1. Ryan Prior

2. Why did non-violent action succeed in British India
(1930) but fail in British South Africa (1960)?
 1930, India 1960, South Africa
 Salt Satyagraha Pass Law Protest
 Government non- Police kill 69 people
interference
 1935, ANC commences
Government of terrorism, 1961
India Act

3. Gandhi is Man of the Year (1930) South Africans Are Massacred (1960)

4.  Why did mass organized disobedience to an
unjust law (or laws) fulfill political objectives
in India (1930) but not fulfill similar objectives
in South Africa (1960)?

5.  Non-violent action: Organized events of civil
disobedience, strikes, and boycotts
undertaken to compel government policy
change

6.  Success:
 Degree of socio-economic disruption:
▪ GDP
▪ Participation
▪ Number of Arrests
 Stated goals are achieved:
▪ Polity IV Democracy Trends (Post-1946)
▪ Policy Changes and Legislative Victories
 Sustainment of non-violent action toward bigger
goals:
▪ Future non-violent action
▪ Violent actions (Global Terror Database—START, post-1960)

7.  Gene Sharp, Gandhi as a Political Strategist
Classic work that posits Gandhi’s strategic
genius was of greater relevance than his
moral and philosophical beliefs
 Peter Ackerman and Chris Kreugler,
Strategic Non-Violent Conflict
Rates various non-violent movements on their
fulfillment of 12 principles of success

8.  Steven Zunes, “The Role of Non-Violent
Action in the Downfall of Apartheid”
 Non-violent success in 1980s
 Revolutionary and Dissident Movements of
the World
 Background
Long Walk to Freedom, Nelson Mandela
The Story of My Experiments With Truth,
Mohandas Gandhi

9.  If a civil disobedience campaign lacks
precisely articulated methods and
organizational discipline (“coherent strategic
vision”), then it will fail.

10.  Setting Functional Objectives
 Non-Violent Discipline
 Number and size of riots
 Protesters:
 Total Members of Organizing Organizations
▪ % of national population participating
 Total Number of Chapters
 Economic or Racial Barriers to Entry

11.  Racist Ideology/Authoritarianism of Regime
 South African Republic Referendum (1960)
 British Colony vs. British Commonwealth
 Legal status
 ANC/PAC were banned in SA, 1960
 Singular, charismatic leadership
 Ideology of pacifism (present/not present)
 Non-Violent Tradition (Number of Past Protests)
 International Opinion
 Soviet Influence in ANC
 British dragging their feet on international sanctions

12. Boycotts, civil Social Bargaining,
disobedience, Disruption negotiations Policy Change
marches

13.  Specific literature of non-violent protest as a
strategy
 Specified rubrics for analyzing the strength
and quality of a non-violent campaign
 Analysis of effects. Need more analysis of
conditions leading to start of non-violent
events.

14.  Testing Hypothesis—Could be wrong?
 Lessons of 1960 Failure Explain Success of
“Ungovernability” in the 1980s?
 Implications for success of Arab Spring
movements and for 21st century revolutions