONS
JUAN PRIM,
PRIME
MINISTER
SERRANO,
REGENT

66. ELECTIONS FOR A KING
AMADEO I
NEW KING OF SPAIN

68. WITHOUT SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL SUPPORT
FOREIGN KING
MODERATES,
CARLISTS,
REPUBLICANS AND
CHURCH OPPOSITION
3RD
CARLIST
WAR
UPRISINGS IN
CUBA
THE ARMY AND ECONOMIC ELITES DIDN´T
SUPPORT HIM
“ESTE PAÍS ES UNA JAULA DE GRILLOS”

69. ON 11TH FEBRUARY 1873 THE FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIMED
PROBLEMS
 TREASURY IN CRISIS
 THIRD CARLIST WAR
 WAR IN CUBA
 DISTRUST ARMY
 AGRICULTURAL , INDUSTRIAL AND
LABOR PROBLEMS
 WITHOUT INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT
 WITHOUT POLITICAL SUPPORT

70. FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC LAST ONE YEAR AND HAD FOUR PRESIDENTS
FIGUERAS: “Señores estoy hasta los cojones
de todos nosotros”. DURÓ DEL 12 DE FEBRERO AL
11 DE JUNIO.
PI I MARGALL: “"Han sido tantas mis amarguras en
el poder, que no puedo codiciarlo. He perdido en el
gobierno mi tranquilidad, mi reposo, mis ilusiones,
mi confianza en los hombres, que constituía el fondo
de mi carácter” DURÓ DEL 11 DE JUNIO AL 18 DE
JULIO.
SALMERÓN: "Abandonó el poder por no firmar una
sentencia de muerte.“ DURÓ DEL 18 DE JULIO AL 7 DE
SEPTIEMBRE.
CASTELAR: "Para sostener esta forma de gobierno
necesito mucha infantería, mucha caballería, mucha
artillería, mucha Guardia civil y muchos carabineros".
DURÓ DEL 7 DE SEPTIEMBRE AL 3 DE ENERO DE 1874.

71. THE DRAFT CONSTITUTION OF 1873
17 STATES
ECONOMIC, ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL AUTONOMY
THRD CARLIST WAR
TOOK IMPORTANCE DUE TO HIS SUITOR CARLOS VII
WAR IN CUBA
IT BEGAN IN 1868 AND ITS IMPOSSIBLE TO WIN

72. THE CANTONALISM PROBLEM
EL CANTONALISMO ES UN CONCEPTO COMPLEJO EN EL QUE SE UNEN LAS ASPIRACIONES
DEL FEDERALISMO INTRANSIGENTE JUNTO
CON LAS ASPIRACIONES DE REVOLUCIÓN
SOCIAL. VARIAS CIUDADES ESPAÑOLAS SE
DECLARARON EN ESTADOS INDEPENDIENTES.
FUE IMPORTANTE EN ANDALUCIA Y EL LEVANTE.
FUE SOFOCADO POR LAS ARMAS, EXCEPTO
EN CARTAGENA.

74. ALFONSO XII CÁNOVAS DEL CASTILLO

75. CONSTITUCIÓN
DE 1812
CONSTITUCIÓN
DE 1837
CONSTITUCIÓN
DE 1845
CONSTITUCIÓN
DE 1869
FORMA DE ESTADO MONARQUÍA
PARLAMENTARIA
MONARQUÍA
PARLAMENTARIA
MONARQUÍA
PARLAMENTARIA
MONARQUÍA
PARLAMENTARIA
SOBERANÍA NACIONAL NACIONAL COMPARTIDA ENTRE
EL REY LAS CORTES
NACIONAL
DIVISIÓN DE
PODERES
EJECUTIVO(REY)
LEGISLATIVO(
CORTES Y REY)
JUDICIAL(TRIBUNAL
ES)
EJECUTIVO(REY)
LEGISLATIVO(
CORTES Y REY)
JUDICIAL(TRIBUNAL
ES
EJECUTIVO(REY)
LEGISLATIVO(
CORTES Y REY)
JUDICIAL(TRIBUNAL
ES
EJECUTIVO(REY Y
MINISTROS)
LEGISLATIVO(
CORTES)
JUDICIAL(TRIBUNAL
ES
CORTES UNICAMERALES
VOTADAS POR EL
PUEBLO
BICAMERALES
SENADO NOMBRADO
POR EL REY
BICAMERALES
SENADO NOMBRADO
POR EL REY
BICAMERALES
ELEGIDAS POR LOS
CIUDADANOS
SUFRAGIO UNIVERSAL
MASCULINO
INDIRECTO
CENSITARIO CENSITARIO MUY
REDUCIDO
UNIVERSAL
MASCULINO
RELACIÓN
IGLESIA/ESTADO
CONFESIONALIDAD
CATÓLICA DEL
ESTADO.
ACONFESIONALIDA
D DEL ESTADO
CONFESIONALIDAD
CATÓLICA DEL
ESTADO.
RELIGIÓN CATÓLICA
OFICIAL, PERO SE
PERMITÍAN LAS
DEMÁS
DERECHOS Y
LIBERTADES
AMPLIA
DECLARACIÓN
LIBERTAD DE
PRENSA,
ASOCIACIÓN Y
OPINIÓN
NO HABÍA AMPLIA
DECLARACIÓN